Assessment of ITS architectures

Problem: Services that use ICT (Information and Communications Technologies) have been developed to improve the mobility in cities; however, especially in developing countries, these services are not often based on adequate reference architectures, such as ITS (Intelligent Transport Systems) architectures, which prevent integration and interoperability. Objective: Propose a development process for the design of mobility services in an intermediate city of a developing country, based on an ITS architecture formulated particularly considering context. Methods: The reference ITS architectures and the particular context of a Colombian intermediate city are reviewed, in order to identify which is the best process to adapt an ITS architecture to these type of cities. With the process identified, the ITS architecture for Popayan (Colombian intermediate city) is designed and finally, the design of the services based on it, is carried out. Results: The methodology developed for the design of the ITS architecture and the architecture designed particularly for Popayan are summarized. Following, the design of two mobility services (“Public transport vehicle tracking” and “Traffic measurement”) for that city based on architecture is detailed. Conclusions: The particular environment of an intermediate city and its priorities allows to determine the services to select for its ITS architecture from a reference architecture. ITS architecture development of a city allows the incremental development of services that really improve their mobility in a sustainable manner.

The paper presents an analytic approach to generate the market packages for the operation via the intelligent transportation system (ITS) architecture. This analytic approach uses the concepts of the "use case diagram" and "sequence diagram" defined by the unified modeling language (UML). By following the steps, we take Taiwan's public bus service as an example and generate the market package effectually, public bus monitoring and public bus scheduling and dispatching, which is corresponding to the real world situation. We also point out the academic models in market packages that could be the patent products. Consequently, driving the establishment of ITS market package not only conduces to ITS development but also promotes the knowledge economic in our society.

The paper analyzes the role of a complete architecture of intelligent transport systems (ITS) in ensuring their effectiveness. Many countries or groups of countries have ITS architecture with successful results of its application in practice. It is shown that the ITS architecture is constantly being updated and this is a characteristic trend. The paper proposes new approaches to the formation of the architecture of the integration platform within ITS. The scheme of organisation of data flows in different loops of software tools of the integration platform is developed. It is proposed to separate the control loops proper transport system data and identification data, which describe a partisipant of the ITS (digital object) with the expansion of capabilities in a cooperative ITS. It is possible to organise linked chains of identification of ITS digital objects, to participate in the formation of network structures for ITS work processes, describing the behaviour of digital objects during ITS processes and the behaviour of end users in accordance with the properties of network structures.

This paper presents fog-based intelligent transportation systems (ITS) architecture for traffic light optimization. Specifically, each intersection consists of traffic lights equipped with a fog node. The roadside unit (RSU) node is deployed to monitor the traffic condition and transmit it to the fog node. The traffic light center (TLC) is used to collect the traffic condition from the fog nodes of all intersections. In this work, two traffic light optimization problems are addressed where each problem will be processed either on fog node or TLC according to their requirements. First, the high latency for the vehicle to decide the dilemma zone is addressed. In the dilemma zone, the vehicle may hesitate whether to accelerate or decelerate that can lead to traffic accidents if the decision is not taken quickly. This first problem is processed on the fog node since it requires a real-time process to accomplish. Second, the proposed architecture aims each intersection aware of its adjacent traffic condition. Thus, the TLC is used to estimate the total incoming number of vehicles based on the gathered information from all fog nodes of each intersection. The results show that the proposed fog-based ITS architecture has better performance in terms of network latency compared to the existing solution in which relies only on TLC.

In this paper I perform an analysis of vehicle lane changes and how they relate to fastest path determination. I converted live discrete loop detector data from the California Department of Transportation into continuous data to be utilized by vehicles in a vehicle-to-vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2V2I) intelligent transportation system (ITS) architecture. The continuous data was then used by FreeSim (http://www.freewaysimulator.com) to simulate live traffic conditions. As the time to traverse the edges in the transportation network were being constantly updated, additional vehicles were inserted into the network to determine travel times and fastest paths from a source node to a destination node. The output shows that faster and more accurate paths can be found if lane data is obtained rather than just summary data of loop detectors. Further, if vehicles can be routed along paths with optimal lane changes to decrease the total travel time, a savings of approximately 33% of the travel time can be experienced. It is also shown that the number of lane changes needed in the fastest path with regards to lanes is lower than the number of lane changes needed for other candidate fastest paths, and highways with less congestion require fewer lane changes.

Aim. Threats of a non-physical nature have a significant effect on the security of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). They may have the form of unlawful interference in the development and implementation of ITS. The creation of a trusted framework for the development and implementation of ITS is examined as in the case of intelligent water transportation systems (IWTS). Problems. By decree of the President of the Russian Federation, ITS, telecommunications and security of information processing are among the priority areas of scientific and technological development. ITS technologies, as well as those involved in the creation of trusted, secure system and application software are among the most important critical high technologies. The operation of ITS involves wide use of computerised systems that implement the latest information and telecommunication technologies, automated and automatic control technologies, artificial intelligence that can pose security threats. ITS are to be developed and operated in a trusted environment. Methods. The paper used the methodology for ensuring the security of IWTS, development of secure hardware and software platforms for secure automated systems, methods of system analysis, dependability theory, information protection, and law. Results. The paper defines the problem of creating a trusted framework for the development and implementation of IWTS, the applicable terminology is developed. The author examined the effect of IWTS on the security of critical information infrastructure (CII) and national security, developed a model of relationships between the IWTS security domains taking into account threats of physical and non-physical origin. Examples of computer incidents within IWTS that caused consequences at the national and international levels are given. The composition of the IWTS facilities attributed to CII is defined, critical processes implemented by standard CII facilities as part of the IWTS are set forth. The author lists conceptual problems of IWTS security, defines the principles of creating a trusted framework for the development and implementation of IWTS. Conclusion. Ensuring the security of IWTS against modern threats requires solving a number of problems associated with the creation of a trusted framework for the development and implementation of IWTS. For the purpose of improving the timeliness and quality of their solution, the paper proposes an intuitive terminology that reflects the subject area and helps finding a common understanding of the security domain by experts from various industries. IWTS facilities have an effect on CII security and national security in general. That is taken into account in the model of relationships between IWTS security domains, demonstrated using cases of computer incidents within IWTS that caused consequences at the national and international level. Given the above, the paper lists IWTS facilities attributed to CII and sets forth examples of critical processes implemented by standard CII facilities as part of the IWTS. The defined list of conceptual IWTS security problems take into account the growing landscape of IWTS security threats that includes insecure software, hardware and software platforms, software and hardware systems and emerging technologies. When developing the principles for the creation of a trusted IWTS development and implementation framework, the author took into account the best practice of implementing the methodology for creating national secure hardware and software platforms of CII facilities that enables the creation of secure automated systems for various applications that are based on domestically-developed solutions. The examined matters are of a systemic nature, which allows using the findings in the development and implementation of ITS in other modes of transportation.

This paper examines the relationship between public and private investments in intelligent transportation system (ITS) technology and the effects on transportation performance through the highway system. ITS technology is an infrastructure that promotes integrated information sharing that can be used to improve system performance. ITS combines better infrastructure with information and control technologies to ( a) reduce traffic congestion by maintaining traffic flow, ( b) reduce transportation-generated pollution, ( c) improve transport efficiency, and ( d) produce economic benefits. A statistical analysis of partial least squares structural equation modeling was used to test three hypothesized relationships. Primary data were collected from U.S.-based commercial vehicle transportation service providers. Respondents were parceled with a geographic information system analysis of secondary data from the U.S. Department of Transportation National ITS Deployment Tracking Survey. On the basis of their level of regional ITS experience, primary data respondents were matched to regions and split between regions with low ITS experience and high ITS experience as a proxy for regional public investments in ITS. Performance measures were based on efficiency, reliability, responsiveness, quality, carbon emissions reduction, and equipment utilization for commercial vehicle operators. Results indicate that private investments in ITS significantly positively affect the responsiveness performance measure for commercial vehicle operators in regions with high public ITS investments. The same relationship is not significant in regions with low public ITS investments, which indicates at least some transportation performance improvements for regions with higher investments in ITS. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Automated Vehicles (AVs) are expected to help in significantly reducing traffic injuries and fatalities in the near future. However, to achieve this goal, they must be safe and secure. The recent news of the first fatal crash of AV including pedestrian confirm the urgent need of addressing AV safety and security issues to prevent such accidents from happening in the future. In order to outperform human drivers, AVs need to communicate with the other traffic participants, which makes them more vulnerable to cyberattacks. Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS), which include vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communications, are expected to be launched in Europe next year. Thus, assuring their safety and security is crucial. This paper presents an approach, CESAM&SSM, for modelling safe and secure C-ITS using the CESAM method and the Six-Step Model. A combination of these two methods enables comprehensive analysis of C-ITS from operational, functional, constructional, safety, and security perspectives. The propose approach is compliant with three international standards: ISO 26262 – vehicle safety standard, SAE J3061 – vehicle cybersecurity standard, and ISO 21217 – intelligent transport system architecture standard.

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) have progressively incorporated machine learning to optimize traffic efficiency, enhance safety, and improve real-time decision-making. However, the traditional centralized machine learning (ML) paradigm faces critical limitations regarding data privacy, scalability, and single-point vulnerabilities. This study explores FL as a decentralized alternative that preserves privacy by training local models without transferring raw data. Based on a systematic literature review encompassing 39 ITS-related studies, this work classifies applications according to their architectural detail—distinguishing systems from models—and identifies three families of federated learning (FL) frameworks: privacy-focused, integrable, and advanced infrastructure. Three representative frameworks—Federated Learning-based Gated Recurrent Unit (FedGRU), Digital Twin + Hierarchical Federated Learning (DT + HFL), and Transfer Learning with Convolutional Neural Networks (TFL-CNN)—were comparatively analyzed against a client–server baseline to assess their suitability for ITS adaptation. Our qualitative, architecture-level comparison suggests that DT + HFL and TFL-CNN, characterized by hierarchical aggregation and edge-level coordination, are conceptually better aligned with scalability and stability requirements in vehicular and traffic deployments than pure client–server baselines. FedGRU, while conceptually relevant as a meta-framework for coordinating multiple organizational models, is primarily intended as a complementary reference rather than as a standalone architecture for large-scale ITS deployment. Through application-level evaluations—including traffic prediction, accident detection, transport-mode identification, and driver profiling—this study demonstrates that FL can be effectively integrated into ITS with moderate architectural adjustments. This work does not introduce new experimental results; instead, it provides a qualitative, architecture-level comparison and adaptation guideline to support the migration of ITS applications toward federated learning. Overall, the results establish a solid methodological foundation for migrating centralized ITS architectures toward federated, privacy-preserving intelligence, in alignment with the evolution of edge and 6G infrastructures.

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are emerging field characterized by complex data model, dynamics and strict time requirements. Ensuring cybersecurity in ITS is a complex task on which the safety and efficiency of transportation depends. The imposition of standards for a comprehensive architecture, as well as specific security standards, is one of the key steps in the evolution of ITS. The article examines the general outlines of the ITS architecture and security issues. The main focus of security approaches is: configuration and initialization of the devices during manufacturing at perception layer; anonymous authentication of nodes in VANET at network layer; defense of fog-based structures at support layer and description and standardization of the complex model of data and metadata and defense of systems, based on AI at application layer. The article oversees some conventional methods as network segmentation and cryptography that should be adapted in order to be applied in ITS cybersecurity. The focus is on innovative approaches that have recently been trying to find their place in ITS security strategies. These approaches includes blockchain, bloom filter, fog computing, artificial intelligence, game theory and ontologies. In conclusion, a correlation is made between the commented methods, the problems they solve and the architectural layers in which they are applied.

Multi-agent approaches have a key role to play in intelligent transportation systems as such systems must service dynamically changing environments in an autonomous fashion. Such Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are exemplified by Google's driverless car. The driverless car can be considered a multi-agent system because it involves multiple interacting intelligent agents analysing and detecting stimuli in its environment and mobilising suitable and safe responses to those stimuli. This position paper discusses the security threats that may result from introducing multiagent technology in such intelligent transportation systems. We argue that, while multi-agent approaches have a major role to play in this domain, their introduction in vehicle-to-vehicle communication or autonomous driving systems raises new security challenges that must be addressed by both cyber-security and multi-agent research.

By 2020, there will be more than 24 billion smart devices connected in the Internet of Things (IoT). Tremendously augmented motorization, population, and urbanization has not only brought us many amenities but also has increased traffic congestion to its limits. In this paper, we used IOT to design an efficient and congestion free Intelligent Transport System (ITS). A lot of research is done to either improve or change any one aspect of ITS at one time. This paper demonstrates every aspect or features of an efficient ITS. The purpose of this research is to provide developing countries a detailed and easy to follow ITS architecture so that they can create an ITS for their populace.

Download a PDF of "Guidebook for Implementing Intelligent Transportation Systems Elements to Improve Airport Traveler Access Information" by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine for free.

Emerging intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are based on several technologies. A new concept of integrating visible light communications (VLC) in ITS is introduced in this paper. VLC in ITS is a cost effective method of implementation. This paper presents a VLC broadcast system considering LED-based traffic lights. It discusses the integration of traffic light road side unit (RSUs) within the existing ITS architecture. A prototype demonstrator of the designed VLC systems is also presented. A robust modulation technique based on direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) sequence inverse keying (SIK) has been implemented to minimize the effect of noise sources. Experimental results show data communication range of over 40m with 200mm custom designed traffic light, even during bright sun light.

This work-in-progress article presents the research objectives of the (CIA) <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> -ITS workgroup of the Brazilian project consortium called (CIA) <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . The workgroup is developing an architecture and protocols to integrate the heterogeneous networks and devices that compose a city-wide (or even nation-wide) Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). The ITS architecture will support networks of wireless sensors and actuators, smart vehicle communication as well as PCs and PDAs generating and requesting ITS-related information. This network will be open, thus gaining more functionality and data as users and the government “log into” the system.