Associated problems. The debate keeps flowing in

The rise of ‘ecological consciousness’ from the late 1970s onwards has complicated the already hugely contentious field of development policy and studies by adding a reflectivist dynamic, which seems impossible to avoid (see, for example, Beck 1992, 2009; Beck et al. 1994). In this chapter, I want to trace broadly why environmental questions are today central to development debates, and what this means for political debates over the future of our contemporary civilizations. The chapter begins with an outline of the reflectivist challenge posed by ecological concerns, and provides a basic account of the contradictions this raises for development policy and analysis. This is followed by a discussion of some case examples, which help to highlight central problems in the environment/development debate. In the third part, I step sideways to take a look at some of the reasons why the debates take on the forms they have, and investigate the intellectual, practical and political conditions that sustain things in this way. The final part concludes by drawing out three broad ideas central to reconciling environmental and developmental concerns. Before proceeding, I want to put a few preliminaries in place, which will help to scope and evaluate the exposition below. In developing the observations and points that follow, I won’t be able provide any arguments regarding some rather large issues. For example, whether anthropogenic climate change is or is not ‘happening’ is one of the questions that has-rightly or wronglyoccupied most of the headline news on environmental concerns, and has underpinned much political work in multilateral forums. (Think, for instance, of the importance assigned to the allocation of, and trade in, emission permits; see United Nations 1998; HM Treasury 2006). Beneath such pre-eminent, global concerns, others occasionally gain public exposure, such as the problems of ‘food security’, the provision of drinking water, disease control, deforestation and desertification, the integrity of oceanic ecosystems, and waste management; all are intermittently prominent concerns in debates involving scientists, interest groups, governments, bureaucracies, businesses and laypersons. For the purpose of the discussion that follows, I want to move away from one aspect of these discourses that has been fairly pervasive, namely the tendency to treat the issues in question in terms of an either/or logic. On such a reading, for instance, either climate change is (significantly) down to the active transformation of ecological conditions through human activity, or it is a coincidental occurrence, contingent upon cosmic or geological cycles and their implications, but beyond (decisive) human influence. The general expectation is that either of these two positions will eventually be validated on the strength of evidence produced through scientific research. In the meantime, politics revolves around people throwing their lot behind either one of the two approaches, sometimes out of conviction, but more often than not out of selfinterested motives. Once the truth about climate change is established, the condition of uncertainty that feeds the political debates will be removed, and social and political organization be conducted in the light of the new scientfic consensus. This strikes me as unhelpful for the question of how environmental and developmental imperatives may or may not contradict one another, what to do about it, and how to construct an analysis for such purposes. While the question of human agency in climate change is eminently important, for example, for considering some really rather tough questions about justice, both intergenerational and intercultural, the effects of alterations in climatic conditions require responses, whether these particular justice dimensions can be explicated with the help of scientific consensus or not: some of the Pacific Islands, which are threatened by rising sea levels, for example, are home to populations for whom assistance will be essential, whatever the expediencies of the ‘blame’ question might be (COP15 2009). For the purpose of this chapter, I will then assume that the main challenges posed by the ecological question for thinking about development are social and political, rather than about scientific validation, and epistemological arguments over what sorts of criteria should count in the latter. Lest I be misunderstood in this move, this is not to suggest that the debates about the science of climate change and about the ethics of responsibility and guilt are not important and worthwhile; instead, I want to suggest that a rather large part of why environmental questions have the effect of complicating and altering the ‘development’ narrative retains its plausibility and importance irrespective of settling on the science of either climate change, or any of the other constellations alluded to above. As we will see below, the paradoxes posed by considering developmental and environmental imperatives next to one another occur in a variety of contexts with discernible impacts, and are therefore already a persistent part of what people have to negotiate in their day-to-day lives around the world (Bass et al. 2005). Having said this, I should also point out that a constitutive assumption I do make for the purpose of this chapter is that human societies in general do have the proven capacity to alter their natural environment in ways that are potentially, and frequently were, actually detrimental to their ‘interests’. Overexploitation of natural resources has been a frequent contributory cause for the collapse of civilizations, not to speak of smaller communities (indicatively, see Diamond 2006). Once we step inside human history for orienting our frame of reference, we will thus find ample reason for proceeding very carefully with claims regarding links between ‘know-how’ and technology, and ecological sustainability.1.

This study deals with Speech Function and Mood used in the 2014 Indonesian Presidential Candidates Debate. This study was conducted by using descriptive qualitative method. The purpose of this study is to find out the types of Speech Function and Mood used in the debate based on Halliday’s theory. The data of this study were the utterances of both President Candidates, namely Jokowi Dodo and PrabowoSubianto. The findings show that both President candidates used all types of Speech Function in the debate, which Statement are 464 utterances (82.71%), Question are 51 utterances (9.09%), Command are 34 utterances (6.06%) and Offer are 12 utterances (2.14%). It is also found that they use congruent and metaphorical realization of Mood in debating. The use of Congruent Mood of declarative are 469 utterances (83.6%), Interrogative are 49 utterances (8.73%), and Imperative are 33 utterances (5.89%). Meanwhile the metaphorical realization of Declarative are 7 utterances (1.24%), Interrogative are 2 utterances (0.36%) and Imperative only 1 utterance (0.18%). Statement as the most dominant type of speech function in this debate shows thatJokowi and Prabowoare mostly giving information in order to deliver their future plans and ideas in the form of proposition, promise and persuasion, to strengthen the arguments and to convey messages logically in a limited time, so that the hearer/ people of Indonesia interested in choosing him as the next President. And the use of congruent or metaphorical realization in this debate implies that both Jokowi and Prabowo are able to give and to response arguments logically in different ways.

This research empirically assessed the learning outcomes of structured debates in an undergraduate social welfare policy course. The longitudinal mixed-method study represents the only one in the literature on social policy debates in undergraduate social work education. For the five cohorts of students surveyed, the Policy Debate Rating Scale assessed learning outcomes on cognitive, behavioral/affective, and comparative perspective dimensions. The results showed strong evidence of higher level learning and supports the use of active learning to promote critical thinking, public speaking, and policy practice skills among social workers. Implications for future policy practice such as the need for more instruction on dialectics, differential perspectives, and improved designs for future research are discussed.

The issue of tax avoidance has once again come to prominence in public debate (IMF, 2014). The change in government policies in the UK, in Europe and a host of other countries across the world has been leaning towards lowering of corporation tax in order to attract multinationals investment in their territories. The debate as to how this lowering of tax, or the new consciousness of the MNEs in their tax planning as a tool for strategic management and competitiveness can shape the future of the local economies, and whether the perceived benefits of inward FDI is still a reality that surpass the negative impacts that such investments may have on local economies and the development and growth of local SMEs are issues that this paper aim to cover. The methodology of this paper is mainly a desk based review of policies and theories of taxation and inward FDI. The literature on theories of taxation in general and corporate taxation in particular will focus on the history of corporate tax and its development, and offers a comparison of the corporation taxation systems in Europe and the US. The paper will then re-examine the perceived positive and negative externalities of the MNEs FDI on local economies against actual benefits confirmed by secondary evidence. The paper is structured in three sections. In the first section, a review of taxation as an economic concept is presented; the history of corporation tax in the UK is reviewed and evaluated; a change towards lowering of corporate tax and the arguments in favour of a lowered tax regime will be examined. This second section reviews the impact of inward FDI primarily from a conceptual point of view and then moves into a systematic review of the literature on the evidence of potential benefits of inward FDI as presented by local governments as justification for favourable policies to entice MNEs to choose their investment locations. The last section will offer a debate on government-multinational interaction and proposes a conceptual framework for assessing the local impacts of national policies by proposing testable hypotheses. It would not be within the scope of this paper to test these hypotheses but it is hoped that by offering such propositions a wider debate on the future role of taxation as a means for achieving welfare goals of sustainable societies.

One of the major debates in classical Indian philosophy concerned whether consciousness is present or absent in dreamless sleep. The philosophical schools of Advaita Vedānta and Yoga maintained that consciousness is present in dreamless sleep, whereas the Nyāya school maintained that it is absent. Consideration of this debate, especially the reasoning used by Advaita Vedānta to rebut the Nyāya view, calls into question the standard neuroscientific way of operationally defining consciousness as “that which disappears in dreamless sleep and reappears when we wake up or dream.” The Indian debate also offers new resources for contemporary philosophy of mind. At the same time, findings from cognitive neuroscience have important implications for Indian debates about cognition during sleep, as well as for Indian and Western philosophical discussions of the self and its relationship to the body. Finally, considerations about sleep drawn from the Indian materials suggest that we need a more refined taxonomy of sleep states than that which sleep science currently employs, and that contemplative methods of mind training are relevant for advancing the neurophenomenology of sleep and consciousness.

Speaking is an ability that is taken for granted, learned as it is through process of socialization through communicating. It seems very important because by mastering speaking skill, people can carry out conversations with others, give the ideas and exchange the information with others. In the third semester of English Department, the students get difficulties to speak English well. They lack of mastering the component of speaking. They only have a little chance to practice speaking English out of class because most of their friends speak Indonesian. Students’ speaking problem can be solved by giving a lot chance to them for practicing English either in the classroom or out of classroom. Practicing speaking English in the classroom should be interested with appropriate technique in order to improve students speaking skill. One of technique can be used in teaching speaking is debate. This research was aimed to improve the third Semester Students of English Department at STKIP PGRI Tulungagung through debate technique. This research was classroom action research done in two cycles. The data collection was done using observation and test. The participants of this research were 24 students. The result of this research showed that using debate technique can improve students’ speaking skill. This was proven by students’ test score that improved in every cycle. In the first cycle, the students’ average score was 71 and in the second cycle students got 82. Thus, debate is an appropriate technique used to improve students’ speaking skill.

The author addresses the debate on neuroscience, starting from the debate which began in the eighties of last century. There are two fundamental problems in science and for their ecological epistemology: imperialism and reductionism Neuroscience is a very complex question, that unfolds between the border humanistic, scientific and educational too. The neurosciences are needed in education? Yes, and you think to the debate about the “mirror neurons” that have a crucial role in learning and socialization. The debate is currently very broad and complex and focused on pedagogical elements

The meaning and direction of the 'debate' and 'writing' as bildung-education

Since the 1990s ethnic violence within states has become much more common than interstate violence and tends to be harder to stop, leading to the question, how states can avoid ethnic violence and best accommodate multiple ethnicities within their boundaries. The worldwide increase of inner-state civil wars or complex emergencies has set peace and conflict studies high on the agenda of development and foreign policy debate. A central question in the theoretical debate is the consolidation and arrangements of democratic systems and institutions in ethnically heterogeneous societies, to prevent and resolve violent conflicts. In this recent debate there is still a lack of empirical research, analysing the opportunities and obstacles of conflict resolving political structures, processes and institutions in more depth. This paper therefore aims to contribute to the recent debate on conflict preventive/transforming arrangements of democratic systems by discussing proposals on federal restructuring and devolution of the political system in Sri Lanka as well as by looking into the realities of recognition of minorities at local level.

The debate around Pernkopf’s atlas, the origin of bodies used to create its plates and the person of Eduard Pernkopf has involved with time academic authorities and university professors, and has shaken the anatomical scenario. However, no study has been so far performed concerning the opinion of students towards this sensitive and problematic issue. This article aims at exposing the results of an interview performed on 42 Italian medical students, after a self-chosen course of history of human anatomy, in order to ascertain the students’ opinion towards this important debate in the anatomic scenario. Results showed that 91% of students did not know the existence of Pernkopf’s atlas: 51% stated they would not use it, whereas for 65% it should be preserved for didactic purposes. Subjects who preferred the atlas to be banished justified their position mainly on the base of ethical reasons (25%); however, in a third of cases students were not able to give an answer. Twenty-two percent of students who agree with a preservation of the atlas would limit its use to historical studies. In 11% ethical issues were not considered important. In 52% of cases no opinion was given. Results show that the debate concerning Pernkopf’s atlas, at least among students, is at the very beginning: more efforts need to be performed in order to let the medical students know the history of the atlas and its importance in the scientific debate around the ethics in anatomy.

At press time, the U.S. House of Representatives had passed its health reform bill, the Affordable Health Care for America Act, and the U.S. Senate had begun debate on its health reform bill, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Once the Senate bill is debated and amended, it will be up

The research is qualitative research that intends to describe the factors that influence the students’ achievement in debate competition English Got Talent. Therefore, it was formulated the problem statement as follows: 1) Which factors that influence the students’ achievement in debate competition? 2) How are the competences of English teachers of SMUN 1 and SMUN 3 in teaching and guiding English subject in both schools? To fulfill data collection, primary data were taken from 5 teachers from every schools so the total number were 10 teachers. While the secondary data also were 10 students who were taken from 5 students from every school. The technique in collecting data were interview and observation. The result of the research shows that factors that may cause the students of SMUN 3 and SMUN 1 get achievement in debate competition, such as; the competencies owned by teachers from both schools who some of them have S1 degree in English Education and some others are Magister in English Education. Besides, they actively develop their skills in teaching methods by joining seminars and workshops. Therefore they were more creative in presenting the materials by using various teaching strategies that may help and support the students in English learning process. They also give attention to the teaching material which not too emphasize on using English book provided by the school. In opposites, they were selective in using the teaching material, some of them develop the material by their own selves which taken from commercial books and internet. Over all, other factor that may also contribute to their achievement are the existences of teacher that becomes supervisor who responsible to prepare the students to join the competition. They have been being consulted and guided since the X years and it is usually given for 3 months before the competition held. Therefore it makes them are very well prepared to join the competition.

“Qiwulun” is the most important chapter with the most various interpretations in Zhuangzi. In addition to the explanation on words and sentences, there are two main difficulties of interpretation: First, the difference with the strength of argument, what kind of skepticism Zhuangzi is? How strong does he deny language and knowledge? Second, the difference with the theme of allegory, what is the meaning of “the pipe from heaven” and “the butterfly dream”? Why Zhuangzi wrote them? These two difficulties are from the writing features of “Qiwulun” itself: the question form and the analogy. Because “Qiwulun” always doubts concepts like language or knowledge by questions, when the meaning of questions could be interpreted as negative, interrogative or affirmative, then there is a large space for various interpretations with the strength of argument; Because “Qiwulun” often used the allegory by analogy, which means to show the abstract meaning by specific situations or things, when the context does not clear, then all the similarity between allegory and specific situations and things could be the meaning Zhuangzi want to presented. So there is a large space for various interpretations with the meaning of allegory. To deal with these two difficulties, this article offers a basic structure to comprehend “Qiwulun”: First, the writing purposes, the stopping of debate and the describe of ideal personality. Second, the discussing strategies, the double answerable questions and the analogy. Third, the function of strategies, the strength of argument and the meaning of metaphor or allegory. Double answerable question is a extremely unique question form in “Qiwulin” which has the following characteristics: First, the author questions and answers himself. Second, the author gives two or more answers for the questions. Third, the author does not point out that he prefer only one of the answers. By double answerable questions, “QiWulun” shows that the possibility for many different claims exist, so the debating with only one claim is absolutely right could be canceled; By analogy, “Qiwulun” avoids bias and misunderstanding caused by direct statement, describes the better attitude and way of ideal personality by metaphor and allegory. These shows that the stopping of debate and the describe of ideal personality are complementary writing purposes, provide the behavior guidance to resolve conflicts and response infinite situations.

The way in which the business enterprise operates in the global market has become the subject of a lively debate in Western society. Trying to redefine the role of organizations, and particularly the business enterprise, is a crucial element of this debate. The concept generally relates to the need for more responsible behaviour, increased social commitment and greater environmental care — in short, corporate social responsibility (CSR). On the surface the debate is supported by growing awareness of the need to protect the environment, concern about the depletion of natural resources and awareness of social inequality around the world. More fundamentally CSR is about organizations taking greater social responsibility and becoming good corporate citizens. The central notion is that organizations should act beyond their traditional business boundaries, their purpose no longer restricted to generating profit but extended to include a contribution to the cohesion of society and consideration of the social and ecological environment. This challenges the firmly established belief in Anglo-Saxon economies that social issues are secondary to the priority challenges of corporate management.

Body movement is a nonverbal one where communication occurs through one's body movements or body parts. The wobble that is done can be considered as inappropriate in a formal event that is aired on a national scale debate. From the sway there were meanings and messages that were not understood by the public. It is thought to study the motives of what actually happened. The research method used is qualitative. This study aims to understand the meaning and message of Prabowo sway on the debates of the presidential candidates for the vice presidential candidates. This study uses Roland Barthes's semiotic analysis proposed in a sign that contains three elements, namely denotation, connotation and myth. The unit of analysis is seeing the words that make Prabowo do the shake. Furthermore, this section is analyzed using Roland Barthes' map marks, namely markers, markers, denotation marks, connotation markers, connotation markers and connotation marks. Next, look for the meaning of myth. This research concludes that the meaning of Prabowo's sway in the vice presidential candidate debate is symbolized by the desire to prove that the accusations directed at the party he leads are false because there is no strong evidence to follow up if the allegations are true.