AUSTRAL WRIGHT ALLOY B25 (UNS C17200)

Berylco 33 25 is a free-machining beryllium copper alloy which has substantially the same mechanical properties and response to heat treatment as the standard Berylco 25, but which can be machined in 40 percent of the time. The alloy has high strength and hardness, a high fatigue strength, good resistance to corrosion and wear and good electrical conductivity. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fatigue. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Cu-196. Producer or source: Kawecki Berylco Industries Inc..

High strength and corrosion resistant nickel alloys Hastelloy C-86 ® (UNS N06686) and Hastelloy C-22HS ® (UNS N07022) are currently being evaluated and/ or used by the Navy for current and future bolting applications where both high strength, toughness, ductility along with excellent resistance to corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement are required. This includes present and new ship design. The 686 alloy is currently into final stages of data gathering and mil spec preparation. Alloy 686 is a solid solution nickel base alloy obtaining it’s strength through cold work. The C-22HS alloy was recently introduced for applications requiring both corrosion resistance and high strength. Being a C-type alloy (Ni-Cr-Mo), C- 22HS has excellent corrosion resistance in both reducing and oxidizing environments. The alloy is capable of being age-hardened to effectively double the yield strength over other Ctype alloys. The C-22HS alloy has generated interest in the oil & gas industry due to its resistance to sour brine environments. C-22HS is being included in NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 at NACE Level VII (highest severity), exhibiting resistance to severe sour brine environments. Properties of the new alloy relevant to marine corrosion and Navy fastener applications are presented. This material has also been shown to be resistant to hydrogen embrittlement in marine and other severe environments, exhibiting potential for corrosion immunity. Efforts in developing alternate processing routes for C-22HS alloy for very high strength applications are detailed. The high strength of C-22HS alloy is imparted through the formation of Long Range Ordering (LRO) domains of Ni2(Cr, Mo) which develop during a two-step age-hardening treatment. In standard C-22HS alloy, the formation of the LRO domains nearly doubling of the room temperature yield strength up to values around 100 ksi. The yield strengths of the as-cold worked bars ranged from 191 to 205 ksi (1317 to 1413 MPa), and the cold-worked + age-hardened bars ranged from 199 to 206 ksi (1372 to 1420 MPa). In these material conditions, C-22HS also exhibits excellent ductility and fracture toughness of _150 ft-lbs (_203 J) from -300ºF to +550ºF (-149 to 288°C). The C - 22HS alloy is presently being tested for Navy Subsafe high strength fastener approval. An important feature of the C-22HS alloy in the age-hardened condition is that the alloy retains excellent corrosion resistance. Both alloys C-86 and C-22HS have excellent potential for all marine and military applications where excellent strength, toughness and corrosion resistance are required. In addition to the nickel alloy just discussed, NITRONIC® 50HS (UNS S20910) Stainless Steel provides a combination of corrosion resistance and strength not found in any other commercial material available in its price range. As a result, the use of this alloy for boat shafting is significantly increasing for commercial and naval shipping. Superior corrosion resistance, high yield strength, exceptionally low magnetic permeability and outstanding cryogenic properties define this alloy usefulness for boat shafting.

Copper–based alloys are commonly used in numerous seawater applications mainly because of resistance to biofouling and low corrosion rates. The low strength of most copper alloys limits their use in structural applications and components. Higher strength alloys used in seawater, such as nickel-copper are used as alternatives to copper alloys, however, these alloys can be susceptible to chloride stress corrosion cracking and, at times, hydrogen embrittlement in conditions where cathodic protection is utilized. A relatively young family of age hardenable high strength ternary CuNiSn alloys deliver combinations of high strength and corrosion resistance in seawater and chloride environments in both cast and wrought conditions. This paper documents basic corrosion behavior previously unavailable for a series of high strength CuNiSn alloys. Slow strain rate testing of this alloy family was conducted under freely corroding and under cathodic protection conditions. Galvanic couples, with various area ratios, were evaluated in conjunction with regularly used ferrous and non-ferrous corrosion-resistant alloys. Low corrosion rates in the free and coupled conditions are observed, and resistance to hydrogen embrittlement is demonstrated. The results suggest that the CuNiSn alloys can function in high performance seawater valves and fastener applications.

Coatings are extensively used in many areas including industrial and medical fields to serve various functions as corrosion resistance, wear resistance and antibacterial purposes. Copper and copper alloys are among the most widely applied coating materials for several industrial and medical applications. One of their widely used copper coating applications is in the antibacterial coating area. Most of the research done in this field focuses on the antibacterial behavior with no comprehensive assessment regarding their mechanical properties, such as hardness and adhesion strength. In this work, mechanical assessment of strength and hardness of pure copper and several copper alloys including Cu Sn5% P0.6%, Cu Ni18 Zn14 (German silver), and Cu Al9 Fe1 are studied experimentally and numerically. All coatings are deposited on stainless steel substrate disks of 25mm diameter by wire-arc thermal spraying at the center of advanced coating technologies, University of Toronto. All coatings are 150 microns in thickness, with two additional thicknesses up to 350 microns for Cu Ni18 Zn14 (German silver) and Cu Al9 Fe1. The effect of the coating thickness and composition on the mechanical properties is studied for all the copper and copper alloy samples with the varying thicknesses between 150 and 350 microns. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface as well as the cross-sectional microstructure of the coatings. Vickers micro-indentation tests are used to evaluate hardness at various locations on the cross-section of the coating and the substrate. This is used to evaluate the effect of the deposition of the coating material, and the subsequent solidification, on the hardness of the coating layer as well as the substrate near the coating interface. Pull-off adhesion tests are performed to evaluate the effect of the coating composition and thickness on the strength of the coatings. Tests are carried out to compute the pull-off failure stress that causes the delamination between the coating and the substrate. Computational analysis will be used to calibrate the experimental data when available by means of finite element analysis. The preliminary pull-off tests show interesting results as the samples with lower coating thicknesses exhibit delamination at higher strengths. This is due to the increase in residual stresses in higher thicknesses building up during the deposition process. Some of the samples did not even fail at lower thicknesses of 150 microns. A comprehensive analysis between the adhesion strength and hardness will be very useful in understanding the effect of coating composition and thickness on the mechanical properties of the coating.

Stress relaxation behaviors and mechanical properties of precipitation strengthening copper alloys

Copper Alloy No. C19200 is a high-copper alloy with relatively high strength and electrical conductivity. It has good hot forgeability and good capacity for being cold worked. Among its many uses are applications requiring resistance to softening and stress corrosion, automotive hydraulic brake lines, cable wrap, eyelets, flexible hose and fuse clips. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Cu-485. Producer or source: Copper and copper alloy mills.

Copper Alloy No. C95800 is a copper-aluminum-nickel-iron-manganese alloy with high strength and hardness. It also is characterized by excellent resistance to corrosion and good resistance to fatigue and wear. It is suited for service up to 750 F. Typical uses comprise hubs and blades of ship propellers and other components for contact with salt water. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, tensile properties, and compressive and shear strength as well as fracture toughness and fatigue. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as casting, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Cu-397. Producer or source: Copper alloy foundries.

Low electrical resistivity and high strength are a basic requirements for copper alloys.However,it has been widely known that these two properties are contradictory to each other:high electrical resistivity means extensive electron scattering by obstacles in the alloy,which in turn blocks dislocation movement to enhance mechanical strength.That is to say,any increase in strength necessarily brings about an increase in electrical resistivity.Essentially,strength and electrical resistivity are coupled in metal alloy as both are issued from a similar microstructural mechanism. That is why it is generally difficult to evaluate these alloys comprehensively and to select the materials appropriately. </br>The present work addresses this fundamental problem by analyzing the dependence of hardness (in relation to strength) and electrical resistivity on solute content for deliberately designed ternary[Mo<sub><i>y</i>/(<i>y</i>+ 12)</sub>Ni<sub>12/(<i>y</i>+12)</sub>]<sub><i>x</i></sub>Cu<sub>100-<i>x</i></sub> alloys (at.%),where <i>x</i>=0.3-15.0 is the total solute content,<i>y</i>=0.5-6.0 is the ratio between Mo and Ni.The Mo-centered and Ni-nearest-neighbored[Mo<sub>1</sub>-Ni<sub>12</sub>]cluster structure are used to construct a short-range-order structure model of solid solution.The cluster[Mo<sub>1</sub>-Ni<sub>12</sub>]in solution enhances the strength,without increasing the electrical resistivity much,for the solutes are organized into cluster-type local atomic aggregates that reduce the dislocation mobility more strongly than electron scattering.The short-range-order structure has an essentially identical function for strength and electrical resistivity. In this solution state,both hardness and resistivity increase linearly with solute content increasing.When the solute constituents do not meet the requirement for ideal solution,i.e.,Mo-Ni ratio exceeds 1/12,the maximum value that the cluster[Mo<sub>1</sub>-Ni<sub>12</sub>]can accommodate,the solid solution should be destabilized and precipitation should occur,such as Mo precipitation in this case.The deviation from the linear change of resistivity and strength with solute content are caused by different alloy states,that is,solid solution and precipitation,which contribute to the resistivity and strength differently.Here we define a new term,the ratio of residual tensile strength to residual electrical resistivity,i.e.the “strength/resistivity ratio” in short,which represents an essential property of the alloy system.This ratio is 7×10<sup>8</sup> MPa/Ω· m) for the Cu-Ni-Mo alloy in complete solid solution state,and it is in a range of (310-490) 10<sup>8</sup> MPa/Ω·m) for the Cu-Ni-Mo alloys in a fully precipitation state (i.e.,most of Mo solute atoms precipitate out of the Cu matrix). </br>Finally this new parameter is applied to the classification of common copper industrial alloys for the purpose of laying the basis for material selection.It is found that the strength/resistivity ratio of 310 effectively marks the boundary between the fully precipitated state and precipitation plus solution state.Using this criterion,it is concluded that alloys based on Cu-(Cr,Zr,Mg,Ag,Cd) are suitable for high-strength and high-conductivity applications.However,alloys based on binary systems Cu-(Be,Ni,Sn,Fe,Zn,Ti,Al) cannot realize the same purpose.The finding of the line dividing the characteristic properties of alloy having a strength-resistivity-ratio of 310 provides a key quantitative basis for comprehensively evaluating the alloy performance,which can effectively guide material selection and development of high strength and high conductivity copper alloys.

ATI 35N is a wrought, multi-phase Co-Ni-Cr-Mo alloy that can be heat treated to achieve very high strength, while maintaining excellent toughness, ductility, and corrosion resistance. To achieve tensile strength levels of 1795 to 2070 MPa (260 to 300 ksi), the alloy is cold worked and then precipitation hardened. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Co-133. Producer or source: ATI.

UNIMACH AF 1410 is a high-strength, high-fracture-resistant iron-based alloy (steel). It exhibits superior toughness over all other high-strength steels and has the highest combination of strength and toughness available in any high-strength alloy. It is recommended for consideration in a wide range of highly-stressed, fracture-critical applications such as airframe structural components, landing gear components and light armor plate. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: SA-398. Producer or source: Cyclops Corporation.

Austral Wright 5% Phosphor Bronze (UNS C51800) is a wrought copper-tin-phosphorus alloy. It is the most widely used grade of wrought phosphor bronze. It is harder, stronger and stiffer than the wrought brasses and, in strip and wire form, is produced with a combination of excellent cold formability, high strength and good corrosion resistance, which makes it ideal for use as springs. It also has a low coefficient of friction against steel. This makes it a popular choice for wear resistant guide strips and similar bearing applications involving boundary lubrication conditions. The alloy has adequate electrical and thermal properties, which helps it find applications in current-carrying and heat transfer applications. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as heat treating. Filing Code: Cu-929. Producer or source: Austral Wright Metals.

BRUSH WELLMAN Alloy 174 is a beryllium copper alloy with cobalt designed to be a current-carrying component where high strength and relaxation resistance alloys are needed for body downsizing and miniaturization of microprocessors. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fatigue. It also includes information on forming and heat treating. Filing Code: Cu-578. Producer or source: Brush Wellman Inc.. See also Alloy Digest Cu-509, May 1986.

COPPER ALLOY No. 162 is a copper-cadmium alloy with high electrical and thermal conductivities combined with high strength and toughness. It is recommended for resistance-welding electrodes, back-up bars and current-carrying rings. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, tensile properties, and shear strength as well as fatigue. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Cu-289. Producer or source: Copper alloy producers.

HPM 625 is a nickel-chromium-molybdenum high-strength alloy with excellent corrosion and oxidation resistance. It resists stress-corrosion cracking, pitting, and intergranular attack. It is useful to approximately 982 deg C (1800 deg F). This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Ni-714. Producer or source: Hamilton Precision Metals.

COPPER ALLOY No. 706 is an alloy of copper and nickel which has been modified by the addition of approximately 1.4% iron to improve its resistance to salt water corrosion. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as creep. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: Cu-231. Producer or source: Copper and copper alloy mills.