Automated Plant Watering and Fertilizing with Soil Quality Testing

Abstract: The rapid development of Internet of Things (IoT) technology across all industries, from the automotive to home automation, had an impact on the agriculture sector as well, commonly known as "Smart Agriculture," which moved the entire sector from statistical to quantitative methods. These innovative ideas modify agriculture's current practises, open up new prospects, and help this industry overcome a number of obstacles. This study shows a system that makes use of the possibilities of these IoT and wireless sensing devices as well as the difficulties encountered when fusing these technologies for mutual benefit. This essay demonstrates how to use a smart agricultural application that allows users to monitor and modify soil moisture, temperature, and humidity.The capacity to remotely direct water flow anywhere the user pleases without being present in person. This is accomplished by using a soil moisture sensor that can measure soil moisture, a DHT 11 for measuring temperature and humidity, an Arduino to link the entire system together, and the IOT cloud as the system's database. Our only goal is to create an automated solution for remote gardening that is user-friendly

Agriculture is a major backbone of the world economy and it sustains humanity. Due to inefficient practices and the lack of incorporating modern-day technology in farming, the yield is affected. Internet of Things (IoT) is an evolving technology that connects various devices and shares information mutually. IoT also plays a crucial role in smart agriculture. Smart farming is an emerging field as IoT sensors can monitor many environmental factors and provide necessary data for better yield and safety of crops. Monitoring factors like soil humidity, soil moisture, pH, and fertilizer concentration are very essential to improve the yield of major crops. The focus of this project is to use these technologies in the field of agriculture to channelize the usage of the existing resources. That is, it uses soil moisture, humidity, and pH sensors which in turn control the motor mechanisms for inflow and outflow of water in the field to sustain an optimum level of retained water in these fields. The outflow of water from fields will be controlled by drainage mechanisms incorporated in our system. The running water that is pumped out will be stored in a tank. Once the amount of water stored in it is measured, the required amount of fertilizer and chemicals will be added to the tank through automated process and this water and fertilizer mixture will be reused for irrigation of the crops in a process known as fertigation.

This paper presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of an Internet of Things (IoT)-based irrigation system aimed at improving water use efficiency in Indian agriculture. The system employs an ESP32 microcontroller integrated with soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and pH sensors, connected to a water pump and cloud storage via Google Sheets. SMS alerts are sent to farmers for real-time decision support. Field testing revealed up to 40% water savings, 10–15% yield improvements, and a return on investment within 2 years. A survey of 1100 farmers validated adoption potential, with 85.6% recommending IoT irrigation. Statistical analysis (Chi-square, t-test, regression) confirmed that adoption was independent of demographics and valued for multiple benefits. This study contributes to sustainable agriculture and aligns with national initiatives such as PMKSY and the Digital Agriculture Mission.

Agriculture accounts for approximately 24.23% of total GDP and 22% of total exports in Nigeria. It is the most important occupation, providing a source of income for the majority of rural dwellers in Nigeria. Water is the most important resource for agriculture, and irrigation is still one of the most basic wateracquisition processes. Previously, irrigation procedures were carried out manually, resulting in a significant waste of time and an inaccurate volume of water deployed at any given time. In recent times, an artificial intelligence (AI)-based irrigation management method using Internet of Things (IoT) has gained prominence. The irrigation industry has taken advantage of this new technology called Internet of Things to improves irrigation management and drastically reduces operating expenses related to infrastructure maintenance. One of the most serious issues confronting smart irrigation systems is stakeholders' inability to convert available data into detailed and accurate information that can be used in decision making, particularly when it comes to water waste due to improper timing and the proportion.With water scarcity and inefficient traditional irrigation methods posing significant challenges to agricultural productivity,IoT-based technology offers a sustainable solution to manually operated irrigation systems. IoT-based smart irrigation system is an efficient farmland preparationtool and to managing scarce resources such as water and time.Based on the Internet of Things technology, the study analysed key parameterssuch as soil moisture, temperature, and water management using IoT-based technique that work with various sensors. The temperature, humidity, plant and soil moisture sensors are used in the design to detect different soil conditions and automatically irrigate the farmland based on the soil moisture contentand the plant requirements. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the IoT-based smart irrigation system in optimizing water use in scarcity and enhancing crop yields.

Automation of soil moisture sensor-based basin irrigation system

not spread evenly among the people. Most people still use traditional methods and depend on the uncertain climate to meet their food needs, such as vegetables and fruits. Based on this, an Internet of Things (IoT) based Smart Greenhouse Design with Arduino Uno Microcontroller was created as a solution that is expected to help make it easier for farmers to cultivate plants. The greenhouse is a building that has the function to protect plants from external disturbances such as pests, heavy rain, strong winds, and excessive humidity. Meanwhile, what is called a smart greenhouse that uses technology such as the Internet of Things (IoT), is designed to automatically monitoring uses the Arduino Uno microcontroller as the control center for each sensor used, namely DHT22 (air temperature and humidity sensor), Soil Moisture (soil moisture sensor), GUVA-S12SD (UV light intensity sensor). The sensor will obtain the required data and will be automatically sent to the server (blynk application) with the help of ESP8266 (wifi module). The method used in this study is engineering design in the manufacture of the automation system. The results of this research are in the form of a smart greenhouse that can regulate, adjust, and modify the climate to optimize the conditions and processes of plant growth in the greenhouse equipment through microcontrollers and monitoring devices such as sensors and can be controlled remotely via mobile phones or computers everywhere.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an element of worldwide data that comprise of web associated items, or things implanted with gadgets, software, sensors and also different instruments which are becoming an integral component of future internet. This work developed a system which will automatically monitor the agricultural field as well as performing live video streaming for monitoring the Agriculture field from the server itself, through raspberry pi camera. The agriculture fields are monitored for environmental temperature, humidity and soil moisture. The automatic irrigation will be performed based on the set points of the temperature, humidity and soil moisture sensor. The data collected from the field are monitored in IoT, the data are then processed and necessary information is passed through the field owners for counter measures.

RETRACTED: Regional agricultural industry economic development based on embedded system and Internet of Things

Internet of Things (IoT) is a revolutionary technology that represents the future of communication and computing. The field of IoT implementation is vast and can be applied in every field. This project is about to develop an IoT system for Harumanis Farm as agriculture is becoming an essential growing sector throughout the world due to the increasing population. The major challenge in the Harumanis sector is to improve the productivity and quality of Harumanis without continuous manual monitoring. IoT improves crop management, cost-effectiveness, crop monitoring and also improves the quality and quantity of the crop. This IoT system completes with several sensors to monitor the Harumanis farm, such as temperature and humidity sensor, pH level sensor, soil moisture sensor, also nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium (NPK) sensor. The system is a simple IoT architecture where sensors collect information and send it over the Wi-Fi network to the mobile applications.

Nowadays, one can observe the arrival of several mechanical techniques in the agricultural sector. To make the technology accessible to everyone at an affordable cost and to diminish workload for farmers by making it easier to control and understandable, there should be the presence of new technology and it is IoT, which is elaborated as Internet of Things. Usually, Internet of Things is defined as the number of gadgets are connected through wireless networks such as Wi-Fi, SIM networks, etc. IoT technology in the agricultural sector might create wonders by reducing the burden for farmers in a great way. Using IoT (Internet of Things), modern wireless devices can be constructed at an affordable cost to farmers across the country. Therefore, farmers could gain high productivity as the tasks are getting easier as well as being completed within a short period. This paper centers around the job of the Internet of Things in agribusiness that prompts brilliant cultivating. The modern technology named IoT not only shows the impact in the agricultural field but also provides several functionalities in other fields. The point of this undertaking is to propose IOT based Smart and Automated Agricultural Management System that records the data of moisture, temperature, humidity, heat index, and water level. In Smart and Automated Agricultural Management System, soil moisture sensor, DHT11 sensor, water-level sensor, and Arduino technology are utilized to simplify tasks by controlling the parameters of crop moisture content, environmental temperatures at appropriate times through the mobile application called Blynk with secured working.

Plants play a vital role in maintaining the ecological cycle, and thus, to maintain the plant's proper growth and health, adequate monitoring is required. Hence, the aim of the chapter is to create a smart plant monitoring system using automation and internet of things (IOT) technology. This topic highlights various features such as smart decision making based on soil moisture real-time data. For this purpose, sensors like soil moisture sensor, DHT11 sensor, level sensor, etc. are used. The soil moisture sensor measures the level of moisture (i.e., water content of different plants). The signal will be sent to Arduino board when the moisture level drops below the marginal value, which triggers the pumping of water into the plant by the pump. When the moisture level reaches absolute value, the pump is halted. The other condition for this process is level sensor. Level sensor senses the water level in the tank and sends the information of water level value to Arduino board and Arduino board to cloud. The whole data about the plant monitoring will be sent to the cloud server.

Organic culture has been widely promoted to famers as the best solution for many kinds of fruits and vegetables. However, the serious issue of organic culture is to optimal control soil moisture. This paper presents a soil moisture sensor based on internet of things (IoT) technology. The prototype IoT based soil moisture sensor has been implemented including with four components: sensing unit, connectivity, data processing and data analysis. The results show that the proposed soil moisture sensor not only shows the real-time soil moisture data but also analyze the soil moisture regulation.

To achieve the intelligent, scientific management of the family pot, we design a remote intelligent watering system based on Internet of things. Firstly, the collection system of potted environment information is constructed by using soil moisture sensor and air temperature and humidity sensor. Secondly, based on STM32 microcontroller, ESP8266WIFI module and Internet of things technology, the potted information and watering command transmission system is realized. Finally, the web page of the system is developed by using JavaWeb technology and Mina communication framework to achieve the fundamental purpose of real-time display of potted environment information and remote intelligent watering. Tests show that the remote intelligent watering system works stably and has strong practicability, which ensures the healthy growth of family green plants.

Objective of the study to find out irrigation management in conserving the water resources with irrigation system to increase crop productivity. In this paper, this has designed and implemented an IoT-based smart irrigation system using soil moisture, pH, and NPK sensors for remote monitoring and control of soil parameters, by interfacing them with the NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller. The output values obtained from the sensors were displayed using an LCD and values were then sent to a cloud server for remote access. Research also interfaced a relay module with a water pump to water the plants automatically when moisture content is lower than a set threshold. The results indicate that the soil moisture sensor's values, NPK sensors and pH sensor are well correlated with the lab values with an error of less than 3%, 5% and 2% respectively. The comparison of the results with the manual practice of irrigation demonstrated a considerable difference in the water and fertilizer consumption with the implementation of IoT assistance in the irrigation system. Therefore, this study confirms that the proposed model is precise, accurate, cost-efficient, and easily scalable for practical applications in smart agriculture by eliminating wastage and real-time monitoring of required inputs.

The design of a Soil moisture monitoring system with the Smart Farming Concept for IoT-based Chili Cultivation is a system design tool used to monitor Soil moisture in cayenne pepper cultivation. The monitoring system can determine Soil moisture conditions by monitoring Soil moisture information using IoT-based Microcontroller technology so that farmers can monitor the growth of cayenne pepper plants without the need to come to the Greenhouse location to monitor. The design of this monitoring systemuses a Soil moisture sensor. Where the Soil moisture sensor works is to monitor in real-time the state of Soil moisture in a Greenhouse. The classification of Soil moisture on soil quality so that the growth of cayenne pepper plants does not experience problems for dry soil and 61% to 100% for wet soil. The optimal Soil moisture content for cayenne pepper plant growth is in the range of 60% to 70% moist. The program flow to create a Soil moisture monitoring system for IoT-based chili cultivation goes through 3 main stages, namely the initialization, setup, and loop stages so that it can produce a display on the Soil moisture monitoring system application in real time. The results of the design of a Soil moisture monitoring tool based on trials show the optimal Soil moisture value at an average humidity of 63.5% and automatic watering will be carried out by the system when the Soil moisture level decreases from 60% so that it can be concluded that the IoT- based Soil moisture monitoring system can work well.