AUTOMATED REAL-TIME TRAFFIC FORECASTING SYSTEM

The application of sensor networks in control and management of smart cities are increasing rapidly. The Internet of Things (IoT) platforms are becoming a major infrastructure component of the smart cities. The requirement for development of Web of Things (WoT) architectures and patterns have significant importance for optimal management and decision support in the smart city. Due to the fact that the sensor networks in even a small city produce a very large amount of data, manual interpretation of this data is not feasible. In recent years machine learning algorithms such as deep learning give the computer systems the ability to interpret and annotate this big data stream and to produce patterns which can help decision makers. This high-level interpretation is often presented in form of dashboards in the composition layers of the WoT. In this paper a deep learning based multisensor dashboard for decision support in the smart city is presented. The proposed dashboard is capable of interpretation and decision level fusion on sensor network data. Simulation results show that the proposed model is a suitable solution for making decisions in the IoT framework for the smart city.

With rapid increase in population in urban cities, availability of parking space is real issue. This parking issue lead to traffic and encroachment of roads for parking. With implementation of smart cities is real time development, smart parking is integral part of this development. Intelligent parking system describe in this paper solve the parking issue and fits in the smart city development, this system is based on cloud-based parking system where user is able to get location of parking spot with helps sensors network and cloud computing. The user is updated with real time data of available parking spot near their destination, and they can choose the spot according to their convenience. The main components of the system are sensor layer, hardware layer, cloud layer and application layer. The sensor layer is controlled by Arduino board or other system on chip which manages the data collected by sensors, this data is sent to cloud through hardware layer cloud layer manages the data accordingly and data is sent to users’ application on the reception of request through application. This interconnection of all the layers is main aspect of IoT (Internet of Things). This system will help user to get the spot in hassle free and quick way.

The concept of "smart cities" The Internet of Things (IoT) is a multi-layered framework that allows cities to employ urban networks to enhance economic performance, generate innovative technological solutions, and more. Smart Cities are the result of a new age in information technology and smart economy growth, based on Internet mesh networks, communication networks, transmission networks, wireless networks, and other end-to-end sensor networks. The Internet of Things (IoT) is at the heart of it. The Internet of Things incorporates sensors into common things and links them through particular protocols for sharing data and communications over the Internet. Smart detection leads, location, monitoring, and administration are all provided by this modular architecture. A smart city of excellence must overcome three main factors: instrumented, linked, and intelligent, with the help of IoT technology. At this point of IoT development, smart cities can only arise through the interconnectedness of all of these smart elements. The goal of this essay is to learn how the Internet and sensors may assist in the development of smart cities.
 The study's main goal is to figure out how the Internet of Things, or IoT, is being used in smart cities. We also want to establish the necessity for IoT systems in these smart cities, as well as the issues that they may pose to individuals and society, via the research.
 Review secondary research papers, reviews, dissertations, and online documents from the EBSCO, Scopus, and Emerald databases to analyse and comprehend the usage of IoT in smart cities and the possible problems that its implementation may provide in order to accomplish the following goals.
 Municipal requirements are getting more complicated, necessitating the adoption of new technology like the Internet of Things to ensure that all of these cities' duties are completed. Although more cities are becoming smart via the usage of IoT in a number of businesses, the study shows that this IoT system is also creating worries about the security of citizens' data.

Traffic congestion is one of the most notable urban transport problems, as it causes high energy consumption and air pollution. Unavailability of free parking spaces is one of the major reasons for traffic jams. Congestion and parking are interrelated because searching for a free parking spot creates additional delays and increase local circulation. In the center of large cities, 10% of the traffic circulation is due to cruising, as drivers nearly spend 20 min searching for free parking space. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a parking space availability prediction system that can inform the drivers in advance about the location-wise, day-wise, and hour-wise occupancy of parking lots. In this paper, we proposed a framework based on a deep long short term memory network to predict the availability of parking space with the integration of Internet of Things (IoT), cloud technology, and sensor networks. We use the Birmingham parking sensors dataset to evaluate the performance of deep long short term memory networks. Three types of experiments are performed to predict the availability of free parking space which is based on location, days of a week, and working hours of a day. The experimental results show that the proposed model outperforms the state-of-the-art prediction models.

Background: Internet of Things (IoT) is the next emerging technique in which each and every thing in the world is getting connected to the internet by means of various communication techniques. By using the technique of multicasting, these things communicate with each other to transfer the data. So there is a need of an authentication scheme in order to prevent the data form getting corrupted while transmitting. As we know trillions of devices are connected in IoT, a secure communication should be implemented for the same. So a light weight authentication should be provided for IoT. Methods: The IoT consist of many objects, the objects may me mobile phones, refrigerator, air cooler etc. along with sensors, actuators, base station. The objects are mainly connected with sensors in order to retrieve data from each of them. Since sensor network is adhoc networks and the computational power consumed of sensor networks are also very low. Hence in the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) many sensors are connected with one or more base station. The base station in wireless sensor network manages all the sensor nodes with the help of processor and memory. Since we are transforming from wireless sensor networks to IoT, the objects are connected to internet by providing address to individual object. So, the base station not having the capable to provide a secure communication between the objects along with sensors and internet.In this paper, we propose a new authentication scheme by means of two different approaches. Since IoT contains many numbers of objects, we connect certain objects which are in same area and provide a database for that object. The data related to particular node is stored and updated frequently in the database and maintained by Data Base Management System (DBMS) and it is connected to internet. Results: Whenever a user wants to access the data, the authentication is provided by means of login id with hashing password or with the help of MAC passwords. These two authentication scheme provide better when compared to existing method which are shown in results. The metrics that measures the performance of the proposed approach are the resistance against node compromise,computation overhead,communication overhead, robustness to packet loss and message entropy. Applications: This main application of mutual authentication scheme for IoT is to provide a authentication between the end user and the sensor network data. This method is also suitable for smart house application where the user can securely access the data from anywhere in the world.

Drivers face parking problems in most area, especially during peak hours. The difficulty roots from the availability of parking space at the given time and place. Despite the technologies and protocols used to solve parking problems and have an intelligent city, many vehicles may pursue a small number of parking spaces, which in turn leads to serious traffic congestion. A driver can spend a lot of time to look for an available parking space closed to his destination, which means the increasing of the traffic problem of the city, a very high consumption of fuel and the spectacular impact on the environment. Wireless sensor networks offer an attractive choice for low cost and easy-to-deploy solutions for intelligent traffic guidance systems and parking lot applications. This paper focuses on comparative study of different smart parking techniques developed with the aim of overcoming said problems using various wireless sensor networks and to propose architecture of a multi-service smart parking management system.

Leveraging Deep Learning and IoT big data analytics to support the smart cities development: Review and future directions

The Internet of Things (IoT) is when the Internet and network of sensors flourish to places such as home and industrial level automation, traffic control, synchronization of emergency services and surveillance over Wi-Fi. It is the network of interconnected vehicles, physical appliances, and electronic sensors and actuators which are bound together via software. The concept of `SMART CITY' is an emerging field in current research since people are becoming more time conscious. With the rising population, it is becoming increasingly difficult to control things manually. The current situation demands control of appliances or services remotely around the globe. This paper focuses specifically on the utilization of the city/campus-wide Wi-Fi, existing telecommunication service, various sensors and the widely used Android Phone to develop a `SMART CITY' where every corner of the city is connected to a central control unit over Wi-Fi. This paper also illustrates the working prototype of the proposed vision of the `SMART CITY'.

Chapter 5 - Blockchain-based energy-efficient smart green city in IoT environments

Internet of Things (IoT) "The smart city concept has become a dream that big cities in Indonesia want to achieve, basically the smart city concept focuses on developing the human element using technology. IoT opens up many opportunities for new services by connecting the physical world and the virtual world to various electronic devices. IoT aims to leverage cutting-edge technology to support sustainable services for governments and their citizens. Systematic Literature Review (SLR) is one method in conducting an overview of previous interrelated researchers. The purpose of the literature study in this research is to understand trending research topics, methods, and architecture in the development of smart cities with IoT. In this study, various interesting information was found in various research journals regarding the role of IoT in building a smart city that has a role to serve smart city infrastructure, identify and analyze trends, develop smart cities and become innovations for IoT. Based on the research, there are things that need to be done to improve the study to focus more on the role of IoT that can be more utilized. IoT is also one of the technologies that are widely used in several countries in the development of IoT in the future. IoT in smart cities will become an inseparable technology because humans will increasingly depend on IoT in their daily lives

Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data have played a significant role in the development and sustainability of Smart Cities. They are the backbones of Smart Cities' efforts to connect human resources, social capital, and ICT infrastructure to address public challenges, achieve sustainable development and improve people's standard of life. It helps Smart Cities improve public services, such as water management, healthcare, education, security issues, transportation, energy usage, and other community to achieve a better life. Big Data helps to analyze, store and back-ups a massive amount of data generated in smart cities in seconds day by day. For this matter, different analytical tools are employed, such as data analytics, machine learning, statistics, and data mining. Even though there are many benefits offered to smart cities; the Smart Cities encounters challenges that need to be addressed. Many of these challenges focus on security and privacy, infrastructures and operational and handling massive data. This paper describes the overview of IoT, Big Data, and Smart Cities. The Applications of IoT and Smart Cities were also discussed; the features of Smart Cities and Big Data; Different challenges of IoT, Big Data, and Smart Cities are described. Also, the proposed research work has presented the relationship between IoT and Big Data to Smart Cities; the role of IoT and Big Data in smart cities was identified; finally, the future directions for IoT and Big Data regarding Smart Cities are discussed.

Big data to use JAVA, group software engineering, networking, cloud computing knowledge and technology. The purpose of this paper is Research on Wireless sensor network of the Internet of things. The Internet of things, mainly includes multicast network, ZIGBEE network, WSN network, Bluetooth network, infrared network and so on. Swarm software engineering is a way to implement cloud computing, Internet of things and big data. Cloud computing comes from big data, the Internet of things can be achieved through cloud computing. This paper mainly studies, computers, software, networks, smart cities, and the use of Excel and Matlab and Microsoft Office Visio 2003 mapping and so forth. And through the practice of research methods, including automotive networking and smart city. What is the Internet of things, objects connected to the Internet is the Internet of things, cup networking, car networking. Things better than other networks, is composed of what objects, what composition, what nature, what innovation and superiority. The four key technologies of the Internet are widely used, and these four technologies are mainly RFID, WSN, M2M, two kinds of integration. RFID can be implemented using MATLAB, NS2, and JAVA, and WSN can be implemented using NS2, and M2M can be developed using JAVA. The research results are that the Internet of things originated and developed in the Internet; on the contrary, the development of the Internet of things further promoted the Internet to a more widespread “Internet” evolution. The Internet of things and the Internet are the relationships between the parent and the child. Wireless networks are just like wireless WSN networks, but wireless nodes are fixed and moved into sensors. The Internet of things includes Internet technology, including wired and wireless networks. The research conclusion is the wireless internet of things are just like the wired internet of things, wired provides the basis for Wireless Research. Baidu Tiangong Internet of things platform, Amazon AWS platform, ERP and so on are also important applications of the Internet of things. The use of mirroring and replication software also requires Internet of things. Video is composed of multi frame images. H.264 and JM encoder are also the future directions. Where to go network Ctrip network is the application of the Internet of things. Recalling what we do today, planning tomorrow, how to spend the university stage and predicting the future of university development can be the application of the Internet of things. I visited the Tangshan Rd. Mart store in Qian’an from January 2017 to March. The feeling is that Beijing is still Carrefour and Jing Kelong and WAL-MART and Hualian. The electricity supplier which Ma Yun’s Alibaba still feels more powerful. Now Hebei province and all parts of the country have venture capital and subsidy, which will undoubtedly promote the Internet of things.

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