Chapter 5 - Blockchain-based energy-efficient smart green city in IoT environments

Among several planets in the universe, the earth meant for human livings. On this earth, some locations have dense-populations of human beings. Also, these locations outskirts are needed to planned intelligently to accommodate population increase with facilities for a better life. In this context, the Urban Planning scheme and modules have emerged. Nowadays, irrespective of countries in the world, urban planners widely accept and adopt two significant technologies, namely the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI). IoT is a system of heterogeneous networks that contains connected things, Connectivity infrastructure, and storage location. These elements of IoT distributed interns of its location. At the storage location, artificial intelligence applied to a vast amount of data. The outcome of that application is useful for optimization in various fields. Thus, smart solutions derived by the combination of the AI and IoT improves business processes and regular life everywhere. The cities which utilize these smart solutions named “Smart Cities.” Smart city applications with green engineering technologies are combined to form “Green Smart city” or Green city. In an urban area, by using green engineering technologies, we shall lessen the environmental impacts by waste reduction, and performing recycling of materials, emission reduction, increasing housing density, open space-effective utilization. This proposed approach is also called as greening the region. In other words, green engineering technologies describe ways to create environmentally friendly products. Also, the word sustainability indicates the avoidance of the depletion of national resources to maintain an ecological balance. Urban sustainability examines factors like clean air, clean water, and quality, local foods. City revitalization of employee’s green building techniques, the commitment of public health, and a robust local economy also relate to urban sustainability. This chapter focuses on the concepts behind the combination of IoT, AI, and green technologies in developing green cities.

This paper aims to explore the most important disruptive technologies in the development of the smart city. Every smart city is a dynamic and complex system that attracts an increasing number of people in search of the benefits of urbanisation. According to the United Nations, 68% of the world population will be living in cities by 2050. This creates challenges related to limited resources and infrastructure (energy, water, transportation system, etc.). To solve these problems, new and emerging technologies are created. Internet of Things, big data, blockchain, artificial intelligence, data analytics, and machine and cognitive learning are just a few examples. They generate changes in key sectors such as health, energy, transportation, education, public safety, etc. Based on a comprehensive literature review, we identified the main disruptive technologies in smart cities. Applications that integrate these technologies help cities to be smarter and offer better living conditions and easier access to products and services for residents. Disruptive technologies are generally considered key drivers in smart city progress. This paper presents these disruptive technologies, their applications in smart cities, the most important challenges and critics.

The rapid uptake of blockchain and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies like machine learning (ML) in particular has brought about a paradigm change that is elevating the digital ecosystem for smart cities. The development of new technology can be used to create intelligent societies within smart cities in this era of rapid digital communication. Uses of blockchain technology and ML technologies are proliferating, guaranteeing solutions for issues in a multitude of sectors, such as financial services, cryptocurrency, threat intelligence, social and public services, and the Internet of Things. These “smart cities” are constructed using various technologies, including artificial intelligence and blockchain. As a result, the way these technologies are applied in smart cities both present and future will alter not only the character of governance and human interaction but also the way business is done. The research suggests doing an experimental study to find out how blockchain technology and artificial intelligence are affecting the creation of smart cities. It tries to set the scene for queries like how traditional business models are getting ready for this disruption, what obstacles they might encounter, and what effects both technologies might have on the organization's growth. Blockchain technology and artificial intelligence have a lot of potential to help create smart cities. The results of the research will provide corporations with the rationale to start concentrating on these technologies and putting early adoption strategies into place, which will eventually cause them to change their smart city business models advance.

Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data have played a significant role in the development and sustainability of Smart Cities. They are the backbones of Smart Cities' efforts to connect human resources, social capital, and ICT infrastructure to address public challenges, achieve sustainable development and improve people's standard of life. It helps Smart Cities improve public services, such as water management, healthcare, education, security issues, transportation, energy usage, and other community to achieve a better life. Big Data helps to analyze, store and back-ups a massive amount of data generated in smart cities in seconds day by day. For this matter, different analytical tools are employed, such as data analytics, machine learning, statistics, and data mining. Even though there are many benefits offered to smart cities; the Smart Cities encounters challenges that need to be addressed. Many of these challenges focus on security and privacy, infrastructures and operational and handling massive data. This paper describes the overview of IoT, Big Data, and Smart Cities. The Applications of IoT and Smart Cities were also discussed; the features of Smart Cities and Big Data; Different challenges of IoT, Big Data, and Smart Cities are described. Also, the proposed research work has presented the relationship between IoT and Big Data to Smart Cities; the role of IoT and Big Data in smart cities was identified; finally, the future directions for IoT and Big Data regarding Smart Cities are discussed.

Smart city development with proper use of emerging technologies greatly reduces security issues, reduces energy waste, saves time, and increases human safety in urban areas during urbanization. But, vulnerabilities in those technologies questioning the smart city’s security. This study explored the cyber security issues in smart city technologies and find potential solutions. There are various technologies engaged with smart city development but the Internet of Things, sensor technologies, and cloud computing are the most use by the smart industries. Cyber adversaries targeting to weakening the organization’s database breach, which increases financial losses and reduces human safety; Daniel of service attack was the major cyber-attack face by the smart cities. It is strongly suggested to implement Blockchain technologies while developing smart city developments. In addition to that, it is also suggested to implement strong cyber security policies in terms of confidentiality, integrity, and authentication within the organization.

In this developing paradigm, heterogeneous network infrastructure is combined with ubiquitous devices for sensing, smart control systems and big data analytics to create “smart cities.” Enhancing the overall quality of life is one of their main goals and they do so through smart services they offer in a broad range of areas such as transportation, healthcare, entertainment (including virtual reality), the environment (including pollution) and energy. To be able to offer those services, the job of big data and their analysis is complicated, since it allows for the extraction of useful insights from the enormous amounts of data that the smart cities produce. The current state-of-the-art research efforts aimed at big data analytics in a smart city setting are investigated and presented in this chapter. In particular, a comprehensive literature review on the big data analytic frameworks for smart cities is provided. Following that, a short talk on IoT and big data is briefed. Owing to different data that the smart cities collect, which frequently have contradictory processing needs, appropriate investigative methods based on the data type are also recommended, depending on the data type. The many smart city applications were investigated and a perspective on the difficulties associated with smart city development was developed. In this chapter, the methods addressing the smart city issues and development are examined, and the possibility for the employment of integrated IoT and big data analytics is presented. Finally, as a case study, a briefing on a call service application for the fire department in a smart city is provided to round up the presentation.

The concept of "smart cities" The Internet of Things (IoT) is a multi-layered framework that allows cities to employ urban networks to enhance economic performance, generate innovative technological solutions, and more. Smart Cities are the result of a new age in information technology and smart economy growth, based on Internet mesh networks, communication networks, transmission networks, wireless networks, and other end-to-end sensor networks. The Internet of Things (IoT) is at the heart of it. The Internet of Things incorporates sensors into common things and links them through particular protocols for sharing data and communications over the Internet. Smart detection leads, location, monitoring, and administration are all provided by this modular architecture. A smart city of excellence must overcome three main factors: instrumented, linked, and intelligent, with the help of IoT technology. At this point of IoT development, smart cities can only arise through the interconnectedness of all of these smart elements. The goal of this essay is to learn how the Internet and sensors may assist in the development of smart cities.
 The study's main goal is to figure out how the Internet of Things, or IoT, is being used in smart cities. We also want to establish the necessity for IoT systems in these smart cities, as well as the issues that they may pose to individuals and society, via the research.
 Review secondary research papers, reviews, dissertations, and online documents from the EBSCO, Scopus, and Emerald databases to analyse and comprehend the usage of IoT in smart cities and the possible problems that its implementation may provide in order to accomplish the following goals.
 Municipal requirements are getting more complicated, necessitating the adoption of new technology like the Internet of Things to ensure that all of these cities' duties are completed. Although more cities are becoming smart via the usage of IoT in a number of businesses, the study shows that this IoT system is also creating worries about the security of citizens' data.

Chapter 6 - Applications of blockchain in smart cities: detecting fake documents from land records using blockchain technology

As urbanization accelerates, smart cities are increasingly turning to innovative technologies to enhance city management, governance, and citizen engagement. This paper explores the application of blockchain technology in smart cities, particularly its interaction with the Internet of Things (IoT). Despite significant strides in utilizing blockchain for specific applications, existing frameworks often focus on narrow sectors, such as energy management or data security, lacking a holistic integration across municipal functions. This research identifies a critical gap in existing literature: the need for a comprehensive blockchain framework that connects multiple urban sectors, facilitates secure data exchange, and empowers citizens through decentralized systems. The proposed framework underscores the potential of blockchain to create a transparent, efficient, and citizen-friendly urban environment by implementing decentralized identity management, smart contracts for public services, and innovative citizen engagement platforms. By addressing this gap, the study contributes to the discourse on smart city development by providing an adaptable model that can be tailored to the unique needs of diverse urban environments.

Big data and artificial intelligence based early risk warning system of fire hazard for smart cities

An exploration of smart city approaches by international ICT firms

In smart cities, the most important factor in connecting and controlling various devices and services is interworking the data and managing systematic integration. The smart city includes the Internet of things (IoT) devices in various domains, such as smart metering, smart grids, health care, logistics, and transport. However, interoperability among devices in different domains is difficult due to the lack of common standards. In particular, interoperability in IoT environments is divided into several types (e.g., semantic, syntactic, network, and middleware), and each has different requirements. Therefore, interoperability issues should be identified on different levels, and the requirements should be proposed differently for each type. In this paper, we applied the interoperability types in the IoT environment to the smart city. In addition, we derived the requirements for five types of interoperability in a smart city based on various interoperability studies in the IoT environment. Consequently, we presented the five interoperability types (i.e., syntactic, semantic, network, middleware, and security) by adding common security for each type and presented the requirements that satisfy various interoperability issues in the smart city.

The rapid urbanization of the 21st century presents significant challenges, including environmental degradation, resource depletion, and increased carbon emissions. Smart cities, powered by advanced technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and big data, offer transformative solutions to these challenges by seamlessly integrating sustainability and innovation. This paper explores the concept of green smart cities and highlights the key innovations driving their development, including smart energy systems, efficient transportation networks, advanced waste and water management, and urban planning solutions optimized for environmental sustainability. Case studies from leading smart cities demonstrate the tangible benefits of these innovations in reducing ecological footprints and improving quality of life. However, the journey toward green smart cities is fraught with challenges, including technological limitations, financial constraints, social resistance, and regulatory hurdles. This research emphasizes the importance of collaborative efforts, innovative public policies, and emerging technologies to address these challenges and foster sustainable urban development. By aligning technological advancements with environmental objectives, smart cities hold the potential to redefine urban living and ensure a greener, more resilient future for generations to come.

Initially, the concept of Smart Cities (urban settlement) originated from the Internet of Things (IoT) technology, however, the use of IoT technology can be extended to the concept of Smart Villages (rural settlement) as well, improving the life of the villagers, and the communities as a whole. Yet, the rural settlements have slightly different requirements than the urban like settlements. If application of IoT in Smart Cities can be characterized by densification of IoT to day-to-day life, following cities’ structural characteristics of being densely settled places, IoT empowered Smart Villages are usually a system of dispersion and deficiency. In this manner, this research paper will address and discuss different application areas of IoT technology, identifying differences, but also similarities in both ecosystems, while trying to illuminate the standardization efforts that can be applicable in both contexts. In our text we will propose the following IoT application domains, which will also serve as a base for research on smart villages: 1. Natural Resources and Energy, 2. Transport and Mobility, 3. Smart Building, 4. Daily Life, 5. Government, and 6. Economy and Society. By providing an overview of technical solutions that support smart solutions in Smart Cities and Smart Villages this research paper will evaluate how, with IoT empowered Smart Villages and Smart Cities, an overall improvement of quality of life of their inhabitants can be achieved.

Internet of Things (IoT) "The smart city concept has become a dream that big cities in Indonesia want to achieve, basically the smart city concept focuses on developing the human element using technology. IoT opens up many opportunities for new services by connecting the physical world and the virtual world to various electronic devices. IoT aims to leverage cutting-edge technology to support sustainable services for governments and their citizens. Systematic Literature Review (SLR) is one method in conducting an overview of previous interrelated researchers. The purpose of the literature study in this research is to understand trending research topics, methods, and architecture in the development of smart cities with IoT. In this study, various interesting information was found in various research journals regarding the role of IoT in building a smart city that has a role to serve smart city infrastructure, identify and analyze trends, develop smart cities and become innovations for IoT. Based on the research, there are things that need to be done to improve the study to focus more on the role of IoT that can be more utilized. IoT is also one of the technologies that are widely used in several countries in the development of IoT in the future. IoT in smart cities will become an inseparable technology because humans will increasingly depend on IoT in their daily lives