Disruptive Technologies in Smart Cities: A Survey on Current Trends and Challenges

Chapter 5 - Blockchain-based energy-efficient smart green city in IoT environments

Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data have played a significant role in the development and sustainability of Smart Cities. They are the backbones of Smart Cities' efforts to connect human resources, social capital, and ICT infrastructure to address public challenges, achieve sustainable development and improve people's standard of life. It helps Smart Cities improve public services, such as water management, healthcare, education, security issues, transportation, energy usage, and other community to achieve a better life. Big Data helps to analyze, store and back-ups a massive amount of data generated in smart cities in seconds day by day. For this matter, different analytical tools are employed, such as data analytics, machine learning, statistics, and data mining. Even though there are many benefits offered to smart cities; the Smart Cities encounters challenges that need to be addressed. Many of these challenges focus on security and privacy, infrastructures and operational and handling massive data. This paper describes the overview of IoT, Big Data, and Smart Cities. The Applications of IoT and Smart Cities were also discussed; the features of Smart Cities and Big Data; Different challenges of IoT, Big Data, and Smart Cities are described. Also, the proposed research work has presented the relationship between IoT and Big Data to Smart Cities; the role of IoT and Big Data in smart cities was identified; finally, the future directions for IoT and Big Data regarding Smart Cities are discussed.

The growing importance of leveraging disruptive technologies is gaining prominence, while digitalizing smart cities. This paper is grounded in theory of disruptive technologies and seeks to develop and empirically test a comprehensive framework to leverage key disruptive technologies namely Internet of Things (IoT), Autonomous Vehicles (AV), Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) and 5G Networks (5G) for smart cities. Further, it not only identifies key disruptive technologies and the challenges while implementing them but also the benefits that the smart cities could attain by leveraging these disruptive technologies. With systematic literature review of 700 articles and using Structural Equation modelling (SEM) technique, to analyse the data collected from a sample of 575 industry practitioners and scholars, the results provide an appropriate model to leverage identified the disruptive technologies for smart cities. This article further provides implications for researchers, theories that govern smart cities and industry practitioners, while leveraging disruptive technologies of smart cities.

In this developing paradigm, heterogeneous network infrastructure is combined with ubiquitous devices for sensing, smart control systems and big data analytics to create “smart cities.” Enhancing the overall quality of life is one of their main goals and they do so through smart services they offer in a broad range of areas such as transportation, healthcare, entertainment (including virtual reality), the environment (including pollution) and energy. To be able to offer those services, the job of big data and their analysis is complicated, since it allows for the extraction of useful insights from the enormous amounts of data that the smart cities produce. The current state-of-the-art research efforts aimed at big data analytics in a smart city setting are investigated and presented in this chapter. In particular, a comprehensive literature review on the big data analytic frameworks for smart cities is provided. Following that, a short talk on IoT and big data is briefed. Owing to different data that the smart cities collect, which frequently have contradictory processing needs, appropriate investigative methods based on the data type are also recommended, depending on the data type. The many smart city applications were investigated and a perspective on the difficulties associated with smart city development was developed. In this chapter, the methods addressing the smart city issues and development are examined, and the possibility for the employment of integrated IoT and big data analytics is presented. Finally, as a case study, a briefing on a call service application for the fire department in a smart city is provided to round up the presentation.

An exploration of smart city approaches by international ICT firms

Internet of Things (IoT) and 5G communication technologies in smart cities deliver promising services for heterogeneous applications. The application reliability banks on uninterrupted and seamless services experienced by the users. However, the increasing smart city application demands influence the experience reliability through augmented wait times. This article therefore introduces a Coherent Reliability Service Broadcasting Technique (CRSBT) for sustaining constructive application services. This technique incorporates linear regressive and digressive learning for application service improvements and restrictions. Based on the demand, the regressive process verifies the wait time and with the reducing demands, the service broadcast ratio is verified. These two factors are verified post the demand and response through 5G resource allocations and IoT computations. Both the service-oriented features are validated for regressive service broadcast and either of the one is used for digressive response. The coherence between the computations (IoT) and resources (5G) is verified on-demand and linearly. Therefore, the proposed technique is reliable in sustaining service broadcast, less wait time, and maximum flexibility.

Cyber security in smart cities: A review of deep learning-based applications and case studies

Purpose: The most active and rapid development in today's world is happening in Smart cities. Smart Cities are changing very fast in every aspect, be it development, operations, and or maintenance points of view. Today's Smart Cities are aiming to be at an advanced stage of urbanization and fully exploiting digital infrastructure for rapid urban development. In order to make the cities better places to live and to offer more comfortable and enjoyable living for their residents, Smart Cities are using and employing various tools and technologies to make themselves smarter and more connected with their stakeholders using technology means. Industry 4.0, Digital Transformation, and various latest technologies such as 5G, Data Analytics, IoT, AI, and Machine Learning, Digital Twins, etc. are transforming and shaping up Smart Cities in never before style. In this paper, various such key technologies that are positively affecting Smart Cities are discussed at length. It is also highlighted in detail how these technologies are impacting Smart Cities development and operations. Finally, future research directions are also discussed in brief. Design/Methodology/Approach: Extensive exploration of available literature with research papers, conference papers, white papers, online blogs, dedicated websites, etc. on the research area and interactions with field researchers, subject matter experts, industry professionals is carried out to collect, analyse and process the collected data to find out the facts. The resulted facts and findings about the latest technologies used in Smart Cities is presented in this research paper. Findings/Result: After analysis of available literature and based on interactions with relevant stakeholders and based on own data analysis, it is identified that Smart City services are making use of various latest tools and technologies to solve their real-life challenges. Among vast list of technologies specifically IoT, Blockchain, Digital Twins, 5G, Contactless Technology, AI and ML are found the most significant and widely used technologies in Smart Cities development, operations, and maintenance activities. Originality/Value: It is found that not many research papers are available on analysis of future technologies used in Smart Cities. The data presented in this paper is genuine and original and completely based on systematic literature review, interactions with SME, Researchers and Industry experts and based on own data analysis which produced new findings. Paper Type: Technology oriented Research

Technological innovation is the first driving force leading the development of cities, and it is profoundly changing our cities. Among them, the Internet of Things technology provides strong support for the application and development of a new generation of smart cities. The application of Internet of Things technology in smart cities can realize the construction of digital Internet of things in cities, and assist in improving the government's urban management and service levels. The future city will be an intelligent body that can perceive, think, make decisions, and has temperature. It will eventually realize the harmonious symbiosis and sustainable development of people and the environment.

The convergence of Smart Cities and the Internet of Things (IoT) represents a revolutionary leap in urban development, reshaping the way cities function and interact with their inhabitants. This paper provides a concise overview of the landscape, focusing on emerging technologies and challenges within the realm of Smart Cities and IoT integration. Smart Cities leverage IoT technologies to enhance efficiency, sustainability, and the overall quality of urban life. This review explores the key components of this transformative shift, including sensor networks, data analytics, and advanced connectivity solutions. It examines how these technologies facilitate real-time data collection, enabling cities to make informed decisions for optimized resource management and improved citizen services. However, the path to realizing the full potential of Smart Cities and IoT is not without challenges. Privacy concerns arise as urban environments become more interconnected, raising questions about data security and individual rights. Additionally, the proliferation of IoT devices introduces potential vulnerabilities that demand robust cybersecurity measures. This study serves as a concise guide for policymakers, urban planners, and technology stakeholders, offering insights into both the promising innovations and the critical challenges associated with the integration of Smart Cities and IoT technologies. As cities globally navigate the complexities of this paradigm shift, understanding these dynamics is crucial for fostering sustainable, resilient, and technologically advanced urban environments.

The need to paying attention to smart city initiatives in several countries has been varying, as cities are undergoing multifaceted ecological changes due to climate change and dealing with multiple issues like economic, social, and environmental management. To address these challenges, smart cities focus on the areas of education, health, governance, media, energy, and other services. The literature reveals three types of smart city drivers, namely policy, society, and technology, that are related to five outcomes: sustainability, livability, accessibility, productivity, and wellbeing. The use of smart sensors to identify the structural damages in reinforced concrete structures is also included in this chapter with studies of Singapore and India. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of smart cities and how Singapore-like countries are continuously working in the different sectors to make their cities adhere/solve the challenges by adopting frontier technologies like Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI). The smart city is one of the solutions for the future requirements and path toward sustainable development.

The concept of smart cities transformed as global implementation is hampered by a host of technical, economic, and government road barriers. In addition, the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) and big data technology has opened new horizons in terms of smart home technology and smart city development that is yet to be explored. IoT is a technology that allows devices to connect to the Internet, and applications are designed to meet the needs of the community. Communities are very interested in using this and other information technology in cities to build smart cities in recent years. It is important to consider big data analytics (BDA) when using IoT in a small ecosystem because there is less data to be managed than a big city where there is data from more smart devices and people BDA aims to make data informed decisions on the basis of raw facts provided. Aside from the fact that there are many articles in the literature that talk about the BDA as a decision-maker in smart cities, general research on BDA and smart cities focuses on the technical or intellectual properties of a particular smart city.

A smart city is a complex system that combines various technologies to provide services and address urban challenges. It aims to minimize human involvement in management, operations, and finance. Blockchain technology is a key component of this system, simplifying procedures and reducing costs through asset decentralization. It enhances transparency, security, and eliminates data duplication. However, implementing blockchain technology in smart cities can be challenging due to lack of knowledge about governing organizations' physical structures. The chapter discusses current trends and challenges in implementing blockchain technology in smart cities, highlighting its potential to aid modernizing network technology and infrastructure management systems.

Initially, the concept of Smart Cities (urban settlement) originated from the Internet of Things (IoT) technology, however, the use of IoT technology can be extended to the concept of Smart Villages (rural settlement) as well, improving the life of the villagers, and the communities as a whole. Yet, the rural settlements have slightly different requirements than the urban like settlements. If application of IoT in Smart Cities can be characterized by densification of IoT to day-to-day life, following cities’ structural characteristics of being densely settled places, IoT empowered Smart Villages are usually a system of dispersion and deficiency. In this manner, this research paper will address and discuss different application areas of IoT technology, identifying differences, but also similarities in both ecosystems, while trying to illuminate the standardization efforts that can be applicable in both contexts. In our text we will propose the following IoT application domains, which will also serve as a base for research on smart villages: 1. Natural Resources and Energy, 2. Transport and Mobility, 3. Smart Building, 4. Daily Life, 5. Government, and 6. Economy and Society. By providing an overview of technical solutions that support smart solutions in Smart Cities and Smart Villages this research paper will evaluate how, with IoT empowered Smart Villages and Smart Cities, an overall improvement of quality of life of their inhabitants can be achieved.

As urbanization accelerates, smart cities are increasingly turning to innovative technologies to enhance city management, governance, and citizen engagement. This paper explores the application of blockchain technology in smart cities, particularly its interaction with the Internet of Things (IoT). Despite significant strides in utilizing blockchain for specific applications, existing frameworks often focus on narrow sectors, such as energy management or data security, lacking a holistic integration across municipal functions. This research identifies a critical gap in existing literature: the need for a comprehensive blockchain framework that connects multiple urban sectors, facilitates secure data exchange, and empowers citizens through decentralized systems. The proposed framework underscores the potential of blockchain to create a transparent, efficient, and citizen-friendly urban environment by implementing decentralized identity management, smart contracts for public services, and innovative citizen engagement platforms. By addressing this gap, the study contributes to the discourse on smart city development by providing an adaptable model that can be tailored to the unique needs of diverse urban environments.