Decomposition and reconstruction algorithms for IoT reliability analysis utilizing 5G technology for smart cities

Chapter 5 - Blockchain-based energy-efficient smart green city in IoT environments

This paper aims to explore the most important disruptive technologies in the development of the smart city. Every smart city is a dynamic and complex system that attracts an increasing number of people in search of the benefits of urbanisation. According to the United Nations, 68% of the world population will be living in cities by 2050. This creates challenges related to limited resources and infrastructure (energy, water, transportation system, etc.). To solve these problems, new and emerging technologies are created. Internet of Things, big data, blockchain, artificial intelligence, data analytics, and machine and cognitive learning are just a few examples. They generate changes in key sectors such as health, energy, transportation, education, public safety, etc. Based on a comprehensive literature review, we identified the main disruptive technologies in smart cities. Applications that integrate these technologies help cities to be smarter and offer better living conditions and easier access to products and services for residents. Disruptive technologies are generally considered key drivers in smart city progress. This paper presents these disruptive technologies, their applications in smart cities, the most important challenges and critics.

Cyber security in smart cities: A review of deep learning-based applications and case studies

Technological innovation is the first driving force leading the development of cities, and it is profoundly changing our cities. Among them, the Internet of Things technology provides strong support for the application and development of a new generation of smart cities. The application of Internet of Things technology in smart cities can realize the construction of digital Internet of things in cities, and assist in improving the government's urban management and service levels. The future city will be an intelligent body that can perceive, think, make decisions, and has temperature. It will eventually realize the harmonious symbiosis and sustainable development of people and the environment.

Initially, the concept of Smart Cities (urban settlement) originated from the Internet of Things (IoT) technology, however, the use of IoT technology can be extended to the concept of Smart Villages (rural settlement) as well, improving the life of the villagers, and the communities as a whole. Yet, the rural settlements have slightly different requirements than the urban like settlements. If application of IoT in Smart Cities can be characterized by densification of IoT to day-to-day life, following cities’ structural characteristics of being densely settled places, IoT empowered Smart Villages are usually a system of dispersion and deficiency. In this manner, this research paper will address and discuss different application areas of IoT technology, identifying differences, but also similarities in both ecosystems, while trying to illuminate the standardization efforts that can be applicable in both contexts. In our text we will propose the following IoT application domains, which will also serve as a base for research on smart villages: 1. Natural Resources and Energy, 2. Transport and Mobility, 3. Smart Building, 4. Daily Life, 5. Government, and 6. Economy and Society. By providing an overview of technical solutions that support smart solutions in Smart Cities and Smart Villages this research paper will evaluate how, with IoT empowered Smart Villages and Smart Cities, an overall improvement of quality of life of their inhabitants can be achieved.

The convergence of Smart Cities and the Internet of Things (IoT) represents a revolutionary leap in urban development, reshaping the way cities function and interact with their inhabitants. This paper provides a concise overview of the landscape, focusing on emerging technologies and challenges within the realm of Smart Cities and IoT integration. Smart Cities leverage IoT technologies to enhance efficiency, sustainability, and the overall quality of urban life. This review explores the key components of this transformative shift, including sensor networks, data analytics, and advanced connectivity solutions. It examines how these technologies facilitate real-time data collection, enabling cities to make informed decisions for optimized resource management and improved citizen services. However, the path to realizing the full potential of Smart Cities and IoT is not without challenges. Privacy concerns arise as urban environments become more interconnected, raising questions about data security and individual rights. Additionally, the proliferation of IoT devices introduces potential vulnerabilities that demand robust cybersecurity measures. This study serves as a concise guide for policymakers, urban planners, and technology stakeholders, offering insights into both the promising innovations and the critical challenges associated with the integration of Smart Cities and IoT technologies. As cities globally navigate the complexities of this paradigm shift, understanding these dynamics is crucial for fostering sustainable, resilient, and technologically advanced urban environments.

As urbanization accelerates, smart cities are increasingly turning to innovative technologies to enhance city management, governance, and citizen engagement. This paper explores the application of blockchain technology in smart cities, particularly its interaction with the Internet of Things (IoT). Despite significant strides in utilizing blockchain for specific applications, existing frameworks often focus on narrow sectors, such as energy management or data security, lacking a holistic integration across municipal functions. This research identifies a critical gap in existing literature: the need for a comprehensive blockchain framework that connects multiple urban sectors, facilitates secure data exchange, and empowers citizens through decentralized systems. The proposed framework underscores the potential of blockchain to create a transparent, efficient, and citizen-friendly urban environment by implementing decentralized identity management, smart contracts for public services, and innovative citizen engagement platforms. By addressing this gap, the study contributes to the discourse on smart city development by providing an adaptable model that can be tailored to the unique needs of diverse urban environments.

This study aims to examine the current status of the Chinese smart city market, evaluate the potential to enter China's smart city through corporate FGI and Korea-China technology competitiveness evaluation, and present implications for Korea's entry strategy. As for the entry of foreign companies, it was confirmed that the government policy classifies key technology fields directly related to smart cities such as smart devices, artificial intelligence, 5G communication technology, IoT, and blockchain technology as investment incentives. In addition, it was confirmed that it is difficult to say that Korea is dominating China except for technologies such as smart devices, ICT convergence, and the Internet of Things in Korea-China smart city technology competitiveness analysis. Based on this market judgment, this study proposed corporate matching and cooperation support through "(tentative) Smart City Korea-China online corporate cooperation platform", at the corporate level, seeking business opportunities based on demand for smart city development.

An exploration of smart city approaches by international ICT firms

The need to paying attention to smart city initiatives in several countries has been varying, as cities are undergoing multifaceted ecological changes due to climate change and dealing with multiple issues like economic, social, and environmental management. To address these challenges, smart cities focus on the areas of education, health, governance, media, energy, and other services. The literature reveals three types of smart city drivers, namely policy, society, and technology, that are related to five outcomes: sustainability, livability, accessibility, productivity, and wellbeing. The use of smart sensors to identify the structural damages in reinforced concrete structures is also included in this chapter with studies of Singapore and India. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of smart cities and how Singapore-like countries are continuously working in the different sectors to make their cities adhere/solve the challenges by adopting frontier technologies like Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI). The smart city is one of the solutions for the future requirements and path toward sustainable development.

By exploiting the ubiquitous nature of Internet of Things (IoT) technology in smart cities, we propose a Multi-Agent Auction-based Parking (MAPark) system for drivers as well as public and private Parking Facility Providers (PFP). In order to improve parking space allocation, the new idea in this paper is to incorporate parking auction with highly influential factors such as type of customer and parking, drivers' and PFP's preferences. MAPark leverages real-time demand-based pricing of parking spots, thus charging demand-based price to drivers while providing higher revenue to PFPs. The main contribution of this paper is the introduction of parking auction through sophisticated software agents that are capable of quickly and seamlessly performing tasks such as parking lookup, negotiation, pricing, and reservation. Simulation results show that the proposed scalable and interactive agents of MAPark enables efficient processing of a vast amount of data, providing cost savings in terms of time and fuel for drivers looking for parking, ultimately lowering traffic congestion, and improving usability of public and private parking facilities.

Smart city development with proper use of emerging technologies greatly reduces security issues, reduces energy waste, saves time, and increases human safety in urban areas during urbanization. But, vulnerabilities in those technologies questioning the smart city’s security. This study explored the cyber security issues in smart city technologies and find potential solutions. There are various technologies engaged with smart city development but the Internet of Things, sensor technologies, and cloud computing are the most use by the smart industries. Cyber adversaries targeting to weakening the organization’s database breach, which increases financial losses and reduces human safety; Daniel of service attack was the major cyber-attack face by the smart cities. It is strongly suggested to implement Blockchain technologies while developing smart city developments. In addition to that, it is also suggested to implement strong cyber security policies in terms of confidentiality, integrity, and authentication within the organization.

A smart city is a complex system that combines various technologies to provide services and address urban challenges. It aims to minimize human involvement in management, operations, and finance. Blockchain technology is a key component of this system, simplifying procedures and reducing costs through asset decentralization. It enhances transparency, security, and eliminates data duplication. However, implementing blockchain technology in smart cities can be challenging due to lack of knowledge about governing organizations' physical structures. The chapter discusses current trends and challenges in implementing blockchain technology in smart cities, highlighting its potential to aid modernizing network technology and infrastructure management systems.

IoT or The Internet of Things is the latest modern-day technology that is currently transforming the society in which we live in. Various opportunities in IoT have increased the demand for the need of IoT enabled technologies to a great extent. Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is one such technology which helped advance the scope of IoT enabled technologies in smart cities and various other corporate organizations. Asset tracking, person location tracking are some of the key use cases of the BLE technology. Hence integration of BLE technology has helped IoT to reach its technological advancement to a next level. With the advancements in technology, many researches in services like indoor localization had been carried out. Indoor localization is that ability of technology to actually find the exact location of a person or device existing in an indoor setting. So this technology feature have been accepted and put into use in sectors like industries, building management, health sectors and so on. Hence this technology is now integrated into latest smart cities so as to maximize the utilization of the technology to the fullest. Security is one major concern with the emergence of a technology. Many algorithms or protocols help to curb the security threats on a major scale. In this paper we had also discuss on some security issues faced in IoT system to know how effectively and carefully one should implement and design an IoT system to ensure that there are no security flaws. This paper focuses on applications of IoT and BLE technologies with some of its security threats like Denial of Service (DoS) attacks with a proposal for improvement in boarding passes issued to passengers in airports that enable passenger tracking possible in airports around the world. Section I consists of the introduction which describes the brief idea on the paper followed by Section II which is the literature review which consists of applications, security and other various aspects of IoT and BLE systems. Section III is a proposal for improved boarding pass system and in the end is Section IV which concludes the paper with a detailed conclusion.

Rapid urbanization has brought about an influx of people to cities, tipping the scale between urban and rural living. Population predictions estimate that 64% of the global population will reside in cities by 2050. To meet the growing resource needs, improve management, reduce complexities, and eliminate unnecessary costs while enhancing the quality of life of citizens, cities are increasingly exploring open innovation frameworks and smart city initiatives that target priority areas including transportation, sustainability, and security. The size and heterogeneity of urban centers impede progress of technological innovations for smart cities. We propose a Smart Stadium as a living laboratory to balance both size and heterogeneity so that smart city solutions and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies may be deployed and tested within an environment small enough to practically trial but large and diverse enough to evaluate scalability and efficacy. The Smart Stadium for Smart Living initiative brings together multiple institutions and partners including Arizona State University (ASU), Dublin City University (DCU), Intel Corporation, and Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA), to turn ASU’s Sun Devil Stadium and Ireland’s Croke Park Stadium into twinned smart stadia to investigate IoT and smart city technologies and applications.