Smart cities for a green future: Innovations and challenges

Chapter 5 - Blockchain-based energy-efficient smart green city in IoT environments

Among several planets in the universe, the earth meant for human livings. On this earth, some locations have dense-populations of human beings. Also, these locations outskirts are needed to planned intelligently to accommodate population increase with facilities for a better life. In this context, the Urban Planning scheme and modules have emerged. Nowadays, irrespective of countries in the world, urban planners widely accept and adopt two significant technologies, namely the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI). IoT is a system of heterogeneous networks that contains connected things, Connectivity infrastructure, and storage location. These elements of IoT distributed interns of its location. At the storage location, artificial intelligence applied to a vast amount of data. The outcome of that application is useful for optimization in various fields. Thus, smart solutions derived by the combination of the AI and IoT improves business processes and regular life everywhere. The cities which utilize these smart solutions named “Smart Cities.” Smart city applications with green engineering technologies are combined to form “Green Smart city” or Green city. In an urban area, by using green engineering technologies, we shall lessen the environmental impacts by waste reduction, and performing recycling of materials, emission reduction, increasing housing density, open space-effective utilization. This proposed approach is also called as greening the region. In other words, green engineering technologies describe ways to create environmentally friendly products. Also, the word sustainability indicates the avoidance of the depletion of national resources to maintain an ecological balance. Urban sustainability examines factors like clean air, clean water, and quality, local foods. City revitalization of employee’s green building techniques, the commitment of public health, and a robust local economy also relate to urban sustainability. This chapter focuses on the concepts behind the combination of IoT, AI, and green technologies in developing green cities.

The Smart City concept is a challenge for all levels of public administration. With a growing degree of urbanization socio-economic problems accumulate in urban agglomeration. The Smart City concept has the potential to effectively address those issues by implementing relevant projects. Our main objective is to analyze Smart City concept in EU with emphasize to Smart Governance. Specifically, we investigate four areas related to Smart City concept, such as: the importance of Smart City Governance including Smart City manager role, the position of Smart City concept in EU policies, tools for it's promotion among EU countries and good practices of municipalities in implementing Smart City concept. The article was processed using analysis of relevant information sources. Regarding our results, the paper brings in an useful insight into Smart City manager role, concerned EU policies (especially 5G, Big data, ICT innovation and Internet of Things), tools as Smart City Clusters, Smart City living labs and examples including comparison of municipalities representing good practices (Amsterdam, Helsinki, Barcelona, Copenhagen, Vienna). In addition, we claim that the current concept of the Smart City within the EU institutions as well as within identified Smart City clusters and cities as examples of best practice is predominantly technological. However, professional discourse has shifted in recent years to the dimension of municipalities as an organizational and management component which lead to the idea of Smart Governance. Gathered findings could provide an inspiration to municipalities and their management in order to face new challenges related to the Smart City area.

Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data have played a significant role in the development and sustainability of Smart Cities. They are the backbones of Smart Cities' efforts to connect human resources, social capital, and ICT infrastructure to address public challenges, achieve sustainable development and improve people's standard of life. It helps Smart Cities improve public services, such as water management, healthcare, education, security issues, transportation, energy usage, and other community to achieve a better life. Big Data helps to analyze, store and back-ups a massive amount of data generated in smart cities in seconds day by day. For this matter, different analytical tools are employed, such as data analytics, machine learning, statistics, and data mining. Even though there are many benefits offered to smart cities; the Smart Cities encounters challenges that need to be addressed. Many of these challenges focus on security and privacy, infrastructures and operational and handling massive data. This paper describes the overview of IoT, Big Data, and Smart Cities. The Applications of IoT and Smart Cities were also discussed; the features of Smart Cities and Big Data; Different challenges of IoT, Big Data, and Smart Cities are described. Also, the proposed research work has presented the relationship between IoT and Big Data to Smart Cities; the role of IoT and Big Data in smart cities was identified; finally, the future directions for IoT and Big Data regarding Smart Cities are discussed.

Building a smart city that follows sustainability goals enhances the quality of life and preserves environmental, human, and social capital. Yet, existing smart sustainable city projects have concentrated on the technological dimensions of smart cities such as using big data or smart devices to follow sustainability goals. Currently, there is no comprehensive category of smart sustainable city indicators in the literature. This paper aims to discover these indicators by considering the common features of sustainability and smart city concepts. Two rounds of the content analysis technique were employed to investigate semantic, lexical, and conceptual relationships between smart city and sustainability indicators. This paper employed the Sustainable Development Indicators suggested by OECD and the Smart City Index Master by Cohen as the two main groups of indicators. The findings offer a novel set of indicators that enables policymakers and researchers to consider the smartness and sustainability of their projects simultaneously. This includes socio-cultural, economic, environmental, and governance categories with 28 associated indicators. The outcome of this paper offers a unique combined category of smart sustainable city indicators by considering the key elements of sustainability and smart city concepts. Academics and policymakers can also employ this set of indicators as a guideline to build a smart sustainable community.

Internet of Things (IoT) "The smart city concept has become a dream that big cities in Indonesia want to achieve, basically the smart city concept focuses on developing the human element using technology. IoT opens up many opportunities for new services by connecting the physical world and the virtual world to various electronic devices. IoT aims to leverage cutting-edge technology to support sustainable services for governments and their citizens. Systematic Literature Review (SLR) is one method in conducting an overview of previous interrelated researchers. The purpose of the literature study in this research is to understand trending research topics, methods, and architecture in the development of smart cities with IoT. In this study, various interesting information was found in various research journals regarding the role of IoT in building a smart city that has a role to serve smart city infrastructure, identify and analyze trends, develop smart cities and become innovations for IoT. Based on the research, there are things that need to be done to improve the study to focus more on the role of IoT that can be more utilized. IoT is also one of the technologies that are widely used in several countries in the development of IoT in the future. IoT in smart cities will become an inseparable technology because humans will increasingly depend on IoT in their daily lives

Big data and artificial intelligence based early risk warning system of fire hazard for smart cities

The concept of smart cities is getting popularity day by day. Many countries have started adopting the idea of smart city to improve the quality of life by achieving the recommended level of sustainable development. The smart city is a technologically advanced area which could understand the world by analyzing the data in order to improve living conditions. The underlying technology infrastructure of smart cities are wireless sensor network (WSN), Internet of thing (IoT), RFID, and 6G are among others. Along with the technology, the role of machine learning and data analytics can’t be ignored. The smart cities generate massive amount of data from the monitoring equipments and sensors. Big data analytics is one of the important technologies which is capable of improving intelligent urban facilities. In smart cities large amount of data is continuously received from many sensors, autonomous machines or intelligent IoT devices. The accurate prediction depends on the approaches of data analytics and machine learning techniques. This chapter presents fundamental of smart cities, vertical in smart cities and data analytics approaches.

The global reliance on scientific and technological progress presents a significant opportunity or promoting sustainable development. a key paradigm in today’s globalized world. Concepts such as Smart City and Green City have been widely adopted, particularly by Western countries, as part of the transition toward more sustainable urban living. Striking a balance between environmental sustainability and technological progress is important, especially for ensuring the well-being of future generations. This research seeks to integrate the concepts of Smart City and Green City into a unified framework that supports the sustainable development goals (SDGs). The study highlights that such integration can enhance the efficiency and quality of urban life while maintaining environmental responsibility. Given the current global challenges, including climate change, environmental degradation, natural resource depletion, and pollution, the need for this integration is urgent. In addition, the research emphasizes that public awareness has not been fully able to contribute to the achievement of SDGs.

The smart city development has been growing over years, with the concept highly debated in all over countries. The concept of smart city gives attention to every country around the world as to provide their community a better quality of life. The smart city concept has been drawing people into it globally for the past decades. The explosive growth of information, communication and technologies (ICTs) has led to integrating applications and systems to produce a better outcome. IOT (Internet of Thing) has become a centre attraction in establishing a smart city as it can send data in real-time and provide data regularly throughout the day. Thus, this paper presents the development of the architecture of smart city in Malaysia by utilizing Internet of Things (IOTs). In this paper, the relationships between IOTs and smart city elements are reviewed and compared. Then, the comparison of smart city components between Putrajaya, Dubai and Brisbane are established. The comparison is based on infrastructure, environment, IOTs and culture. Finally, the architecture for smart city is formed.

Internet-of-Things (IoT) technologies in the past decade have matured both in the hardware and software aspects for large-scale deployment. Alongst IoT, the Smart Cities Concept is also taking shape. Pilot projects and implementations in multiple cities are trying to find out the feasibility and applicability of Smart City Information and Communications Technology (ICT). IoT assets along with the legacy assets are essential for Smart City ICT implementations. With the evolution of Smart Cities and concentration of people in the cities, it becomes necessary to be ready for future Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Recovery (HADR) operations. But the huge void in heterogeneous IoT and legacy technologies create a big hurdle in establishing and handling the HADR operations. This aim of this PhD is to investigate the interoperability aspects amongst the various IoT technologies and Smart City concepts. The goal is to create a framework and an architecture for allowing the interoperable operation of ICT assets in a Smart City environment. This framework would enable rapid deployment of HADR relevant technology assets on the ground allowing multiple HADR agencies to seamlessly communicate while having shared Situational Awareness (SA) and complementing each others capabilities.

The concept of smart cities transformed as global implementation is hampered by a host of technical, economic, and government road barriers. In addition, the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) and big data technology has opened new horizons in terms of smart home technology and smart city development that is yet to be explored. IoT is a technology that allows devices to connect to the Internet, and applications are designed to meet the needs of the community. Communities are very interested in using this and other information technology in cities to build smart cities in recent years. It is important to consider big data analytics (BDA) when using IoT in a small ecosystem because there is less data to be managed than a big city where there is data from more smart devices and people BDA aims to make data informed decisions on the basis of raw facts provided. Aside from the fact that there are many articles in the literature that talk about the BDA as a decision-maker in smart cities, general research on BDA and smart cities focuses on the technical or intellectual properties of a particular smart city.

Initially, the concept of Smart Cities (urban settlement) originated from the Internet of Things (IoT) technology, however, the use of IoT technology can be extended to the concept of Smart Villages (rural settlement) as well, improving the life of the villagers, and the communities as a whole. Yet, the rural settlements have slightly different requirements than the urban like settlements. If application of IoT in Smart Cities can be characterized by densification of IoT to day-to-day life, following cities’ structural characteristics of being densely settled places, IoT empowered Smart Villages are usually a system of dispersion and deficiency. In this manner, this research paper will address and discuss different application areas of IoT technology, identifying differences, but also similarities in both ecosystems, while trying to illuminate the standardization efforts that can be applicable in both contexts. In our text we will propose the following IoT application domains, which will also serve as a base for research on smart villages: 1. Natural Resources and Energy, 2. Transport and Mobility, 3. Smart Building, 4. Daily Life, 5. Government, and 6. Economy and Society. By providing an overview of technical solutions that support smart solutions in Smart Cities and Smart Villages this research paper will evaluate how, with IoT empowered Smart Villages and Smart Cities, an overall improvement of quality of life of their inhabitants can be achieved.

Smart Cities: Definition, Component, andTechnology:International conference on Recent Trends in Artificial Intelligence, IOT, Smart Cities & Applications (ICAISC-2020)

Big data to use JAVA, group software engineering, networking, cloud computing knowledge and technology. The purpose of this paper is Research on Wireless sensor network of the Internet of things. The Internet of things, mainly includes multicast network, ZIGBEE network, WSN network, Bluetooth network, infrared network and so on. Swarm software engineering is a way to implement cloud computing, Internet of things and big data. Cloud computing comes from big data, the Internet of things can be achieved through cloud computing. This paper mainly studies, computers, software, networks, smart cities, and the use of Excel and Matlab and Microsoft Office Visio 2003 mapping and so forth. And through the practice of research methods, including automotive networking and smart city. What is the Internet of things, objects connected to the Internet is the Internet of things, cup networking, car networking. Things better than other networks, is composed of what objects, what composition, what nature, what innovation and superiority. The four key technologies of the Internet are widely used, and these four technologies are mainly RFID, WSN, M2M, two kinds of integration. RFID can be implemented using MATLAB, NS2, and JAVA, and WSN can be implemented using NS2, and M2M can be developed using JAVA. The research results are that the Internet of things originated and developed in the Internet; on the contrary, the development of the Internet of things further promoted the Internet to a more widespread “Internet” evolution. The Internet of things and the Internet are the relationships between the parent and the child. Wireless networks are just like wireless WSN networks, but wireless nodes are fixed and moved into sensors. The Internet of things includes Internet technology, including wired and wireless networks. The research conclusion is the wireless internet of things are just like the wired internet of things, wired provides the basis for Wireless Research. Baidu Tiangong Internet of things platform, Amazon AWS platform, ERP and so on are also important applications of the Internet of things. The use of mirroring and replication software also requires Internet of things. Video is composed of multi frame images. H.264 and JM encoder are also the future directions. Where to go network Ctrip network is the application of the Internet of things. Recalling what we do today, planning tomorrow, how to spend the university stage and predicting the future of university development can be the application of the Internet of things. I visited the Tangshan Rd. Mart store in Qian’an from January 2017 to March. The feeling is that Beijing is still Carrefour and Jing Kelong and WAL-MART and Hualian. The electricity supplier which Ma Yun’s Alibaba still feels more powerful. Now Hebei province and all parts of the country have venture capital and subsidy, which will undoubtedly promote the Internet of things.