Background Scripts

Eye tracking studies have been conducted to understand the visual attention in different scenarios like, for example, how people read text, which graphical elements in a visualization are frequently attended, how they drive a car, or how they behave during a shopping task. All of these scenarios - either static or dynamic - show a visual stimulus in which the spectators are not able to change the visual content they see. This is different if interaction is allowed like in (graphical) user interfaces (UIs), integrated development environments (IDEs), dynamic web pages (with different user-defined states), or interactive displays in general as in human-computer interaction, which gives a viewer the opportunity to actively change the stimulus content. Typically, for the analysis and visualization of time-varying visual attention paid to a web page, there is a big difference for the analytics and visualization approaches - algorithmically as well as visually - if the presented web page stimulus is static or dynamic, i.e. time-varying, or dynamic in the sense that user interaction is allowed. In this paper we discuss the challenges for visual analysis concepts in order to analyze the recorded data, in particular, with the goal to improve interactive stimuli, i.e., the layout of a web page, but also the interaction concept. We describe a data model which leads to interaction graphs, a possible way to analyze and visualize this kind of eye movement data.

소리가 잘 들리지 않는 청각장애인은 소리를 표시하는 글자를 익히고 복잡한 개념을 전달하는 글을 이해하는 데 어려움이 많다. 그래서 자연스럽게 표정, 몸짓, 손짓으로 의사를 전달하는 수화가 청각장애인들의 주요 의사소통수단으로 자리잡아왔지만 사회에서는 글과 말이 주요 정보전달 수단으로 이용되고 있어 청각장애인이 정보에 접근하고 지식을 넓혀 직업을 갖는데 큰 어려움이 있다. 특히 근래에 인터넷이 보편화됨에 따라 정상인의 정보 습득량은 크게 늘었지만, 글로 표현된 인터넷을 이해하기 어려운 청각장인들은 인터넷 정보에 접근하는데 어려움이 많다. 본 연구에서는 청각장애인을 위한 수화 웹페이지를 제작할 수 있는 수화 웹페이지 제작시스템을 개발하였다. 수화 웹페이지 제작 시스템은 청각장애인용 수화 웹페이지 제작자가 통상적인 인터넷 사용에 필요한 하드웨어 및 소프트웨어 환경만 갖추면 운영할 수 있도록 웹기반으로 개발하였다. 수화용 웹 페이지 제작자는 게시판 형태의 인터페이스를 이용하여 변역하고자하는 문장을 서버에 전송할 수 있다. 서버는 수신된 문장을 수화로 번역하여 3D 아바타 기반의 수화 그래픽 애니메이션을 랜더링한다. 수화 그래픽 애니메이션은 MP4 형식의 동영상으로 변환되며, 스트리밍 서버의 저장소에 보관된다. 저장된 수화 동영상의 이름과 주소는 수화 웹페이지 제작자가 처음 문장을 입력하였던 게시판에 표시되도록 하여 향후 청각장애인용 웹 페이지를 제작할 때 활용할 수 있도록 하였다. 또한 본 연구에서는 웹페이지 제작자가 공공기관의 웹페이지를 제작할 수 있도록, 이들 기관에서 현재 사용된 글들을 수화로 번역할 때 필요한 수화 단어를 수화 웹페이지 제작 시스템의 수화 사전에 추가하였다. 수화 단어를 추가함으로써 웹기반 수화 웹페이지 제작 시스템이 공공부문에 보다 더 많이 활용될 수 있을 것이다. Hearing-impaired people have difficulty in hearing, so it is also hard for them to learn letters that represent sound and text that conveys complex and abstract concepts. Therefore it has been natural choice for the hearing-impaired people to use sign language for communication, which employes facial expression, and hands and body motion. However, the major communication methods in daily life are text and speech, which are big obstacles for the hearing-impaired people to access information, to learn and make intellectual activities, and to get jobs. As delivering information via internet become common the hearing-impaired people are experiencing more difficulty in accessing information since internet represents information mostly in text forms. This intensifies unbalance of information accessibility. This paper reports web-based text-to-sign language translating system that helps web designer to use sign language in web page design. Since the system is web-based, if web designers are equipped with common computing environment for internet browsing, they can use the system. The web-based text-to-sign language system takes the format of bulletin board as user interface. When web designers write paragraphs and post them through the bulletin board to the translating server, the server translates the incoming text to sign language, animates with 3D avatar and records the animation in a MP4 file. The file addresses are fetched by the bulletin board and it enables web designers embed the translated sign language file into their web pages by using HTML5 or Javascript. Also we analyzed text used by web pages of public services, then figured out new words to the translating system, and added to improve translation. This addition is expected to encourage wide and easy acceptance of web pages for hearing-impaired people to public services.

Webvise: browser and proxy support for open hypermedia structuring mechanisms on the World Wide Web

A Novel Approach to HTML Page Creation Using Neural Network

The WORLD WIDE WEB has changed the way people interact. It has also become an important equalizer of information access for many social sectors. However, for many people, including some sign language users, Web accessing can be difficult. For some, it not only presents another barrier to overcome but has left them without cultural equality. The present article describes a system that allows sign language-only Web pages to be created and linked through a video-based technique called sign-linking. In two studies, 14 Deaf participants examined two iterations of signlinked Web pages to gauge the usability and learnability of a signing Web page interface. The first study indicated that signing Web pages were usable by sign language users but that some interface features required improvement. The second study showed increased usability for those features; users consequently couldnavigate sign language information with ease and pleasure.

Chapter 10 - Developing Web Applications

Now a days, everyone is worried about their safety in hazardous environments. In applications ranging from household to industrial environments, monitoring and control has become important. Using the Internet as the common interface, many devices can be controlled. IOT (Internet of Things) monitors and controls the devices using the World Wide Web. In this paper temperature and light intensity are monitored and the devices Fan and light are controlled remotely from a safe distance by using web technology. The monitoring and controlling system uses ARM cortex A9 processor in ZYBO (Zynq Board) as core of the hardware. The Web server application and Linux, both are ported on ARM cortex A9 processor. The GUI (Graphical User Interface) application is designed by using Qt for displaying temperature and light intensity values and for controlling the devices. The sensor control unit sends the sensor data from microcontroller through wireless medium with the help of Zigbee technology to ARM cortex A9 processor. The data from web server is received through HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) and displayed on web page. The temperature and light intensity values are displayed on the monitor and also on the web page. The devices fan and light are controlled remotely from a web page.

With the rapid development of wireless communication technology, in addition to desktop computers, many users are accessing the internet from hand-held appliances, such as tablets, PDAs, and cellular phones. Many new computation paradigms, such as pervasive computing and ubiquitous computing, have been proposed to embrace this emerging portable computation framework. However, because of the difference in users’ speed in adopting new technologies, hand-held devices in use have miscellaneous hardware limitations, such as CPU speed, power, memory, bandwidth, and image resolutions. They also have various restrictions in software support, such as operating system, installed programs, real-time processing capability, and rendering functionality. These ad hoc limitations have become barriers in human-computer interaction. Most web contents, such as web pages and images, are mainly in the HTML format, which is designed for desktop computers. Without proper modification, most rendered web contents in hand-held devices encounter distorted or fragmented user interface, broken images, slow responses, etc. These ad hoc characteristics of hand-held devices have become a barrier in enhancing web availability. In this chapter, we illustrate how a semantics-based content adaptation framework could be utilized to fill up the computational gap between mobile devices and desktop computers. The transcoding mechanism of our framework, called Content Adaptation Proxy Server [CAPS], resides behind web servers. In CAPS, web pages and image files are transcoded according to: (1) RDF (Resource Description Framework) (Manola et al., 2004) of web content; and (2) semantics extracted from the CC/PP (Composite Capability Preferences Profiles) (Klyne et al., 2004) client device configuration. These semantic properties will be stored and interpreted inside the Jena Inference System (Carroll et al., 2004) as knowledge facts to obtain proper transcoding parameters for each particular device. Then web pages with proper layout modification and images with proper rendering parameters for each particular device will be constructed and delivered. This technology will recreate contents suitable for resource-limited devices to balance information loss and information availability. For the rest of this chapter, we will review related work in Section 2. In Section 3, we describe the design principle and system architecture of CAPS. Semantics extraction and knowledge base construction for the Jena Inference System are discussed in Sections 4 and 5.

In view of the poor service effect caused by the incomplete index base of the traditional red education resources digital service model, this paper puts forward the red education resources digital service model from the perspective of excellent traditional culture. Determine the influencing factors of red education resources in the integration process, integrate the remote scheduling principle of teaching information into the feature vector extraction of red education resources, extract the number of main factors of the feature vector, decompose the feature vector of red education resources, take the wavelet entropy of red education resources as the fusion weight, and integrate the obtained coefficients through wavelet transformation. Get the integration results of red education resources. Build the architecture of digital service model, grab all web pages on the Internet with indexer, and create forward index and reverse index. Use the controller to search web pages and control all web pages to be searched. Restrict query conditions through user interface. Establish a red education resource data index database, query and process documents, and build a digital service model. The experimental results show that the designed service model has good goodness of fit and high performance.

New interaction experiences are fundamentally changing the way we interact with the web. Emerging touch-based devices and a variety of web-connected appliances represents challenges that prevents the seamless reach of web resources originally tailored for the standard browser experience. This paper explores how web pages can be re-purposed and become interactive presentations that effectively supports communication in scenarios such as digital signage and other presentation use cases. We will cover the TagVisor project which is a JavaScript run-time that uses modern animation effects and provides an HTML5 extension approach to support the authoring of visual narratives using plain web pages.

Web browsers have become an integral part of our daily lives, granting us access to vast information and services. However, this convenience significantly risks personal information and data security. One common source of this risk is browser extensions, which users often employ to add new features to their browsers. Unfortunately, these extensions can also pose a security threat, as malicious ones may access and steal sensitive information such as passwords, credit card details, and personal data. The vulnerability of web browsers to malicious extensions is a significant challenge that effectively tackles through robust defence mechanisms. To address this concern, Secure Vault – API is proposed and designed to safeguard confidential web page content from malicious extensions. The Web Crypto API provides cryptographic functions that protect data during transmission and storage. The Secure Vault encompasses a Sentinel extension responsible for parsing the web page’s Document Object Model (DOM) content and querying for all “vault” elements. The extension then verifies that the DOM content has not been tampered with by any malicious extension by calculating the SHA512 hash value of the concatenated vault elements as a string, with no whitespace between them. With its encryption, hashing, and isolation techniques, the Secure Vault effectively protects confidential web page content from malicious extensions. It provides a secure environment for storing and processing sensitive data, reducing the risk of data breaches caused by malicious extensions. The proposed approach offers significant advantages over existing strategies in terms of protecting confidential web page content from malicious extensions. This not only improves the efficiency and effectiveness of the browser extensions but also ensures compatibility, interoperability and performance across different web browsers with respect to the load time of HTML elements. Users can browse the web and carry out sensitive transactions with peace of mind, knowing their data is safeguarded against theft or manipulation by malicious extensions.

Cross-site scripting XSS vulnerabilities are among the most prevailing problems on the web. Among the practically deployed countermeasures is adefense-in-depth Content Security Policy CSP to mitigate the effects of XSS attacks. However, the adoption of CSP has been frustratingly slow. This paper focuses on a particular roadblock for wider adoption of CSP: its interplay with browser extensions. We report on a large-scale empirical study of all free extensions from Google's Chrome web store that uncovers three classes of vulnerabilities arising from the tension between the power of extensions and CSP intended by web pages: third party code inclusion, enabling XSS, and user profiling. We discover extensions with over a million users in each vulnerable category. With the goal to facilitate a wider adoption of CSP, we propose an extension-aware CSP endorsement mechanism between the server and client. A case study with the Rapportive extensions for Firefox and Chrome demonstrates the practicality of the approach.

Navigation techniques for small-screen devices: An evaluation on maps and web pages

MathEdit (Su et al., 2006) is a browser-based tool implemented in JavaScript that provides a convenient and intuitive graphical user interface for creating and editing mathematical expressions as well as a well-defined API for interoperating with its containing Web page. MathEdit can produce MathML Content and Presentation Markup as well as infix expressions for Web applications. The results returned can be displayed in a Web page or used in further computations. Here, we describe the methods of expression editing, visual navigation, and the MathEdit API. We also present the actual use of MathEdit in such interactive Web applications as curve plotting and Math-capable BBS.

본 연구는 소셜미디어 사용자들의 시선경로의 흐름을 통하여 SNS 사용자들의 감성적 경험을 이해하고 사용자 중심의 사용자 환경(UI)에 암시점을 주는데 그 목적이 있다. 또한 페이스북에 노출된 광고에 대한 사용자들의 응시시간 및 태도 분석을 통하여 소셜미디어 마케팅영역에 사용자경험(UX) 중심의 이론적, 실무적 공헌점을 제시하고자 한다. 시선추적 장치인 아이트래커(eye-tracker)를 활용하여 페이스북 사용자들의 UX를 추적한 결과 사용자들의 시선경로는 기존 웹에서의 사용자들이 가지고 있던 시선경로인 F-shape pattern과는 다른 H-shape pattern을 확인하였다. 또한 페이스북에 노출된 광고에 대해 4부분의 관심영역(AOI.1, AOI.2, AOI.3, AOI.4)을 설정하고 페이스북 사용자들이 가장 오래 응시하는 광고의 위치를 분석한 결과 사용자들은 페이스북 오른쪽 상단에서 두 번째 구역인 AOI.2에 가장 오랜 시선을 두었다. AOI.1, AOI.4, AOI.3의 순서로 응시순서를 추적한 실험에서도 페이지 오른쪽 상단에서 두 번째 광고에 대한 태도가 가장 좋았으며 처음과 마지막 그리고 세 번째 광고의 순으로 광고태도가 긍정적인 것으로 조사되었다. This study examines subjects' eye movement pattern and surveys their attitudes to the exposed advertisements on the Facebook. Different from the F-shaped pattern of the typical Web pages, users' eye movements on the Facebook have shown a rough H-shape. Even though a large number of users have shown F-shaped pattern on the ordinary Web pages in order to skip the contents of a Web, subjects' eye-movement pattern on the Facebook has H -shaped pattern due to the unique User Interface (UI) of the Facebook. With the right side and vertical arrangement of ads on the Facebook, users skip the page with having a large H-shaped pattern. In addition, this study set four AOIs(Area of Interest) that are advertising sections comprised on the Facebook Web page and measured fixation length within the AOIs then surveyed subjects' attitudes about the exposed ads. Through the experiment and survey, this study offers the optimum advertising position that can attract Facebook users' attention. As the result of experiment and survey, the second ad has the subjects' highest attitude to advertising and fourth ad is the next effectiveness and first and third ad followed. This study highlights the key implications to provide better user experiences(UX) and marketing strategies to users who are the consumers of companies and organizations which have a plan to put their advertising on the Facebook.