Bacterial profiles and Predisposing factors associated with periodontitis among adult patients attending Ruhengeri Referral Hospital, Rwanda: A cross sectional study

The revival of fosfomycin

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a search for effective pharmaceuticals and vitamins to combat the virus. These therapies have antiviral capabilities and can affect both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of various medications and nutrients in treating bacterial infections linked to COVID-19. In vitro, tests will be conducted to evaluate these therapies' antibacterial efficacy against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. In the current study, we test a group of antibiotics commonly used in treating Coronavirus on different types of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. They found that Azithromycin was highly effective against both positive and negative bacteria, but its effectiveness decreased when combined with vitamin D. Levofloxacin was the most effective antibiotic, and its efficacy was not affected by the addition of zinc or vitamin D. Acyclovir had a slight effect on bacteria when used alone, but its efficacy improved with zinc. Zinc and Vitamin D had a high degree of effectiveness, but Vitamin D had relatively low efficacy, except against one type of bacteria. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of drugs and vitamins against bacterial infections in COVID-19 patients. The results will provide a better understanding of the potential advantages of these medications in controlling bacterial infections. (The abstract should have one paragraph) The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of drugs and vitamins against bacterial infections in COVID-19 patients. The results will provide a better understanding of the potential advantages of these medications in controlling bacterial infections.

To investigate the types of bacteria in patients with eye infections in Suzhou and their drug resistance to commonly used antibacterial drugs. The clinical data of 155 patients were retrospectively collected in this study, and the pathogenic bacteria species and drug resistance of each pathogenic bacteria were analyzed. Among the 155 patients (age from 12 to 87 years old, with an average age of 57, 99 males and 56 females) with eye infections (160 eyes: 74 in the left eye, 76 in the right eye and 5 in both eyes, all of which were exogenous), 71 (45.81%) strains were gram-positive bacteria, 23 (14.84%) strains were gram-negative bacteria and 61 (39.35%) strains were fungi. Gram-positive bacteria were highly resistant to penicillin and erythromycin (78.87% and 46.48% respectively), but least resistant to vancomycin at 0. Gram-negative bacteria were highly resistant to cefoxitin and compound sulfamethoxazole (100% and 95.65% respectively), but least resistant to meropenem at 0. Comparison of the resistance of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria to some drugs revealed statistically significant differences (P<0.05) in the resistance of both to cefoxitin, cotrimoxazole, levofloxacin, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone and ceftazidime, and both had higher rates of resistance to gram-negative bacteria than to gram-positive bacteria. The distribution of bacterial infection strains showed that Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common strain in the conjunctiva, cornea, aqueous humor or vitreous body and other eye parts. Besides, Fusarium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were also among the most common strains of conjunctival and corneal infections. Gram-positive bacteria are the dominant bacteria in eye infections, followed by gram-negative bacteria and fungi. Considering the resistance of gram-negative bacteria to multiple drugs, monitoring of bacteria should be strengthened in eye bacterial infections for effective prevention and control to reduce complications caused by eye infections.

Objetivos. Identificar factores de riesgo asociados a caries y enfermedad periodontal en niños de 7-18 años de edad en Centro de Educación Básica EspecialNiño Jesús de Praga” Huánuco 2017. Materiales y métodos. Diseño Observacional, Analítico de casos y controles. Empleándose ficha de recolección tipo encuesta. Muestra de 60 niños especiales (grupo de estudio) y 60 niños no especiales (grupo control). Variable dependiente: caries y enfermedad periodontal (con etiologías más frecuentes en cavidad oral). Variables independientes: índice de higiene oral, tiempo de parto, complicación durante la gestación, Ph salival, ingesta de carbohidratos y tipo de parto. Resultados. Entre los factores de riesgo para caries y enfermedad periodontal, no existe diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p&lt;0,05) con el tiempo de parto, ni los otros factores Se determinó como factores de riesgo para caries: Índice de higiene oral, tiempo de parto y complicación durante la gestación; y factores de riesgo para la Enfermedad periodontal: Ph salival, ingesta de carbohidratos y tipo de parto. Además, no se encontró diferencias significativas (p&gt;0,05) entre los Índices CPOD+ceod para caries (p: 0,36) e índice INTPC para enfermedad periodontal (p: 0,89) para ambos grupos. Conclusiones. Encontramos diferencia significativa entre el factor Tiempo de parto y la caries y enfermedad periodontal que afectan a ambos grupos. Se encontró factores de riesgo específicamente para caries y enfermedad periodontal que no son tan usados para estas enfermedades bucales en ambos grupos y no encontrándose diferencia significativa entre los índices usados.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: This study investigated whether mothers’ knowledge about oral health of children during early ages influences the oral health care behavior of their children during adolescence and beyond. METHODS: This descriptive, cross-sectional, analytic study was carried out among 440 12-13-year-old students from 2 schools in Tehran, Iran, and their mothers in 2015. A self-report questionnaire consisting of 4 sections (demographic characteristics, socioeconomic information, oral health knowledge, and oral care behavior) was designed to assess the influence of mothers’ oral health care behavior in controlling early childhood caries (ECC) on their children’s oral health knowledge and behavior during their adulthood. Pearson’s correlation coefficient, chi-square test, and chi-square linear-by-linear association test were conducted to assess the effect of gender, father’s education, mother’s education, first dental care, first dental check-up, and teacher’s advice about oral health in school on oral health knowledge and behavior. RESULTS: A positive relationship was observed between first dental check-up, oral health knowledge (P = 0.05; CI = 95%) and flossing (P < 0.001; CI = 95%). Surprisingly, no differences were found between first dental check-up and tooth brushing frequency (P = 0.26; CI = 95%). CONCLUSION: The current study showed the importance of mothers’ knowledge and behavior toward their children’s oral health during early ages and its impact on the oral health care behavior of children in adulthood. This indicates that prevention behaviors starting as early as possible in childhood will cause better outcomes in adulthood.

Relevance. Congenital cleft lip and palate (CLP) is one of the most common severe congenital malformations. In recent decades, there has been a tendency to an increase in the frequency of this defect, as well as congenital malformations in general, which is associated with an increased effect of toxic substances on the body, due to the intensive development of industry, in particular chemical. In children with this defect, a high prevalence of somatic and dental diseases is recorded, a high prevalence and intensity of dental caries, non-carious lesions, and periodontal diseases is revealed. This indicates that children are in dire need of dental care, and the problem of prevention and treatment of dental diseases in such children is especially relevant. Purpose. Study of dental morbidity in children with congenital clefts of the upper lip and palate (CLP) at the age of 3 years and 6 years, comparing them with children without this pathology. Materials and methods. The article presents the results of a dental examination of 195 children with CLP, of which 108 children aged 3 years, 87 children aged 6 years, and also 187 healthy children, 103 of them children aged 3 years, 84 at the age of 6 years. In the examined children, the prevalence and intensity of dental caries, malformations of hard dental tissues, periodontal diseases, dentofacial anomalies, and the hygienic condition of the oral cavity were assessed. For determination of the intensity of dental caries in children 3 years old, the «kpu» index was used, and in children of 6 years, the «KPU + kp» index was used. The hygienic condition of the oral cavity was assessed by the FedorovVolodkina index (1968), periodontal status in children 6 years of the age by the KPI index (Leus PA, 1988). The results of the examination were entered into the registration cards of the dental status of children (WHO, 2013). Results. During the dental examination, a high prevalence and intensity of dental caries, poor oral hygiene among in children 3 and 6 years old with CLP. In the majority of the examined children with CLP, compared with children without this pathology, enamel hypoplasia is more often diagnosed and the prevalence of dental anomalies and periodontal diseases is higher. Conclusions. Тhe results of the work justify the need for planning and carrying out measures for the prevention and treatment of dental diseases in children with CLP, including rational oral hygiene, health education and hygienic education of children and their parents, oral sanation and dispensary observation.

BackgroundHealth-related quality of life (HQoL) indicators are considered valid measures of patient assessment in physical, mental and oral healthcare. This study aimed to examine the evidence on the relationship of oral health status, demographic and socioeconomic characteristics with oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in children.MethodsStudies in English published up to December 2019 were searched on PsycINFO, PubMed, SciELO, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Epidemiological studies simultaneously assessing sociodemographic factors related to oral health (age, income, gender, maternal education), oral health measures (orthodontic treatment needs, dental caries and periodontal disease) and OHRQoL in children aged 3–12 years were included. Methodological quality was assessed using a Critical Appraisal Checklist. Meta-analysis was used to estimate pooled measures between sociodemographic factors and oral health measures with OHRQoL.ResultsEleven articles were included. Lower children’s age (3–5 years vs > 5), gender (girls vs boys), lower income (< 70$ vs ≥ $70), low maternal education (≤ 6 vs > 6 years) were associated with poor OHRQoL among children. Orthodontic treatment needs, dental caries and periodontal diseases were also associated with poor children’s OHRQoL. Meta-regression showed that Human Development Index, sample size, year of publication and participant’s age were relevant aspects that influenced the above mentioned relationships.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that oral health promotion strategies to improve children’s OHRQoL should consider the social and environmental where they live as well their oral health status. Further longitudinal studies are needed to explore the determinants of OHQoL in children.

Dental caries and periodontal disorders in chronic liver disease

This study was aimed at assessing the knowledge of oral health and training needs of health workers in geriatric nursing homes. Providing daily oral care to dependent elderly people is the best way to prevent oral disorders. Because there are no dental hygienists in France, health workers play an important role in providing oral care in nursing homes and should have correct and adequate knowledge. Health workers from 8 geriatric nursing homes in Puy de Dôme (France) completed a 58-item questionnaire. Oral health knowledge regarding dental decay, periodontal diseases, oral hygiene and denture care was assessed. Univariate and bivariate analyses were performed. A total of 99 health workers took part in the study. The total mean score was significantly different if health workers had received training in oral disorders (49.3±11.7 vs. 43.9±10; p<0.05) or in the maintenance of oral health (50.5±10.5 vs. 42.9±10; p<0.01). The mean scores obtained in the 'dental decay' subsection and in the 'oral and denture hygiene' subsection were the lowest. Geriatric nursing home staff need training in understanding the impact of oral health on general health. Theoretical knowledge of oral diseases has to be improved in order for health workers to understand oral hygiene procedures and to help them identify early oral disorders.

Introduction: Drug abuse is one of the concerning problems in Indonesia. It negatively impacts oral health, such as caries, xerostomia, periodontal disease, and tooth loss. Among these, dental caries is reported to be the leading cause of a reduction in quality of life. Although most oral health issues are not life-threatening, they significantly impact an individual's quality of life by extending periods of pain and discomfort. This study aims to analyze the correlation between dental caries and quality of life in individuals with substance use disorder (SUD) at the Lido Rehabilitation Center. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Lido Rehabilitation Center, West Java, in August 2024. 101 SUD patients at the center were assessed through questionnaires and oral examinations. Dental caries served as the independent variable, while the quality of life (QoL), measured using the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire across four domains (physical, psychological, social relationships, and environment), was the dependent variable. Data analysis using Spearman rank correlation to determine the correlation between QoL in the dental and non-dental caries groups and unpaired T-test to evaluate QoL scores in each domain for both dental and non-dental caries groups. Results: Significant differences were observed in the mean quality of life scores for the physical domain between the caries group (60,5 ± 13,78) and the non-caries group (65 ± 3,46), as well as for the social domain between the caries group (55,59 ± 19,29) and the non-caries group (58,33 ± 23,86). No significant correlation was found between quality of life scores and Dental caries values. Conclusion: No correlation was found between dental caries and quality of life scores. Differences in QoL were observed between the dental and non-dental caries groups, but these differences were insignificant. Dental caries were higher among SUD patients compared to those without caries.

STRUCTURED ABSTRACT: The pregnancy is associated with profound dental biological processes as a result of hormonal interactions within the mother’s body, which result in both reversible and irreversible dental changes. The periodontal disease is associated with adverse pregnancy outcome. Increased public awareness, health education and medical intervention can improve the maternal and fetal outcome. The cohort study was carried out in the department of obstetrics and gynecology at Integral institute of medical sciences and research, Lucknow from January 2012 to February 2014, for the period of 2 year. The objective was to study the relationship between pregnancy, gingivitis, dental caries and periodontal disease. METHODS: The cohort study was carried out in the department of obstetrics and gynecology at Integral institute of medical sciences and research, Lucknow from January 2012 to February 2014, for the period of 2 year. The dental health status of 1200 antenatal cases were studied. The prevalence of gingivitis, dental caries and periodontal disease and the relationship with pregnancy was studied. RESULT: The oral hygiene was a significant determining factor in the disease process. The antenatal cases with poor oral hygiene were 2.5 times more likely to have dental caries. OR 0.0138, 95% CI (0.0033 to 0.0570) Z statistic 5.908, P<0.0001.The antenatal cases with poor oral hygiene were 20times more likely to have gingivitis. OR 0.0045, 95% CI (0.0006-0.0365) Z statistic 5.077, P<0.0001. In the study the prevalence of dental caries, gingivitis and periodontal disease were 90%, 98% and 90.33% respectively. The oral disease process was characteristically noticed in the second trimester and/or pre-existing disease got

Nowadays dental caries and periodontal diseases are among the most pressing problems in Paediatric Dentistry. Young patients with psychoneurological disorders are a special category among children with somatic pathology. At the same time, the issue of providing dental care to such children is underrepresented. Today, traditional schemes used for the prevention and treatment of caries and periodontal disease in children with mental retardation requires further improvement taking into account the clinical status of children with particular forms of mental retardation, including oligophrenia. Thus, the aim of our study was to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a complex of measures to prevent dental caries in children with oligophrenia.&#x0D; To assess the effectiveness of the elaborated preventive complex, 56 children aged 12 years with the diagnosis of oligophrenia of I degree of severity (mild mental backwardness) were under observation during 2 years; 27 children received the complex we developed. The group of comparison included 29 children; caries prevention measures for these children were based on regional protocols (hygienic education, keeping oral hygiene, use of fluoride toothpastes).&#x0D; The effectiveness of the developed preventive complex was evaluated 6, 12 and 24 months after the beginning of its implementation according to the following criteria: the growth of dental caries intensity; reduction in the growth of dental caries intensity; level of oral hygiene (OHI-S index); changes in the biocenosis of the oral cavity (in 1 and 6 months of the observation).&#x0D; The results of the examination after the 6 month observation period have shown the dental caries intensity in children of the main group is 6.65 ± 0.45 teeth that is 1.02 times lower than in the children of the comparison group (6.79 ± 0.26 teeth, p ˃0.05). Thus, the growth of dental caries intensity in the children of the main group is, on average, 0.41 ± 0.05 tooth, which is significantly lower than in children of the comparison group (0.58 ± 0.06 tooth, p &lt;0.05 ).&#x0D; The reduction in the growth of caries intensity in children who received the developed preventive complex was 41.46%. Thus, during two years of the observation, the growth of caries intensity in children of the main group is 1.52 ± 0.08 tooth that is 1.74 times lower than in children of the comparison group (2.64 ± 0.9 tooth, p &lt;0, 05). The reduction in the growth of caries intensity in children who received this preventive complex is, on average, 42.42%.&#x0D; The effectiveness of the proposed preventive complex for children with oligophrenia and carious lesions was also evaluated by using the hygienic Green-Vermillion index. According to the data obtained, at the period of inclusion into the study, the children in both groups demonstrated nearly the same indices of the oral hygiene. However, over the period of the study, the indices of the hygiene index between the children of the main group and the comparison group differed significantly. The application of preventive complex in children with oligophrenia resulted in better oral hygiene than in that the children of the comparison group. This can be explained by professional hygiene, quality control of toothbrushing and hygiene education of children and their parents. The effectiveness of the elaborated complex of preventive measures was also evidenced by changes in the oral biocenosis in the children of the main group in 1 and 6 months of the observation. The findings of microbiological studies showed that the microbial spectrum of the oral cavity changed toward the healthier balance in the children of the main group during the observation period: there was gradual decrease in pathogenic microflora and an increase in symbiotic microflora.&#x0D; Thus, the analysis of findings obtained over the two year observation period in children with oligophrenia, who received the complex of measures to prevent dental caries prevention has confirmed its effectiveness by reducing the growth of caries intensity, the reduction in the growth of caries intensity, hygiene improvement and normalization of oral microbiocenosis.

Two highly active short broad-spectrum AMPs (14D and 69D) with unknown mode of action have been investigated in regards to their effect against the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and the Gram-positive bacteria methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) measurements using a cell density of 108 cfu/ml resulted in values between 16 and 32 µg/ml. Time-kill experiments using 108 cfu/ml revealed complete killing, except for 69D in combination with MRSA, where bacterial load was reduced a million times. Small-angle X-ray scattering of biological samples (BioSAXS) at 108 cfu/ml was applied to investigate the ultrastructural changes in E. coli and MRSA in response to these two broad-spectrum AMPs. In addition, electron microscopy (EM) was performed to visualize the treated and non-treated bacteria. As expected, the scattering curves generated using BioSAXS show the ultrastructure of the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria to be very different (BioSAXS is not susceptible to the outer shape). After treatment with either peptide, the scattering curves of E. coli and MRSA cells are much more alike. Whereas in EM, it is notoriously difficult to observe changes for spherical Gram-positives; the BioSAXS results are superior and reveal strongly similar effects for both peptides induced in Gram-positive as well as Gram-negative bacteria. Given the high-throughput possibility and robust statistics, BioSAXS can support and speed up mode of action research in AMPs and other antimicrobial compounds, making a contribution toward the development of urgently needed drugs against resistant bacteria.

Background: Lactoferrin is a multipurpose protein of the transferrin domestic. It is a spherical glycoprotein with a molecular weight of about 80 kDa which is widely found in secretory discharges, such as milk, saliva, tear, and nasal secretions. Lactoferrin is also found in secondary granules of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and is released by some acinar cells. It also shows antibacterial activity in vitro. The antimicrobial activity of lactoferrin is due to its ability to bind to iron and make it unavailable to bacteria. Lactoferrin is a major component of the immune system; antibacterial activity is an important component of the innate immunity of the body. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of lactoferrin on two different species of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Materials and Methods: The purity of lactoferrin was assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were collected from different clinical specimens such as wound, blood, secretions, urine, stool, and sputum from Namazi Hospital of Shiraz. The colony counting assays were conducted according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) G22-76 guidelines. Results: The results showed lactoferrin to be effective on both Gram-positive ( Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus cereus) and Gram-negative (Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella) bacteria. However, it was more effective on the Gram-positive rather than the Gram-negative bacteria. Conclusions: Lactoferrin is able to bind to iron as one of its important features. It plays an important role in signal transduction and is anticancer, anti-adhesion, immune-modulatory, and antiviral. Regarding the increase of resistance to antibiotics, it is necessary to explore novel antimicrobial drugs.

This article describes the eco-design of a new preservative in cosmetics based on bio-inspiration of natural extracts from traditional medicines. In order to reach the multiple specification targets, various structures have been synthesized and evaluated to select the one demonstrating broad antimicrobial spectrum with favorable environmental profile and application potential to a wide variety of formulas. In order to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the synthesized structures, the method of the challenge test consisting in an artificial contamination of the sample with collection microbial strains and evaluation of the number of revivable microorganisms was used to select the most promising candidate. Validation of its antimicrobial potential was later confirmed on Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, yeast and mold with measurement of its Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) in comparison with known preservatives. Environmental impact assessment of the selected candidate was achieved with the help of ready biodegradability and aquatic ecotoxicity tests performed according to appropriate Organization tes a strfor Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and European Union (EU) guidelinesy. Bio-inspired from turmeric and ginger extracts, an ethylated analog of Zingerone (EZ) with the chemical name 4-(3-ethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-one demonstrates the strongest activity on Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. Moreover, EZ shows a solubility in water two times higher than that of Zingerone thus increasing its interest as a potential preservative. Finally, its assessment of ready biodegradability and aquatic ecotoxicity in OECD-EU tests with a favorable environmental profile confirms its unique interest and fully justifies its use in cosmetic formulas as an eco-respectful preservative. Bio-inspiration based on technologies without noteworthy side effects but also on eco-design, particularly through the use of measures of potential environmental impact very upstream of a development, are two fundamental elements for the launching of new eco-friendly cosmetic ingredients. This approach has thus validated the strong potential of EZ as a preservative of eco-respectful formulas. The selection of EZ is also a very good example of the achievement of two key objectives targeted by cosmetic companies for the development of a novel active ingredient: environmental performance and technical performance.