Battleground: The Media [2 volumes

Are you ready to engage in an argument? If not, then you may well need what the Battleground series of reference titles can offer you. Each set in the Battleground family focuses on one area of life - religion, politics, family life and education - and examines in detail those issues that resonate with students and members of the public. The goal is to produce a balanced, thoughtful reference resource that will provide students with a solid foundation for understanding the issue as they begin to do research for papers and debates. Arranged alphabetically, approximately 100 entries in each set will cover background, definitions, notable elements and individuals, significant events and their historical significance, and important future trends in their specific topic.Titles in this product will provide students and general reader with a better understanding of the confrontational issues facing society today, and prepare them to take their own stands with information to back them up.There are many controversial aspects of today's media system, and this captivating encyclopedia examines the most significant topics being debated. This title is arranged alphabetically, approximately 100 entries cover issues from surveillance to tabloid news; from historical developments to new media technologies. Entries contain an array of thoughtful perspectives on current controversies, and allow readers to formulate their own conclusions.Topics Include: Al-Jazeera; the blogosphere; CNN, Fox, MSNBC, and cable talk; celebrity worship; conglomeration and media monopolies; fear-mongering; google books; homogenization; the iTunes effect; leaks and national security; online pornography; politics and Internet journalism; privacy and surveillance; product placement; propoganda; tabloid news; and, violence.

Today's media not only spread information, but also create interesting news that we can watch, listen to and read by viewing our audiovisual creations using our small mobile devices. This trend usually coincides with modern searches in the media sphere. Therefore, mobile journalism is gaining momentum not only abroad, but also in Kazakhstan. Young journalists who are passionate about the possibilities of new media, and those who want to work in the field of media in the future, react especially to this. They prove that, as before, there is no need to sit in front of large portable computers, monitors. Through their small mobile devices in their hands, they can shoot, edit and create high-quality media products. Our article says that mobilography is one of such modern phenomena. We can say that this is a new direction in electronic journalism. At first it appeared as a genre of photography and in a short time gained popularity among millions of amateur photographers. And this was followed by skeptical interest, creating an image among photography professionals. Now, in this process, television filming has also begun to be done.

This study has investigated the dynamics of relationship between Turkey's media and democracy, and attempts to seek an answer to a question: Although neo liberal policy formation and ongoing transformation in Turkey's media system since 1980's, how does it reflect the neo authoritarian media system? In this study, analysis after these problems facing the Turkey's media, particulary media ownership, by addressing three interrelated phenomena: 1) the concentration of media ownership in Turkey, 2) government legislation and media policy transformation in the neo liberal policy period and 3) relationship between government(s), media sector and capital groups beyond the media. This study has used critical political economy approaches for the analysis of dynamics of Turkey's media and the democratic communication systems during the economic crises. In this context, the author attempts to resurrect some of the important distinctions between capital groups and the state, particularly the role of the capital groups as well as the state as the leading threat to freedom of communication.

New media formats and technologies raise questions about new-found abilities to indulge apparently limitless violent and sadistic curiosity within our culture. In this context the mainstreaming of sex and violence via mobile and screen media systems opens important questions about the degree to which these influences are harmful or indicative of deeper social problems. In this article we offer a preliminary analysis of the consequences of these new media zones, acknowledging their allure, excitement and everyday cultural position. In particular we focus on a distinctive hallmark of much online pornography and massively popular violent videogames - the offer of unchecked encounters with others who can be subordinated to violent and sexual desire. We suggest that a key implication of these zones of cultural exception, in which social rules can be more or less abandoned, is their role in further assisting denials of harm from the perspective of hyper-masculinist and militaristic social value systems.

The effect of ad smiles on consumer attitudes and intentions: Influence of model gender and consumer gender

Research on digital journalism often assumes that online-native newsrooms expand discursive diversity and challenge legacy media’s dominance. Yet, growing evidence suggests that digital platforms may reproduce rather than transform established framing norms. Contributing to this debate, this study examines how news organizations with different institutional profiles frame political crises, assessing whether digital-native outlets meaningfully diverge from legacy-affiliated journalism. Focusing on coverage of Kenya’s 2024 anti-Finance Bill protests, the analysis compares Citizen Digital, a legacy-affiliated outlet, and Kenyans.co.ke, a digital-native platform. Using qualitative content analysis of 100 news articles from each platform, this study identifies three dominant frames—law-and-order, victimization, and political critique—with the law-and-order frame appearing most frequently (Citizen Digital, 32.6%; Kenyans.co.ke, 30.0%). Despite their organizational differences, both outlets exhibited similar framing patterns, challenging assumptions that digital-native platforms inherently diversify political discourse and instead raising questions about the macro-level conditions shaping editorial practices across media fields. The findings suggest that shared structural constraints within the media environment may sustain framing norms typically associated with legacy journalism.

This article deals with access and diversity as central concepts of modern communications policy. Access may be sought at different layers of the communications system (Section 2), each presupposing a specific elaboration of communications policy questions (Table 1). Diversity, that is media diversity, refers to media content (Section 3). Media diversity has two faces: reflection of population preferences and openness, equal, uniform media access for divergent population preferences. These two faces have a dialectic relationship: usually for media systems it is not possible to produce full reflection and full openness at the same time. In Section 4 it is argued that, due to Hotelling's Law, media markets are often better at reflection than at openness. In Section 5 the relationships between media competition and media diversity are further explored within the framework of media and democracy. Three hypotheses on these relationships are being developed. In Section 6 a plea is made for the main objective of modern communications policy to be free and equal access to a social communications system that diversely provides for the information and communication needs in society.

The article shows that outside ownership of media moves in stages – from media properties as the mouthpiece for personal and business interests, to a second stage of conglomerates seeking economic “synergies” of performance, to a third stage dominated by financial portfolio diversification. These phases of outside media ownership correspond to the stages of economic development in that country.The article finds that in rich countries, the ownership of media by industrial companies as a way to create political influence has been declining. The second phase, based on economic synergies, has become a less significant driver, too. On the other hand, there has been a significant growth of cross-ownership through financial intermediaries. In contrast, the media systems of emerging and developing countries are still operating in the first two phases of cross-ownership, centered on projection of influence and on conglomerate business synergies.It is quite likely that these dynamics will lead to a “capture gap” between emerging and rich societies. Media in the former would be significantly more captured through the seekers of personal influence and conglomerate synergies, while media in the latter are subject to professional investors imperatives of profitability, growth, predictability, and fit into portfolio diversification. The same financial institutions from rich countries are also likely to seek acquisitions in the emerging markets by leapfrogging the two other stages. The likely responses are restrictions on foreign ownership of media. Domestic conglomerates will step in and assume control. Media capture will then become patriotic.The article is fact-based and provides details on the media assets of non-media companies in 26 countries accounting for about 60% of the world’s population and over 80% of its economy.

Books on Whittaker Chambers and Alger Hiss abound, as countless scholars have labored to uncover the facts behind Chambers’s shocking accusation before the House Committee on Un-American Activities in the summer of 1948—that Alger Hiss, a former rising star in the State Department, had been a Communist and engaged in espionage. In this highly original work, Susan Jacoby turns her attention to the Hiss case, including his trial and imprisonment for perjury, as a mirror of shifting American political views and passions. Unfettered by political ax-grinding, the author examines conflicting responses, from scholars and the media on both the left and the right, and the ways in which they have changed from 1948 to our present post–Cold War era. With a brisk, engaging style, Jacoby positions the case in the politics of the post–World War II era and then explores the ways in which generations of liberals and conservatives have put Chambers and Hiss to their own ideological uses. An iconic event of the McCarthy era, the case of Alger Hiss fascinates political intellectuals not only because of its historical significance but because of its timeless relevance to equally fierce debates today about the difficult balance between national security and respect for civil liberties.

Eight years after the ‘Arab Spring’, literature is still marked by techno-deterministic interpretations. This article contributes to examining the role of agenda-building processes just before the outbreak of the Egyptian uprising in 2011 within authoritarian systems. Using the ‘hybrid media system’ concept, the article not only focuses on new media effects but, by including print media, it takes into consideration the media system in its entirety. Focusing on Khaled Said’s case as a counter-issue, the qualitative content analysis investigates how challengers in Egypt successfully pushed the media salience of police torture onto the mainstream media agenda. By reconstructing the issue cycle and intermedia spill-over effects, the author investigates the agenda-building processes within hybrid media systems in Arab authoritarian contexts. The qualitative content analysis includes 415 articles and posts from 12 diverse print, online and social media outlets between June 2010 and January 2011. The central finding is that successful spill-over effects occurred from online media to private print media, even though state media tried to ignore the issue. The coverage transferred the issue’s salience from new media into mainstream media, thus reaching wider non-politicized audiences. These proven interlinkages between old and new media are often an overlooked aspect in the literature on media and the ‘Arab Spring’.

Product placement is one of the forms of financing in cinema. This is a legal form for realizing hidden advertising. Adherence to strict rules when implementing a product in the final version of the film for advertising purposes is a good tool, both to fill the budget and purely plot. In American film production, product positioning is intended to add a few percent to the film's budget. In Bulgarian cinema, product positioning is used as the main source of funding for the creation of an independent film outside those funded by the National film center (NFC).

The Semitic Languages presents a unique, comprehensive survey of individual languages or language clusters from their origins in antiquity to their present-day forms.The Semitic family occupies a position of great historical and linguistic significance: the spoken and written languages of the Phoenicians, Hebrews and Arabs spread throughout Asia and northern and central Africa; the Old Semitic civilizations in turn contributed significantly to European culture; and modern Hebrew, modern literary Arabic, Amharic, and Tigrinya have become their nations' official languages.The book is divided into three parts and each chapter presents a self-contained article, written by a recognized expert in the field.* I. General Issues: providing an introduction to the grammatical traditions, subgrouping and writing systems of this language family.* II. Old Semitic Languages* III. Modern Semitic LanguagesParts II and III contain structured chapters, which enable the reader to access and compare information easily. These individual descriptions of each language or cluster include phonology, morphology, syntax, lexis and dialects.Suggestions are made for the most useful sources of further reading and the work is comprehensively indexed.

ObjectiveA comprehensive study on the development of political trust is absent. Studies on the socialization effect of the media generally neglect the influence of the media system. This study aims to fill this gap.MethodsUsing a within‐country comparison of two media systems, I estimate the influence of different socialization agents on the development of political trust through hierarchical models of repeated measurements on a representative panel of Belgian adolescents (BPPS 2006–2011, n = 3,025).ResultsNews consumption and a public service broadcasting preference foster political trust within diverse media systems. The socioeconomic status and level of political discussion in the family, an open classroom climate, and classroom instruction about politics also promote political trust.ConclusionsTelevision, the family, and the school are all equally important agents in the development of political trust. It is critical to take the nature of the media system into account when studying how the media affect political trust.

In his paper "Media Icons of War and the Instrumenalisation of Images in US-American Media Today," Reinhold Viehoff argues that the destruction of Saddam Hussein's statue in Baghdad in April 2004 by the US army represents an attempt to instrumentalise the logic of mass media as a strategy of public diplomacy. Viehoff explains the logic of mass media and public diplomacy of the US government and US media today in the context of the history of the destruction of monuments as played out on the landscape of media during and following the demise of the Soviet empire. Viehoff proposes that the media images of the toppling of Hussein's statue is linked, historically, to the iconic representations of the divestiture of Central and East European dictatorships. Further, the divestiture of tyranny of the Soviet empire and its media images have been capitalised on in the strategic media image construction of the deposition of Hussein's government of tyranny. Based on specific examples of media images, Viehoff analyses the process in which the iconisation of images occurs in the case of Hussein's divestiture. In his conclusion, Viehoff proposes that the strategy of media and its icons used in the US media suggest misguided intentions. These misguided intentions are due to particularities in the processes of reflection in current US-American media systems.

The organic consumption of the cyberspace has generated a number of transformations on our readers, regardless of place: South America, Europe or the United States. The hybrid texture of the Internet has been silently altering society in terms of the recorded music industry, editorial content delivery, media enterprises, and telecommunications. Some examples are: the Universities of Stanford and Michigan directed part of their collection of 7.4 million books to Google Books; The New York Public Library handed over to Google material not protected by copyright laws. Brazil is not different in this respect. Senac Publishing House made a partnership with the "Google Program for Book Research" and 660 books in their catalogue are being digitized and will be available free of charge online from Google. Starting with a key word, the user can see and read four pages of the selected works. Following the same trend, Contexto Publishing House, as part of its 20th anniversary celebrations to take place in 2007, has just inaugurated a special information service area on its site. It is available only to registered readers, and they will have access to special articles, complimentary chapters of books already published and sound files that add content to the written material. Besides, Contexto has also established a partnership with Google. As an author, I have just agreed to send some chapters of my book Jornalismo Digital (Digital Journalism) to Google, and have offered a new chapter in PDF (written in September 2006) of my book Jornalismo Digital to be downloaded free by readers in the Contexto site (www.editoracontexto.com.br). Chapter IV, named "The Leaving Behind of the Classical Theories of Journalism" tries to map the receiver of information content, a human being who has grown up playing videogames and interacting with the electronic world. They can for example, easily consume their share of this enormous amount of text, images, sound, and video that pollute and sometimes impair reading. In addition, they were trained little by little to find--just like relational database software--what they need on the Internet. This individual as a "receiver" does not show any trouble reading a book in PDF, that is to say, they have no conflict in relation to the digital format. An idea of this new Brazilian reader is provided by research with the title of "Dossi~ Universo Jovem" (Report on the Youth World), carried out by MTVBrasil. 1 On the average, they are 23 years old; 50% of them study, and 57% work; 6% belong to the upper class, while 36% belong to the B social group and 58% to the C social group. It is noted that 23% of these young people are married, and/or live with a partner, although this number drops to 7% in the A social group. The higher the economic status, the smaller the chance is of falling for the charm of the matrimonial ceremony. The research also shows that