Block Chain and Cryptography based Secure Communication System

An Optimized Intelligent Computational Security Model for Interconnected Blockchain-IoT System & Cities

The convergence of blockchain, artificial intelligence (AI), and cloud computing is catalyzing a paradigm shift in developing secure, intelligent, and scalable digital infrastructures. This triad of technologies is increasingly utilized to improve performance, transparency, and trust in engineering-driven and socio-technical environments. This study systematically reviews the evolution, integration strategies, and applications of blockchain, AI, and cloud computing in digital ecosystems. The analysis is based on 108 peer-reviewed studies spanning the years 2012 to 2025. A comprehensive literature analysis was conducted to identify trends, synergies, and sector-specific implementations of these systems. The review explores how their integration supports real-world engineering and operational use cases. Blockchain contributes to decentralized architectures, secure data exchange, and identity verification. AI supports adaptive behavior, autonomous decision-making, and predictive analytics. Cloud computing offers the scalable infrastructure necessary for deployment. Key challenges addressed include interoperability, latency, security trade-offs, and resource allocation. Use cases in digital finance, supply chain management, and industrial automation demonstrate the effectiveness of this integration in building resilient, ethically aligned, and high-performance infrastructures. The findings offer valuable insights and technical considerations for engineers and architects seeking to design next-generation cyber-physical systems that are secure, intelligent, and socially responsive. Clinical Trial Number Not applicable. This article accentuates the extensive use of blockchain, cloud computing, and AI principles, emphasizing their crucial significance in the contemporary digital environment and paths in which blockchain technology may be employed to automate financial transactions, enhance the security of personal data and records, facilitate cross-border transactions, verify identities, execute smart contracts, utilize cryptocurrencies, and manage supply chains. This research systematically assesses the development and practical application of blockchain, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence technologies over the past decade. This study primarily focuses on monitoring the progress, practical applications, and benefits of blockchain technology in the context of financial transactions. This article probes the symbiotic relationship between artificial intelligence, cloud and blockchain technology, analyzing the evolution and fundamental concepts of their integration from 2012 to 2025. This paper also presents a detailed analysis of 108 research works acquitted over the past decade. The study provides a comprehensive examination of the current state and fundamental principles related to the integration of artificial intelligence, cloud, and blockchain technology. This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the major obstacles confronted by blockchain technology, examining its wide-ranging applications over several industries and its socko role in transaction systems and the domain of cryptocurrencies.

Patients’ and doctors’ mistrust of data security in third-party information storage is a latent and relevant problem in the healthcare sector in Ecuador. This paper presents a data model to improve information security in Ecuador’s healthcare sector by using Blockchain technology. A descriptive research is conducted using an exploratory-deductive, qualitative methodology to analyze relevant studies referencing Blockchain and Smart Contract technologies in the healthcare industry. The results of the study present the definition of participants and roles for a Blockchain-based healthcare model in Ecuador, a conceptual architecture to improve information security in the healthcare sector and impact factors. It is concluded that Blockchain technology allows sharing information securely; the proposed model is developed in the Hyperledger platform with 56% of information analyzed remaining as a private network.

The purpose of this paper is to present our proposal to use blockchain technology to create a secure, efficient, and smart voting system in the USA. The first section of this paper presents the current equipment and technology used in the current voting process in the USA. Next, an analysis of the technological challenges of our voting system is presented. Recommendations are proposed to remedy these challenges with the implementation of blockchain and biometric technologies. Next, the paper discusses the features, benefits, and uses of blockchain technology. Finally, arguments are presented both for and against the use of blockchain and biometric technologies for voting purposes.

In some liberal democracies, governments allow people to legally own guns to protect their lives and property. However, gun crime has been increasing in recent years. Taking the United States, for example, a report pointed out that Americans are 10 times more likely to be shot than citizens of other countries. Murder using guns in the United States is 25 times more than that in the other 22 high-income countries. Most of these guns came from other cities. These illegally circulating guns are directly linked to deadly street violence. This means that effective firearm management can reduce deadly violence. In the past few years, Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) technology was often used to track the supply chain. However, in the traditional supply chain, only the participants of the supply chain can query information. Furthermore, only the participants can verify the correctness of the data. This result causes information to be not transparent. On the other hand, blockchain technology, with a unique combination of features such as distributed notes, decentralized structure, consensus algorithm, storage mechanism, asymmetric encryption, and smart contract, ensures network visibility, transparency, and security. Therefore, we combine blockchain and RFID technology to propose a traceable firearm management system based on blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The proposed method achieves several goals. First of all, the characteristic data through the blockchain can be publicly verified and the information will not be modified. The traceability of the data and the application of RFID can effectively manage the production chain. In addition, we used Burrows–Abadi–Needham logic (BAN logic) logic to prove mutual authentication, and the nonrepudiation and integrity method can also be achieved in our proposed scheme.

Synchronization capability of two identical chaotic systems can be used for constructing the secure communication systems where the chaotic signal is used as the information carrier. In this paper, a secure communication system is designed by using the bi-directionally synchronized identical Chua’s circuits in LC parallel coupling. LC parallel circuit is used as the new coupling element instead of using a single resistor or capacitor or inductor as the coupling element. This makes the complete synchronization of Chua’s circuits possible for many different sets of coupling inductance and capacitance values so that the flexibility of constructing the secure communication systems is realized. Both the synchronized Chua’s circuits in LC parallel coupling and the corresponding secure communication system are constructed by using the LTspice software. The simulation results show that the secure communication system proposed in the present paper is very efficient for the message transmission for different pairs of coupling inductance and coupling capacitance values where the complete synchronization of Chua’s circuits is observed occur. The two essential properties of an ideal secure communication system - perfect message masking and recovery are observed when compared to other secure communication systems already proposed and constructed previously. So, the simulation results of the present study can be used for practically constructing the efficient communication systems in future.

The use of blockchain technology in digital data security and efficiency in the future can provide many benefits. However, this technology also has several challenges, therefore it is necessary to continue to develop blockchain technology and find ways to overcome existing challenges. Then with all the advances in blockchain technology whose existence has been felt by most people around the world, can blockchain technology provide efficiency in terms of time and cost? Does blockchain technology guarantee higher data security? Are there challenges faced by blockchain technology? What are the challenges faced by blockchain technology? How to deal with the challenges of this blockchain technology? The purpose of this writing is, It is hoped that this writing can explain about blockchain technology, the use of blockchain technology, how blockchain technology systems work, the challenges of blockchain technology, in digital data security, and the efficiency of blockchain technology in the future. So, it is hoped that this research can provide a better understanding of blockchain technology and the potential development of blockchain technology in the future. In this study, the method we will use is the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method. It is hoped that by using this method blockchain research can get concrete or justifiable evidence so that the findings will be obtained from the results of the experts that were developed.

إنشاء عقود المعاملات وتنفيذها بين الطرق التقليدية وتقنية (البلوک تشين) والعقود الذکية- دراسة فقهية مقارنة أحمد سعد علي البرعي قسم الشريعة الإسلامية، کلية الدراسات الإسلامية والعربية للبنين، جامعة الأزهر، القاهرة، جمهورية مصر العربية. البريد الإلکتروني: dr_ahmed_saad78@yahoo.com ملخص البحث: تعد تقنية (بلوک تشين) من أهم تقنيات الثورة الصناعية الرابعة التي ستقود اقتصاديات العالم في السنوات القادمة، والتي لاقت رواجا واسعا في عالم المال والاقتصاد منذ بداية ظهورها، حتى تسارعت کثير من الدول الآن إلى الاستفادة منها في مجالات عدة، أبرزها مجال الذکية؛ حيث مکنت تلک التقنية الأفراد من إجراء عقودهم المالية وصفقاتهم التجارية بطريقة مباشرة عن طريق الند للند دون الحاجة إلى توسيط أي جهة مرکزية في المعاملة، وذلک عن طريق التمثيل الرقمي للممتلکات والأصول المالية في صورة رموز وأکواد تشفيرية مضمنة في منصات بلوک تشين يمکن نقلها بين المستخدمين بصورة آمنة وفاعلة وموثوقة، الأمر الذي مکن مستخدمي هذه الشبکات من إنشاء عقود ذکية فيما بينهم، تتولى شبکات البلوک تشين تنفيذها بطريقة آلية لا يتدخل فيها بشر؛ حيث يتم فيها- أوتوماتيکيا- نقل أصل الملکية بين أطراف المعاملة وفق بنود العقد الذي برمجوه وضمنوه في شبکة البلوک تشين، ويتم بعد ذلک تسجيل العقد وتخزين ما اقتضاه من معاملات في الشبکة بطريقة مشفرة لا يمکن لأحد أن يتلاعب فيها بمحو أو تعديل أو تزوير مهما طال الزمن، الأمر الذي سيغير في المستقبل القريب من صورة العقود والمعاملات المالية التي تجري بين الناس الآن في جميع مراحلها، بدءا من مرحلة إبرام العقد، ومرحلة توثيقه (حيث تقوم تلک الشبکات بتوثيق العقد وإشهاد جميع المستخدمين عليه، بدلا من توثيقه وتسجيله بالطرق التقليدية في الجهات المرکزية المختصة)، وانتهاء بمرحلة تنفيذه (حيث تتولى تلک الشبکات مسؤولية تنفيذ بنود العقد ونقل أصول الملکيات بين أطرافه بصورة آلية ذاتية تعمل وفق البرمجة التي اتفق عليها الطرفان وضمنوها داخل تلک المنصات)، وقد هدفت من هذه الدراسة تسليط الضوء على تلک التقنية الجديدة، ببيان ماهيتها، ونشأتها، وخصائصها، وطريقة عملها، مقارنا في ذلک بين العقود التقليدية التي جرى عليها العمل عند الفقهاء، وبين هذه العقود الذکية التي ستحل محلها في المستقبل القريب، منتهيا ببيان الرأي الفقهي في هذه النازلة. Designing Transactions Contracts and their Execution in between the traditional ways, the technology of (Blockchain) and Smart Contracts A Jurisprudential Study By: Ahmed Saad Ali Al- Boraee Department of Islamic Sharia Faculty of Islamic and Arabic Studies for Men in Cairo Azhar University E-mail : dr_ahmed_saad78@yahoo.com Abstract The technology of the blockchain is considered one of the most important technologies of the fourth industrial revolution which would lead the world economies in the following years, and which has widely flourished in the world of economy and finance since its early presence to the extent that many countries hastened to benefit from it in many fields. The most outstanding fields are where this technology enabled individuals to carry out their financial contracts and commercial bargains directly through peer- to- peer deals without resorting to any central authority as broker in the transaction. Such process runs through having digital representation of properties and financial assets in the form of symbols and decipherable codes included in blockchain platforms that can be transferred safely, effectively and trustworthily in between users. Such matters enabled the users of those networks to design smart contracts in between them. Blockchains networks take upon themselves executing them automatically as no human being is allowed to interfere since ownership assets are automatically transferred in between the two parties of the transaction in accordance with the articles of the contract which has been programmed and included in the network of blockchain. After that the contract is registered and saved in accordance with the requirements of transactions in a coded way through the network. None could manipulate this affair either by removing, modifying or even forging them along the years. Soon in the future, this affair would change the form of contracts and financial transactions running in between people in all phases; starting from the phase of signing the contracts, the phase of documentation (where those networks document the contract and all the users would testify instead of documenting and registering the contract via the specified central authorities in the traditional ways), till the phase of execution (where those networks take on the responsibility of executing the articles of the contract and transferring the assets in between the contracting parties through an automation that works in accordance with a certain programming approved by the two parties and included within those platforms). Therefore, this research is originally designed to highlight this new technology, its essence, origins, characteristics and its mechanism. The research also holds a comparison between the traditional contracts as identified by jurists and these smart contracts which will replace them soon in the future. Finally, the research concludes with the jurisprudential viewpoint regarding this mishap.

With the rapid growth of digital data and inter-connected devices, the integration of blockchain and Internet of Things technology offers a promising chance to revolutionize data management approaches. With today's global connectivity, the management and securing of ever-increasing amounts the amount of data produced by Internet of Things (IoT) devices is becoming an increasing concern. This study investigates a new solution to address such a concern by integrating blockchain technology into IoT systems. The aim is to develop a strong framework that takes advantage of the decentralized and secure character of blockchain and the wall-to-wall connectivity offered by the IoT. This integration is intended to address important needs such as data integrity, The integration aims to tackle crucial issues like data integrity, privacy, and unauthorized access. With the connectivity and sensing capabilities of the IoT, along with the blockchain technology of decentralized consensus and immutable ledgers, businesses are able to develop secure systems to retrieve, transfer, and store such data. In the experiments conducted on the Ethereum blockchain platform, it has been found that the blockchain and IoT technology solution not only secures data but also facilitates information management. The experiment results demonstrate that the proposed solution is able to protect against tampering, increase the transparency of transactions, and to minimize the chances of unauthorized access. The framework is scalable and highly adaptable, and it is therefore a promising solution for various applications. This framework employs an innovative approach to ensure secure and efficient data management.

In these years, Blockchain technology is growing in importance thanks to cryptocurrencies. This technology offers many features such as the immutability of data stored in the data chain, the replicability of data in nodes, the management without a central repository, etc. These features are widely adopted also in other fields such as in distributed measurement systems. Although the Blockchain technology is widespread worldwide, there is still a legislative gap in the adoption of this technology in various states. This paper will examine the challenge and future trends on distributed measurement systems based on Blockchain technology in the European context. In particular, critical aspects of Blockchain technology will be examined under GDPR point of view and in particular in the management of data and privacy. The advantages and disadvantages of using Blockchain technology in applications such as the Internet of Things and smart contracts will be discussed and some aspects of legal metrology in Blockchain networks will be analyzed. At the end, future trends in Blockchain technology applied to distributed measurement systems will be shown.

Blockchain and drone technologies can operate in cooperation with each other. As the number of drones increases, managing them becomes a significant challenge. A swarm of drones, also referred to as swarm drones, must operate reliably and securely. In this study, blockchain technology is utilized through a smart contract to ensure both security and reliability. Swarm drones are deployed for surveillance missions, where each execution corresponds to a single mission. These missions are represented using a simple model. A smart contract maintains the essential mission data in the model. The mission is divided into smaller tasks. Until all the tasks are completed, they are executed by drones in parallel. The smart contract, implemented on the Ethereum platform, securely exchanges information with the drones. The proposed model functions dynamically. It reorganizes when drones leave or new drones join the system. Because blockchain platforms have limited resources, particularly in memory and the number of permissible execution operations, optimizations are applied to both the smart contract and drone programs to accommodate these constraints within the surveillance framework. The proposed surveillance model is implemented and simulated to analyze its dynamic behavior.

SummaryThe block chain is the emerging domain that offers the features like shared, immutable, and decentralized dataset that saves the asset's history. Security and storage are the most challenging aspect. The classical techniques' issues and challenges are an encouragement for developing a fresh block chain‐assisted IPFS model with access control policies. Hence, this research paper introduces an effective access control and authentication based on an interplanetary file system (IPFS)‐based block chain and access control system for attaining secured transactions. The developed method comprises five entities, that is smart contract, data owner, data requester, block chain and IPFS along with eight phases, to be exact setup, user registration, initialization, storage and data encryption, authentication, testing, access control, and decryption phase, to provide better access control and storage capacity. The proposed IPFS‐based block chain and access control system offered effective storage and secure transactions in the block chain network. The highest detection rate (0.870), lowest communication overhead (0.766 MB), and highest privacy rate (0.719) are all achieved by the proposed IPFS‐based block chain and access control system.

The Blockchain concept, promising breakthrough innovations has captured interest in the business world and also among potential investors and consumers. Block chain technology can be used for various purposes in the finance industry, public sector, smart contracts and internet of things, shared economy and financial transformation. However, from the individual consumer side, it is mainly linked to the cryptocurrency. Cryptocurrency is seen as a subset of alternative currencies from a general perspective and as a subset of digital currencies in a narrow sense. According to Gartner Hype Cycle for Emerging Technologies 2017, block chain technology is in the peak of inflated expectations stage. There are 5–10 years for maturity and widespread usage. Many consulting firms share the same insight, stating that block chain technology will be a main technological platform by 2025. Blockchain technology is a relatively new area of study mainly analyzed by engineering and finance scholars. There are very few academic studies including the consumers’ standpoint. Analyzing a new business idea or a technological novelty without considering the consumer side will be ungrounded.

Selective blockchain system for secure and efficient D2D communication

This chapter investigates the potential for block chain and artificial intelligence (AI) to work together to revolutionise agriculture. Block chain’s decentralised ledger and AI's data-driven decision-making provide disruptive answers to the agriculture sector's multiple concerns, such as climate change and market access. Initially, the chapter presents a complete introduction of block chain and AI technologies, highlighting their distinguishing characteristics and agricultural applications. Block chain enables traceability, supply chain management, and decentralised marketplaces, complimenting artificial intelligence's precision farming, crop monitoring, and decision support systems. In terms of their separate responsibilities, block chain helps with traceability, quality assurance, decentralised marketplaces, and climate resilience, whereas AI helps with precision farming, yield prediction, and animal health monitoring. The intersection of block chain and AI opens significant possibilities for data integrity, safe sharing, smart contracts, and transparent supply chains. This integration enables crop management predictive analytics, autonomous farming machinery, and climate-resilient techniques. However, barriers to seamless integration include data quality, connection, acceptance, scalability, energy usage, and regulatory compliance. To overcome these obstacles, stakeholders must work together to provide fair access and knowledge of new technologies. In conclusion, the chapter depicts a positive future in which block chain and AI drive a more robust, transparent, and productive agriculture industry. It emphasises the importance of social activity and technical understanding in order to fully realise the promise of these advances.