An Optimized Intelligent Computational Security Model for Interconnected Blockchain-IoT System & Cities

Recent emerging technologies are being utilized for the quench of connectivity in real time scenarios. A push is coming to make the information available to humans from the real-time environmental data collected through small sensing devices. Wireless ad-hoc network is a base architecture for Internet of Things (IoT), Unmanned Arial Vehicle (UAV) and drones etc. In this series, IoDTIoDT (Internet of Drone Things) came as the future of drones backend via the Internet of Things, smart vision, cloud computing, enhanced communication, big data, and advanced security approaches. Rapid growth in sensing devices connected to the Internet with intelligence and capabilities also opens the door for attackers because more devices are connected means more chances of security vulnerabilities. Since data authentication is handled only by the central station, which may lead to the chances of device spoofing and false authentication brings less reliability after all. Blockchain (BC) technology is introduced to address such security concerns by eliminating the role of central authority. Blockchain Technology gives decentralized and non-tamperable solutions for the most demanding security service i.e. Authentication. This paper starts with unique characteristics and security challenges in such IOT environment and further covers the authentication process by blockchain with its potential benefits. The multilayer ecosystem is illustrated to fulfill the requirement of the UAV IoT environment, where multiple devices are equally working in a cooperative manner to perform an authorized action. The paper presented a complete study about the integration of blockchain in IoT enabled UAV.

Synchronization capability of two identical chaotic systems can be used for constructing the secure communication systems where the chaotic signal is used as the information carrier. In this paper, a secure communication system is designed by using the bi-directionally synchronized identical Chua’s circuits in LC parallel coupling. LC parallel circuit is used as the new coupling element instead of using a single resistor or capacitor or inductor as the coupling element. This makes the complete synchronization of Chua’s circuits possible for many different sets of coupling inductance and capacitance values so that the flexibility of constructing the secure communication systems is realized. Both the synchronized Chua’s circuits in LC parallel coupling and the corresponding secure communication system are constructed by using the LTspice software. The simulation results show that the secure communication system proposed in the present paper is very efficient for the message transmission for different pairs of coupling inductance and coupling capacitance values where the complete synchronization of Chua’s circuits is observed occur. The two essential properties of an ideal secure communication system - perfect message masking and recovery are observed when compared to other secure communication systems already proposed and constructed previously. So, the simulation results of the present study can be used for practically constructing the efficient communication systems in future.

The growing number of Internet of Things (IoT) objects and the operational and security challenges in IoT systems are encouraging researchers to design suitable IoT architecture. Enormous data generated in the IoT environment face several kinds of security and privacy challenges. IoT system generally suffers from several issues like data storage, safety, privacy, integrity, transparency, trust, and single point of failure. IoT environment is emerging with several solutions to resolve these problems. The main objective of this paper is to design a cloud-blockchain-based secure IoT architecture that provides advanced and efficient storage and security solutions to IoT ecosystem. Blockchain technology appears to be a decent choice to resolve such kinds of problems. Blockchain technology uses a hash-based cryptographic technique for information security and integrity. Cloud computing provides advanced storage solutions with several remote services to store, compute and analyze the data. The proposed IoT architecture is based on the integration of cloud and blockchain services, which aim to provide transparent, decentralized, and trustworthy and secure storage solutions. In addition to the standard layers (perception layer, network layer, processing layer, and application layer) the proposed IoT architecture in the present paper includes a service layer, a security layer, and a parallel management and control layer, which focus on the security and management of the entire IoT infrastructure.

Transform-domain and DSP based secure speech communication system

The block chain is a cutting-edge technology that reduces risks by allowing vital tasks to be decentralized procedure, while retaining a high level of security. It eliminates the dependable intermediaries from the network. The block chain technology, which records all previous transactions, these accessible to all network nodes. The goal of our paper is to create a block chain-based secure communication system. We also explain about why block chain would improve communication security? It also proposes a model design for block chain-based messaging that focuses on training the performance. Security of data recorded on the block chain, using a smart contract to identities and their associated public keys, as well as validating the user’s certificate.

Internet of Things (IoT) adalah sejumlah perangkat yang dapat mengumpulkan dan mengirimkan data antar sensor tanpa perlu bantuan manusia. Namun, keamanan IoT dapat terancam karena sifatnya yang dapat diakses dari mana saja dan kapan saja. Celah keamanan memiliki kemungkinan sukar untuk dideteksi, karena memiliki pola yang beragam. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan sebuah model keamanan pengiriman data antar sensor yang aman. Blockchain adalah teknologi yang dapat menjawab tiga syarat keamanan yang diperlukan, yaitu ketersediaan, kerahasiaan, dan integritas. Dalam penelitian ini, kami mencoba membangun sebuah simulasi keamanan IoT dengan menggunakan teknologi blockchain, dimana sistem keamanannya menggunakan pola public blockchain. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah model public blockchain yang memungkinkan para pengguna untuk mengendalikan aplikasi yang terhubung pada pin emulator melalui smart contract. Penelitian ini menggunakan jejaring Ethereum yang termasuk dalam jaringan pengujian yang dapat digunakan tanpa adanya biaya transaksi yang perlu dibayar. Dengan adanya penelitian ini, diharapkan dapat memberikan solusi pada permasalahan keamanan dan tantangan yang dihadapi dalam jaringan IoT. Abstract The Internet of Things (IoT) is a collection of devices that can collect and transmit data between sensors without the need for human assistance. However, IoT security can be threatened due to its accessibility from anywhere and at any time. Security vulnerabilities may be difficult to detect due to their diverse patterns. Therefore, a secure data transmission security model between sensors is needed. Blockchain is a technology that can meet the three security requirements needed, namely availability, confidentiality, and integrity. In this study, we attempt to build a security simulation of IoT using blockchain technology, where the security system uses a public blockchain pattern. The method used in this study is a public blockchain model that allows users to control applications connected to the pin emulator via smart contracts. This research uses the Ethereum network, which is included in the testing network that can be used without transaction fees. With this research, it is hoped that solutions can be provided for the security issues and challenges faced in IoT networks.

Blockchain (BC) in the Internet of Things (IoT) is a novel technology that acts with decentralized, distributed, public and real-time ledger to store transactions among IoT nodes. A blockchain is a series of blocks, each block is linked to its previous blocks. Every block has the cryptographic hash code, previous block hash, and its data. The transactions in BC are the basic units that are used to transfer data between IoT nodes. The IoT nodes are different kind of physical but smart devices with embedded sensors, actuators, programs and able to communicate with other IoT nodes. The role of BC in IoT is to provide a procedure to process secured records of data through IoT nodes. BC is a secured technology that can be used publicly and openly. IoT requires this kind of technology to allow secure communication among IoT nodes in heterogeneous environment. The transactions in BC could be traced and explored through anyone who are authenticated to communicate within the IoT. The BC in IoT may help to improve the communication security. In this paper, I explored this approach, its opportunities and challenges.

With rapid advancements in the technology, almost all the devices around are becoming smart and contribute to the Internet of Things (IoT) network. When a new IoT device is added to the network, it is important to verify the authenticity of the device before allowing it to communicate with the network. Hence, access control is a crucial security mechanism that allows only the authenticated node to become the part of the network. An access control mechanism also supports confidentiality, by establishing a session key that accomplishes secure communications in open public channels. Recently, blockchain has been implemented in access control protocols to provide a better security mechanism. The foundation of this survey article is laid on IoT, where a detailed description on IoT, its architecture and applications is provided. Further, various security challenges and issues, security attacks possible in IoT and their countermeasures are also provided. We emphasize on the blockchain technology and its evolution in IoT. A detailed description on existing consensus mechanisms and how blockchain can be used to overpower IoT vulnerabilities is highlighted. Moreover, we provide a comprehensive description on access control protocols. The protocols are classified into certificate-based, certificate-less and blockchain-based access control mechanisms for better understanding. We then elaborate on each use case like smart home, smart grid, health care and smart agriculture while describing access control mechanisms. The detailed description not only explains the implementation of the access mechanism, but also gives a wider vision on IoT applications. Next, a rigorous comparative analysis is performed to showcase the efficiency of all protocols in terms of computation and communication costs. Finally, we discuss open research issues and challenges in a blockchain-envisioned IoT network.

Internet of Things (IoT) security is a fundamental challenge for the enterprises working behind the buildup of the IoT, and it is related applications. In today’s ara, with IoT, another buzzword is a blockchain-based cryptocurrency and other blockchain applications. Blockchain technology has proven itself one of the most secure existing technology in trust and privacy. This paper discusses IoT and blockchain technology fundamentals, followed by a discussion regarding numerous consensus models. We also discuss mathematical foundations used by blockchain technology, and it is followed by the proposed privacy-preserving technique for IoT devices with better device identity management using blockchain technology. This paper presents a novel solution for privacy preservation and identity allocation using secure identity management through public key-based cryptography-based blockchain. Though we consider smart home management and smart health management’s ecosystem for applicability discussion of the proposed scheme, the proposed system can be applied to any IoT application for better privacy preservation. Finally, we conclude with the discussion regarding the futuristic scope of the proposed system.//

Background Direct electronic communication between patients and physicians has the potential to empower patients and improve health care services. Communication by regular email is, however, considered a security threat in many countries and is not recommended. Systems which offer secure communication have now emerged. Unlike regular email, secure systems require that users authenticate themselves. However, the authentication steps per se may become barriers that reduce use.Objectives The objective was to study the experiences of patients who were using a secure electronic communication system. The focus of the study was the users' privacy versus the usability of the system.Methods Qualitative interviews were conducted with 15 patients who used a secure communication system (MedAxess) to exchange personal health information with their primary care physician.Results Six main themes were identified from the interviews: (1) supporting simple questions, (2) security issues, (3) aspects of written communication, (4) trust in the physician, (5) simplicity of MedAxess, and (6) trouble using the system. By using the system, about half of the patients (8/15) experienced easier access to their physician, with whom they tended to solve minor health problems and elaborate on more complex illness experiences. Two thirds of the respondents (10/15) found that their physician quickly responded to their MedAxess requests. As a result of the security barriers, the users felt that the system was secure. However, due to the same barriers, the patients considered the log-in procedure cumbersome, which had considerable negative impact on the actual use of the system.Conclusions Despite a perceived need for secure electronic patient-physician communication systems, security barriers may diminish their overall usefulness. A dual approach is necessary to improve this situation: patients need to be better informed about security issues, and, at the same time, their experiences of using secure systems must be studied and used to improve user interfaces.

While the large-scale Internet of Things (IoT) makes many new applications feasible, like Smart Cities, it also brings new concerns on data reliability, security, and privacy. The rapid evolution in blockchain technologies, which relied on a decentralized, immutable, and distributed ledger system for transaction data auditing, provides a prospective solution to address many issues for IoT security. The blockchain and smart contract enabled security mechanism for IoT applications have attracted increasing interests from both academia and industry. However, integrating cryptocurrency-oriented blockchain technologies into IoT systems meets tremendous challenges on scalability, storage capacity, security, and privacy. Particularly, the performance of blockchain networks significantly relies on the performance of consensus mechanisms, e.g., in terms of data confidentiality, transaction throughput, and network scalability. In this chapter, following an in-depth review of state-of-the-art blockchain networks, the key matrix of designing consensus mechanism for IoT networks are identified in terms of throughput, scalability, and security. To demonstrate a case study on designing scalable, lightweight blockchain protocols for IoT systems; a Microchain framework is introduced and a proof-of-concept prototype is implemented in a physical network environment. The experimental results verify the feasibility of integrating the Microchain into IoT systems.

Traditionally, blockchain technologies focus on data security and privacy issues in different business domains of smart cities. However, we believe that blockchain technologies can be beneficial for data and resource management in largescale internet of things (IoT) networks of smart cities. Blockchain technologies and their related consensus algorithms and miners may apply through multilevel information communication technology (ICT) architecture in large-scale IoT networks of smart cities to organize the city-data and ICT resources. This position paper addresses an initial idea about the contribution of different smart cities and ICT concepts, including “blockchain technologies,” “distributed-to-centralized ICT architecture (D2C-ICT),” “distributed-to-centralized data management (D2CDM),” and “smart university.” We first present our D2C-ICT architecture in the smart university context using different distributed and centralized technologies, including cloudlet and cloud technologies. Finally, we show that the facilities of blockchain technologies for data and resource management through D2C-ICT architecture in large-scale IoT networks of smart cities.

Solar power systems in homes have become the need of the hour due to the crisis of fossil fuels. Also, it is a useful way of rural electrification and cutting down on running electricity costs. This paper discusses a 26-kW solar power system for powering homes along with IoT-based monitoring. The proposed system is expected to be low in cost and highly efficient. The system can also be used as a battery backup without solar power. The emergence of Blockchain technology is poised to revolutionize the sharing of information by providing a means of building trust in decentralized settings without the reliance on intermediaries. This technological breakthrough has the potential to transform several industries, including the internet of things (IoT). In addition to Blockchain, IoT has also been able to address some of its limitations by utilizing innovative technologies like big data and cloud computing. For security, Blockchain as a decentralized application will be used. Each block typically contains the transaction data, and power consumption data which can’t be tampered with even if changing all subsequent blocks, which is expensive to do so.

The meaning of security is to protect something important from not authorized peoples. Cryptography is one of the security systems. Many applications could be used in the security systems like military applications, email, banking, information technology of database. The proposed system uses advanced encryption standard(AES) with secure hash algorithms(SHA-1) to produce a strong ciphertext. Moreover, this paper make the combination of (SHA-1) which is a one way encryption, as a key with (AES) algorithm which is a two way encryption as a ciphering generator to obtain confidentiality and integrity, In this paper presented implementation of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and Secure Hash (SHA-1) Algorithm by the use of FPGA Hardware card, However implementation of the AES algorithm and SHA-1 using LABVIEW environment with MATLAB system generator to generate stream data to FPGA hardware target. The output of the hash function is used as an input key for AES in order to improve data security, From the algorithms result of AES and SHA-1 obtained in FPGA, the system obtained how it is simple in modeling hashing and AES algorithms, generating hash codes and plain texts in (small and capital letters), symbols and numbers. The FPGA card used in this system (Spartan 3AN)with frequency (50%), the complete system take (1,147)size from the available space of (11,776) and accuracy (90%),the system work properly.

The Internet of Things (IoT) continues to attract attention in the context of computational resource growth. Various disciplines and fields have begun to employ IoT integration technologies in order to enable smart applications. The main difficulty in supporting industrial development in this scenario involves potential risk or malicious activities occurring in the network. However, there are tensions that are difficult to overcome at this stage in the development of IoT technology. In this situation, the future of security architecture development will involve enabling automatic and smart protection systems. Due to the vulnerability of current IoT devices, it is insufficient to ensure system security by implementing only traditional security tools such as encryption and access control. Deep learning and blockchain technology has now become crucial, as it provides distinct and secure approaches to IoT network security. The aim of this survey paper is to elaborate on the application of deep learning and blockchain technology in the IoT to ensure secure utility. We first provide an introduction to the IoT, deep learning, and blockchain technology, as well as a discussion of their respective security features. We then outline the main obstacles and problems of trusted IoT and how blockchain and deep learning may be able to help. Next, we present the future challenges in integrating deep learning and blockchain technology into the IoT. Finally, as a demonstration of the value of blockchain in establishing trust, we provide a comparison between conventional trust management methods and those based on blockchain.