IoT privacy preservation using blockchain

The Internet of Things (IoT) technology will soon become an integral part of our daily lives to facilitate the control and monitoring of processes and objects and revolutionize the ways that human interact with the physical world. For all features of IoT to become fully functional in practice, there are several obstacles on the way to be surmounted and critical challenges to be addressed. These include, but are not limited to cybersecurity, data privacy, energy consumption and scalability. The Blockchain decentralized nature and its multi-faceted procedures offers a useful mechanism to tackle several of these IoT challenges. However, applying the Blockchain protocols to IoT without considering their tremendous computational loads, delays, and bandwidth overhead can let to a new set of problems. This review evaluates some of the main challenges we face in the integration of Blockchain and IoT technologies and provides insights and high level solutions that can potentially handle the shortcomings and constraints of both IoT and Blockchain technologies.

With the continuous increase in the applications of blockchain, the research and academic circles are constantly exploring and providing guidelines for the use of blockchain in new directions. The use of this technology has given new dimension in the Internet of Things (IoT) systems. In this chapter, the authors are providing an outline and structure of blockchain and its various applications in IoT. Blockchain technology helps in building trustless and efficient secure environment in IoT. Therefore, the authors think it is necessary to aim the basic shape of this technology and explain its use and applications in IoT in a concise and comprehensive way. This chapter starts with introduction of blockchain and IoT supported by its working in various applications of IoT. The authors believe that this chapter will provide a basic idea to users in understanding blockchain technology in IoT applications.KeywordsBlockchainBitcoinIoTOrder integrityOwnershipTransaction

The Internet of Things (IoT) continues to attract attention in the context of computational resource growth. Various disciplines and fields have begun to employ IoT integration technologies in order to enable smart applications. The main difficulty in supporting industrial development in this scenario involves potential risk or malicious activities occurring in the network. However, there are tensions that are difficult to overcome at this stage in the development of IoT technology. In this situation, the future of security architecture development will involve enabling automatic and smart protection systems. Due to the vulnerability of current IoT devices, it is insufficient to ensure system security by implementing only traditional security tools such as encryption and access control. Deep learning and blockchain technology has now become crucial, as it provides distinct and secure approaches to IoT network security. The aim of this survey paper is to elaborate on the application of deep learning and blockchain technology in the IoT to ensure secure utility. We first provide an introduction to the IoT, deep learning, and blockchain technology, as well as a discussion of their respective security features. We then outline the main obstacles and problems of trusted IoT and how blockchain and deep learning may be able to help. Next, we present the future challenges in integrating deep learning and blockchain technology into the IoT. Finally, as a demonstration of the value of blockchain in establishing trust, we provide a comparison between conventional trust management methods and those based on blockchain.

One of the modern trends in the development of information and communication technologies that have evolved into the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm is the progressive idea of using blockchain technology in IoT. This trend is described in a large number of modern literature sources, which point out the significant advantages of using blockchain, primarily related to decentralization, immutability, transparency and security. This allows us to conclude that the implementation of blockchain technology in IoT information and communication systems is highly relevant. However, the authors of different studies describe significant problems, including the problem of scalability of the blockchain itself, as well as the problems of energy efficiency and limited resources in IoT devices. Due to these problems, the implementation of blockchain technology in the Internet of Things is becoming a challenge and determines the relevance and feasibility of researching this topic and finding effective solutions related to the integration of two very powerful technologies in modern information and communication systems. The article presents an analytical overview of the issues of integrating blockchain technology into IoT, in particular, the use of the Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus algorithm in IoT and the use of alternative blockchain protocols, including IOTA, Ethereum Light Client and Litecoin, which allow increasing the efficiency of performing tasks in IoT infrastructure, taking into account the limited resources of devices; existing problems and implementation methods, such as the use of light clients and proxy servers. The article also considers the feasibility of using a full blockchain node on IoT devices and ways to increase system efficiency by pre-processing data before sending it to the blockchain network. The article also highlights the problem of insufficient implementation of blockchain technology in various spheres of human life, as well as the search for the reasons for this problem. The results of the analytical review make it possible to substantiate the purpose and advantages of integrating blockchain technology into the Internet of Things, as well as to summarize the main issues and substantiate a number of tasks for relevant and progressive scientific research in the field of modern information and communication systems.

In some liberal democracies, governments allow people to legally own guns to protect their lives and property. However, gun crime has been increasing in recent years. Taking the United States, for example, a report pointed out that Americans are 10 times more likely to be shot than citizens of other countries. Murder using guns in the United States is 25 times more than that in the other 22 high-income countries. Most of these guns came from other cities. These illegally circulating guns are directly linked to deadly street violence. This means that effective firearm management can reduce deadly violence. In the past few years, Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) technology was often used to track the supply chain. However, in the traditional supply chain, only the participants of the supply chain can query information. Furthermore, only the participants can verify the correctness of the data. This result causes information to be not transparent. On the other hand, blockchain technology, with a unique combination of features such as distributed notes, decentralized structure, consensus algorithm, storage mechanism, asymmetric encryption, and smart contract, ensures network visibility, transparency, and security. Therefore, we combine blockchain and RFID technology to propose a traceable firearm management system based on blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The proposed method achieves several goals. First of all, the characteristic data through the blockchain can be publicly verified and the information will not be modified. The traceability of the data and the application of RFID can effectively manage the production chain. In addition, we used Burrows–Abadi–Needham logic (BAN logic) logic to prove mutual authentication, and the nonrepudiation and integrity method can also be achieved in our proposed scheme.

The Blockchain technology provides a way to record transactions or any digital interaction that is designed to be secure, tamper-proof, transparent, highly resistant to outages, traceable and auditable. The Internet of Things (IoT) technology is able to link computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and provides the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction. These features encourage us to explore the combined application of IoT and Blockchain-based technology. In this paper, we propose a system architecture of blockchain and IoT based intellectual property protection system, which can process three types of intellectual property: 1) Patents, Copyrights, Trademarks etc.; 2) Industrial design, Trade dress, Craft works, Trade secrets etc.; and 3) Plant variety rights, Geographical indications etc. Using blockchain P2P network and IoT devices, the system can help us to establish a trusted, self-organized, open and ecological intellectual property protection system. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that applying blockchain technology and IoT technology on traditional intellectual property protection and trade ecosystem.

The convergence of Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies is catalysing a paradigm shift in the field of pharmacovigilance. This article provides an overview of the application of IoT and blockchain in pharmacovigilance, highlighting their transformative potential in enhancing patient safety and drug efficacy monitoring. IoT devices enable real-time data collection, enabling prompt identification of adverse events, while blockchain ensures data integrity and security. Together, they create a robust ecosystem for pharmacovigilance, allowing for transparent reporting, streamlined adverse event management, and proactive measures to safeguard public health. This paper explores key use cases, benefits, challenges, and prospects of this innovative approach, emphasizing its pivotal role in shaping the future of drug safety and regulatory compliance in the pharmaceutical industry.

Approaches to Adopt Blockchain Technology for Internet of Things

Recent emerging technologies are being utilized for the quench of connectivity in real time scenarios. A push is coming to make the information available to humans from the real-time environmental data collected through small sensing devices. Wireless ad-hoc network is a base architecture for Internet of Things (IoT), Unmanned Arial Vehicle (UAV) and drones etc. In this series, IoDTIoDT (Internet of Drone Things) came as the future of drones backend via the Internet of Things, smart vision, cloud computing, enhanced communication, big data, and advanced security approaches. Rapid growth in sensing devices connected to the Internet with intelligence and capabilities also opens the door for attackers because more devices are connected means more chances of security vulnerabilities. Since data authentication is handled only by the central station, which may lead to the chances of device spoofing and false authentication brings less reliability after all. Blockchain (BC) technology is introduced to address such security concerns by eliminating the role of central authority. Blockchain Technology gives decentralized and non-tamperable solutions for the most demanding security service i.e. Authentication. This paper starts with unique characteristics and security challenges in such IOT environment and further covers the authentication process by blockchain with its potential benefits. The multilayer ecosystem is illustrated to fulfill the requirement of the UAV IoT environment, where multiple devices are equally working in a cooperative manner to perform an authorized action. The paper presented a complete study about the integration of blockchain in IoT enabled UAV.

New technologies like blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT) are constantly improving the state-of-the-art in healthcare services. The trend of keeping medical records in digital formats is also increasing the reliance of modern healthcare service providers on these new technologies. This edited book brings a collection of reviews on blockchain and IoT technologies that are driving innovation in digital and smart healthcare systems. The editors bring an academic and practical approach to assist professionals and readers in understanding computerized healthcare solutions. 16 referenced chapters provide knowledge about fundamental framework, research insights, and empirical evidence for effective smart healthcare applications. The chapters also cover benefits and challenges of specific smart health frameworks, giving an informative overview of the subject. Key themes of the book include: 1. Technological Foundations for Smart Healthcare 2. Blockchain Applications in Healthcare 3. Internet of Things (IoT) in Healthcare 4. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Integration 5. Security, Privacy, and Authentication 6. Medical Imaging and Deep Learning 7. Telemedicine The content in the book is designed to help administrators and healthcare professionals to understand the basics of blockchain tech and IoT in smart healthcare systems and strengthen the competitive advantage of their clinics.

The Internet of Things (IoT) has altered the world in the last few years due to its capacity to impact almost every part of life. However, IoT raises concerns about data security and privacy because it collects data from devices via the cloud, increasing its vulnerability to hacking. IoT security is a serious issue that has delayed its widespread adoption. Several security and privacy solutions have been proposed for IoT contexts that meet prevalent security criteria such as authentication, integrity, and secrecy. However, due to resource restrictions and heterogeneous IoT devices, present solutions are unable to address the security requirements of the approaching large-scale IoT paradigm. Blockchain, well known for bitcoin and Ethereum, provides an intriguing approach for IoT security. The IoT and blockchain technologies may be combined and significant improvements in distributed systems have been made as a result of the widespread use of IoT technology. A novel framework with a unique design was proposed to improve security in bitcoin transaction by combining blockchain and SHA-256 hash algorithm. Additionally, the performance of proposed framework is compared with the state-of-the-art algorithms like MD5 and SHA1 in term of encryption time, power consumption, latency, speed and security. It is observed that the proposed framework takes 12 ms lesser latency than MD5 and consumes 2.7Wh lesser power consumption than SHA1 and provides better security than both the techniques.

With the rapid growth of digital data and inter-connected devices, the integration of blockchain and Internet of Things technology offers a promising chance to revolutionize data management approaches. With today's global connectivity, the management and securing of ever-increasing amounts the amount of data produced by Internet of Things (IoT) devices is becoming an increasing concern. This study investigates a new solution to address such a concern by integrating blockchain technology into IoT systems. The aim is to develop a strong framework that takes advantage of the decentralized and secure character of blockchain and the wall-to-wall connectivity offered by the IoT. This integration is intended to address important needs such as data integrity, The integration aims to tackle crucial issues like data integrity, privacy, and unauthorized access. With the connectivity and sensing capabilities of the IoT, along with the blockchain technology of decentralized consensus and immutable ledgers, businesses are able to develop secure systems to retrieve, transfer, and store such data. In the experiments conducted on the Ethereum blockchain platform, it has been found that the blockchain and IoT technology solution not only secures data but also facilitates information management. The experiment results demonstrate that the proposed solution is able to protect against tampering, increase the transparency of transactions, and to minimize the chances of unauthorized access. The framework is scalable and highly adaptable, and it is therefore a promising solution for various applications. This framework employs an innovative approach to ensure secure and efficient data management.

A Service Level Agreement (SLA) establishes the trustworthiness of service providers and consumers in several domains; including the Internet of Things (IoT). Given the proliferation of Blockchain technology, we find it compelling to reconsider the assumption of trust and centralised governance typically practised in SLA management including monitoring, compliance assessment, and penalty enforcement. Therefore, we argue that, such critical tasks should be operated by blockchain-based smart contracts in a non-repudiable manner beyond the influence of any SLA party. This paper envisions an IoT scenario wherein a firefighting station outsources end-to-end IoT operations to a specialised service provider. The contractual relationship between them is governed by an SLA which stipulates a set of quality requirements and violation consequences. The main contribution of this paper lies in designing, deploying and empirically experimenting a novel blockchain-based SLA monitoring and compliance assessment framework in the context of IoT. This is done by utilising Hyperledger Fabric (HLF), an enterprise-grade blockchain technology. Our work highlights a set of considerations and best practice at two sides, the IoT application monitoring-side and the blockchain-side. Moreover, it experimentally validates the reliability of the proposed monitoring approach, which collects relevant metrics from each IoT component and examines them against the quality requirements stated in the SLA. Finally, we propose a novel design for smart contracts at the blockchain-side, analyse and benchmark the performance, and demonstrate that the new design proves to successfully handle Multiversion Concurrency Control (MVCC) conflicts typically encountered in blockchain applications, while maintaining sound throughput and latency.

Bitcoin and Ethereum's low transaction per second (TPS) rate has prohibited the adoption of Blockchain in areas such as Internet of Things (IoT) and Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). Despite these constraints, there is considerable research in this area, outlining the benefits of employing Blockchain in IoT applications. Such benefits relate to ensuring that the applications and their data are secure, and integrity is maintained. However, the relatively low TPS rate is still an impediment for the widespread adoption of Blockchain in IoT. This research seeks to explore whether Solana, a new Blockchain technology designed to have a high TPS rate, can overcome this challenge. Can the Solana Blockchain achieve a TPS rate higher than that achieved in other works in the literature? Can a sufficient rate be achieved that could help Blockchain technologies become an enabler in the IoT industry? These are the questions that this research aims to answer. Our experiments conducted on an application coded in Rust on Solana Blockchain demonstrated that it can successfully achieve a 663 TPS rate. Consequently, we conclude that Solana, by overcoming the aforementioned TPS rate issue, could advance the further adoption of Blockchain in IoT context.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a concept that is transforming our everyday life. Because of its capacity to change people's lives, it has become a vital element of our lives. IoT devices are being used by an increasing number of businesses because they provide new opportunities for wearable devices, home appliances, and healthcare. With all of these possibilities, the risks associated with IoT security are increasing. One of the most challenging aspects of any IoT application is device identification. Things in the IoT share and process data without the need for human interaction. As a result of their total authority, these entities must authenticate and recognize one another effectively. Failure to legitimately authenticating the IoT devices can make them vulnerable to a number of assaults such as DDoS and replay attacks. It is nearly hard to develop an effective authentication system due to the size and other characteristics of IoT. Although a lot of work has been done on this issue, the majority of these solutions rely on a centralized system. These centralized systems are segregated and incompatible with one another, making information exchange between them impossible. In addition, once a centralized authority is attacked, the user's privacy can be exposed easily. Proof of security, decentralization, and anonymity characteristics of blockchain can help address these issues. With blockchain technology applied to IoT systems, obstacles to IoT architecture development and security can be overcome. This paper, therefore, focuses on covering current advancements made in the application of blockchain for authentication in IoT. There is a lack of survey papers on the use of blockchain for authentication in IoT this paper will serve as an aide. This paper will also add to the knowledge of researchers who are interested in IoT security.