Can Solana's high throughput be an enabler for IoT?

Internet of Things (IoT) has gripped domains with this ubiquitous connectivity, in-themoment data collection, and autonomous decision-making. But rising numbers of heterogeneous, extremely constrained IoT devices pose serious concerns regarding data privacy, security, and trust management, drawing great attention into these areas in the academic field and on all sides. Thus, blockchain technology came into the limelight for strengthening security and privacy in IoT systems in a decentralized manner, giving the system immutability, transparency, and distributed trust. This study proposes a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of blockchain-based approaches that aim to enhance the IoT applications' privacy and security, focusing chiefly on healthcare, supply chains, and smart cities. The review uses a structured methodology to find, select, evaluate, and synthesize relevant peer-reviewed studies published between 2018 and 2025 taken from major scientific databases such as IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and Scopus. Articles were also examined to narrow the scope of study and set the subject. The selected studies are analyzed and classified based on their security goals (e.g., confidentiality, integrity, authentication), privacy-preserving techniques (e.g., anonymization, differential privacy, zero-knowledge proofs), blockchain configurations (e.g., public, private, consortium), and consensus mechanisms. The findings reveal a growing body of research applying blockchain to a wide range of IoT domains, addressing diverse application domains such as healthcare, smart homes, industrial IoT, and agriculture, and demonstrating its potential to enhance data integrity, access control, and authentication. However, the integration of blockchain in IoT also faces challenges such as scalability, latency, and resource overhead, especially in real-time and constrained environments. This review offers a comprehensive synthesis of the state-of-the-art, identifies current limitations and research gaps, and proposes future research directions for building secure, efficient, privacy-aware, and scalable blockchain-enabled IoT systems.

BlockIoTIntelligence: A Blockchain-enabled Intelligent IoT Architecture with Artificial Intelligence

Internet of things (IoT) is ready to change human life and release tremendous financial benefits. It may be that lack of information security and the belief of the current IoT are actually restricting its selection. Blockchain changes in an appropriated and secure record holds reliable records of information in various areas and possibly resolves information security concerns in the IoT system. This chapter presents a thorough review on the existing blockchain progress with an accent on IoT applications. The authors first give an overview of blockchain architecture including blockchain technologies and key characteristics of blockchain. The authors then discuss the blockchain for the internet of things including blockchain for IoT: technologies. Furthermore, they list some challenges and problems that will hinder blockchain development and summarize some existing approaches for solving these problems. Some possible future directions are also discussed. Future research bearings are ordered for a viable mix of blockchains in the IoT system.

Blockchain (BC) in the Internet of Things (IoT) is a novel technology that acts with decentralized, distributed, public and real-time ledger to store transactions among IoT nodes. A blockchain is a series of blocks, each block is linked to its previous blocks. Every block has the cryptographic hash code, previous block hash, and its data. The transactions in BC are the basic units that are used to transfer data between IoT nodes. The IoT nodes are different kind of physical but smart devices with embedded sensors, actuators, programs and able to communicate with other IoT nodes. The role of BC in IoT is to provide a procedure to process secured records of data through IoT nodes. BC is a secured technology that can be used publicly and openly. IoT requires this kind of technology to allow secure communication among IoT nodes in heterogeneous environment. The transactions in BC could be traced and explored through anyone who are authenticated to communicate within the IoT. The BC in IoT may help to improve the communication security. In this paper, I explored this approach, its opportunities and challenges.

The rise of our smart life, along with the popularity of smart devices, has made the Internet of Things (IoT) a prevalent research topic in recent years. Even though it increases the intelligence level of society to a very great extent, it still has many flaws, especially when it comes to the security domain. The birth of blockchain has brought a new evolution for IoT. The decentralized and traceable feature of blockchain is entirely in sync with the need for the decentralized IoT devices in the future. Currently, there are many applications of blockchain that include but not limited to, smart homes, smart cities, banking, insurance, and financial services. However, there are still many challenges regarding the use of blockchain in IoT, as many things require to be proved and realized. Therefore, the paper is going to research the challenges of blockchain in IoT to find out about its causes and the cures. The changes in the identity of IoT during its lifetime is also covered and how to supervise the governance of data and privacy in a smart device. Data protection law is also taken into consideration when it comes to legal and compliance issues. To solve these difficulties, several perspectives are worth considering, like how to optimize the data authentication, ways to secure communication, methods to improve the smart contract, etc. The paper also aims to help the people from the industry to have better clarity and understanding of the scope of using blockchain in IoT.

Recent emerging technologies are being utilized for the quench of connectivity in real time scenarios. A push is coming to make the information available to humans from the real-time environmental data collected through small sensing devices. Wireless ad-hoc network is a base architecture for Internet of Things (IoT), Unmanned Arial Vehicle (UAV) and drones etc. In this series, IoDTIoDT (Internet of Drone Things) came as the future of drones backend via the Internet of Things, smart vision, cloud computing, enhanced communication, big data, and advanced security approaches. Rapid growth in sensing devices connected to the Internet with intelligence and capabilities also opens the door for attackers because more devices are connected means more chances of security vulnerabilities. Since data authentication is handled only by the central station, which may lead to the chances of device spoofing and false authentication brings less reliability after all. Blockchain (BC) technology is introduced to address such security concerns by eliminating the role of central authority. Blockchain Technology gives decentralized and non-tamperable solutions for the most demanding security service i.e. Authentication. This paper starts with unique characteristics and security challenges in such IOT environment and further covers the authentication process by blockchain with its potential benefits. The multilayer ecosystem is illustrated to fulfill the requirement of the UAV IoT environment, where multiple devices are equally working in a cooperative manner to perform an authorized action. The paper presented a complete study about the integration of blockchain in IoT enabled UAV.

Under the background of prosperity of Internet of things (IoT), in order to accelerate the training of talented persons of China for IoT, we propose to design and develop a new course for Chinese students: Essential Technologies, Applications, and Commercial Patterns of Internet of Things. Aiming at three-dimensional target, which has dimensionalities of attitude and thoughts, knowledge and skills, process and methods, the contents of the course include the following parts: system and application architectures, key technologies of IoT, applications of IoT, commercial patterns of IoT, IoT industry and social significance etc. The course highlights the training of abilities of innovation, creativity, comprehensive analysis and practical operations. The construction of teaching resources, such as textbooks, lecture notes, teaching equipments, practice bases, are also emphasized in the process of development of this course.

The quick advancement of Internet of Things (IoT) emphasizes the significance of cryptography and blockchain ensuring the security of sensitive data and connected devices. Blockchain technology and encryption play key roles in ensuring the security of the expansive IoT network. Blockchain offers decentralized trust, immutability, and transparency to IoT networks and transactions, while encryption serves to protect IoT data from unauthorized access. It is a novel approach for integrating cryptography and blockchain into IoT System, cryptography and blockchain stand out as robust technologies that enhance the security of IoT systems. The implementation of an integrated architecture, along with a strategic integration approach, further strengthens the security measures. This methodology proves valuable for managing and validating digital transactions on decentralized, immutable networks. This work also explores the potential significance of integrating cryptography and blockchain into IoT System, this functions and applications in enhancing IoT security. This methodology introduces encryption techniques tailored for resource-constrained IoT devices, which are essential for ensuring end-to-end security.

Abstract: IoT (Internet of Things) is one of the trendingtechnologies nowadays, due to its wide variety of applications butit has many limitations such as data security, centralization, etc. Block-chain can help us to resolve these issues through its decentralized and distributed ledger. There are many ways to integrate block-chain in IoT such as IoT-IoT, IoT- Block-chain, and Hybrid approach but challenges still exist.

The article examines methods and information technologies aimed at ensuring the secure integration of the Ethereum blockchain with Internet of Things (IoT) systems. The relevance of the study is driven by the rapid development of IoT, which is accompanied by increasing cybersecurity threats, including unauthorized data access, man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks, device identifier spoofing, and the low transparency of centralized systems. The use of Ethereum blockchain technology, particularly smart contracts, opens new opportunities for creating decentralized security management models for IoT devices, enhancing trust levels, automating processes, and minimizing third-party interference risks. The “Problem statement” section outlines the key challenges in securing IoT networks, including the vulnerabilities of centralized solutions, limited computational resources of devices, and the need to develop autonomous access control systems. The “Analysis of Recent Research and Publications” section summarizes modern approaches to integrating Ethereum blockchain into the IoT field, including tokenized identification mechanisms, access control, and transaction processing using smart contracts. It is noted that leading researchers suggest Layer-2 solutions (state channels, zk-rollups, Plasma) aimed at reducing the load on the main blockchain and improving scalability. The aim of the article is to systematize modern methods of integrating the Ethereum blockchain with IoT and develop recommendations for their implementation, considering the limited resources of devices. The “Research results” section presents a secure IoT system architecture concept based on decentralized account management, local storage of cryptographic keys on devices, the use of optimized transaction signing algorithms, and the introduction of a hybrid data storage model based on IPFS. The proposed model minimizes the risk of unauthorized access, increases transparency in the interaction between IoT devices, and reduces computational resource costs. The “Conclusions and prospects for further research” section emphasizes that the implementation of the Ethereum blockchain in IoT promotes the development of secure decentralized platforms. However, it requires addressing issues such as energy consumption, transaction costs, and optimizing client applications for low-performance devices. Future research should focus on developing effective scalability tools, adapting smart contracts to IoT specifics, and improving integration with cloud computing platforms for storing large data sets.

The design and development of the Internet of Things (IoT) have a remarkable advancements in recent years. An “Internet of Things” (IoT) is a term used to describe an interconnection of physical objects with a network that incorporates software, sensors, and other devices to exchange information. Because patient health records (PHR) are valuable and significant, security is the most crucial component of encryption over the Internet. Sensitive data is typically secured by a third party during transmission in an IoT setting, which leads to complex and sometimes deadly problems. To address security issues and do away with third parties’ involvement in an IoT environment, blockchain technology is the modern solution. The idea of a secure blockchain for Internet of Things (IoT) health applications is presented in this paper. Electronic health records (EHRs), which are used to deliver healthcare directly to patients while reducing physical contact between patients and healthcare providers, are the health information that is collected and saved electronically for educational purposes in today’s healthcare. Decision makers can enhance the healthcare industry and gain from the current e-government cloud computing infrastructure by using the provided framework. As a result, the proposed Blockchain work enhances the dependability of IoT systems. It also has the potential to reduce costs and boost efficiency.

Internet of Things (IoT) is expanding exponentially due to the manufacturing of cheaper electronics and high-speed communication. Blockchain technology has paved way for the introduction of digital cryptocurrency called bitcoin. The blockchain is one of the four main technologies that have enabled cryptocurrency. Conceptually blockchain is a distributed digital ledger that stores data in blocks, which are cryptographically linked with the previous blocks. This makes blockchain immutable. Blockchain has gained its popularity in the scientific community with the success of bitcoin and ever since researchers are trying to adopt this technology to other areas in order to solve problems beyond the smart sectors like Internet of Things (IoT), supply chain and so on. In our research work, we adopt blockchain in IoT and implement ethereum based IoT architecture for securing the IoT network. We have implemented a two-node ethereum network where transactions are made at the expense of ether and each transaction is verified by the miner using the smart contract written in the ethereum network.

The ‘Internet of Things’ (IoT) is at times mythologized and its purpose mistaken, and often people can become confused about what it means, does or aims to achieve; moreover, without a financial appraisal of the differences IoT can make to their own enterprise, business leaders may be content to watch and wait rather than to take a lead. This issue of Textile Progress aims to provide a guide to help navigation beyond general statements about IoT and to help those involved with the textile industry to make an informed decision about its potential value to them. The definitions of the Internet of Things (IoT) available in the literature, and those put forth by organizations working on IoT standards development, are reviewed along with its architecture, elements, standards and protocols to help provide an understanding of the concepts and goals of IoT. A broad overview of impediments challenging the progress of IoT, especially in relation to cybersecurity, is provided. This review also compares ongoing work in the application of IoT in the textile industry to that in other manufacturing sectors whilst focussing on the interpretation of IoT technologies and their potential application to the textile industry according to both technological and business perspectives. A specific case study for the spinning industry is conducted to help with evaluation of its IoT solutions and to help to address how other parts of the textile industry might benefit from its application. The case study includes evaluation of IoT solutions in the spinning industry spanning the period between ITMA 2011 to 2019, and takes information from interviews with industry executives to inform future directions of IoT in the spinning industry.

The rapid development of the supply chain of the Internet of Things (IoT) industry may trigger financial risk contagion among IoT manufacturers. This article collects data on listed IoT companies in the Chinese market from 2010 to 2019 and explores the development of the environment for the IoT industry. Two dynamic time wrapping (DTW) networks are created to analyze the topological structures of the IoT industry environment. Both the standard DTW and strongly connected DTW networks are revolutionary in terms of their interconnectedness in the IoT industry. We found that the level of clustering and transitivity of the network continued to decline between 2010 and 2019; i.e., the efficiency of financial risk contagion on IoT networks was significantly reduced. This article contributes to the literature in two aspects. First, it reveals that China's IoT industry is increasingly competitive; financial risks have become more difficult to transfer. The IoT industry has become more robust and exhibits a lower likelihood of financial risk contagion. Second, the article provides empirical evidence for the theory of coevolution, showing that risk contagion ability in an industry setting is decreasing with the development of individual firms.

With the continuous increase in the applications of blockchain, the research and academic circles are constantly exploring and providing guidelines for the use of blockchain in new directions. The use of this technology has given new dimension in the Internet of Things (IoT) systems. In this chapter, the authors are providing an outline and structure of blockchain and its various applications in IoT. Blockchain technology helps in building trustless and efficient secure environment in IoT. Therefore, the authors think it is necessary to aim the basic shape of this technology and explain its use and applications in IoT in a concise and comprehensive way. This chapter starts with introduction of blockchain and IoT supported by its working in various applications of IoT. The authors believe that this chapter will provide a basic idea to users in understanding blockchain technology in IoT applications.KeywordsBlockchainBitcoinIoTOrder integrityOwnershipTransaction