Ethereum Based IoT Architecture

Bitcoin and Ethereum's low transaction per second (TPS) rate has prohibited the adoption of Blockchain in areas such as Internet of Things (IoT) and Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). Despite these constraints, there is considerable research in this area, outlining the benefits of employing Blockchain in IoT applications. Such benefits relate to ensuring that the applications and their data are secure, and integrity is maintained. However, the relatively low TPS rate is still an impediment for the widespread adoption of Blockchain in IoT. This research seeks to explore whether Solana, a new Blockchain technology designed to have a high TPS rate, can overcome this challenge. Can the Solana Blockchain achieve a TPS rate higher than that achieved in other works in the literature? Can a sufficient rate be achieved that could help Blockchain technologies become an enabler in the IoT industry? These are the questions that this research aims to answer. Our experiments conducted on an application coded in Rust on Solana Blockchain demonstrated that it can successfully achieve a 663 TPS rate. Consequently, we conclude that Solana, by overcoming the aforementioned TPS rate issue, could advance the further adoption of Blockchain in IoT context.

Recent emerging technologies are being utilized for the quench of connectivity in real time scenarios. A push is coming to make the information available to humans from the real-time environmental data collected through small sensing devices. Wireless ad-hoc network is a base architecture for Internet of Things (IoT), Unmanned Arial Vehicle (UAV) and drones etc. In this series, IoDTIoDT (Internet of Drone Things) came as the future of drones backend via the Internet of Things, smart vision, cloud computing, enhanced communication, big data, and advanced security approaches. Rapid growth in sensing devices connected to the Internet with intelligence and capabilities also opens the door for attackers because more devices are connected means more chances of security vulnerabilities. Since data authentication is handled only by the central station, which may lead to the chances of device spoofing and false authentication brings less reliability after all. Blockchain (BC) technology is introduced to address such security concerns by eliminating the role of central authority. Blockchain Technology gives decentralized and non-tamperable solutions for the most demanding security service i.e. Authentication. This paper starts with unique characteristics and security challenges in such IOT environment and further covers the authentication process by blockchain with its potential benefits. The multilayer ecosystem is illustrated to fulfill the requirement of the UAV IoT environment, where multiple devices are equally working in a cooperative manner to perform an authorized action. The paper presented a complete study about the integration of blockchain in IoT enabled UAV.

Blockchain (BC) in the Internet of Things (IoT) is a novel technology that acts with decentralized, distributed, public and real-time ledger to store transactions among IoT nodes. A blockchain is a series of blocks, each block is linked to its previous blocks. Every block has the cryptographic hash code, previous block hash, and its data. The transactions in BC are the basic units that are used to transfer data between IoT nodes. The IoT nodes are different kind of physical but smart devices with embedded sensors, actuators, programs and able to communicate with other IoT nodes. The role of BC in IoT is to provide a procedure to process secured records of data through IoT nodes. BC is a secured technology that can be used publicly and openly. IoT requires this kind of technology to allow secure communication among IoT nodes in heterogeneous environment. The transactions in BC could be traced and explored through anyone who are authenticated to communicate within the IoT. The BC in IoT may help to improve the communication security. In this paper, I explored this approach, its opportunities and challenges.

Internet of Things (IoT) has gripped domains with this ubiquitous connectivity, in-themoment data collection, and autonomous decision-making. But rising numbers of heterogeneous, extremely constrained IoT devices pose serious concerns regarding data privacy, security, and trust management, drawing great attention into these areas in the academic field and on all sides. Thus, blockchain technology came into the limelight for strengthening security and privacy in IoT systems in a decentralized manner, giving the system immutability, transparency, and distributed trust. This study proposes a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of blockchain-based approaches that aim to enhance the IoT applications' privacy and security, focusing chiefly on healthcare, supply chains, and smart cities. The review uses a structured methodology to find, select, evaluate, and synthesize relevant peer-reviewed studies published between 2018 and 2025 taken from major scientific databases such as IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and Scopus. Articles were also examined to narrow the scope of study and set the subject. The selected studies are analyzed and classified based on their security goals (e.g., confidentiality, integrity, authentication), privacy-preserving techniques (e.g., anonymization, differential privacy, zero-knowledge proofs), blockchain configurations (e.g., public, private, consortium), and consensus mechanisms. The findings reveal a growing body of research applying blockchain to a wide range of IoT domains, addressing diverse application domains such as healthcare, smart homes, industrial IoT, and agriculture, and demonstrating its potential to enhance data integrity, access control, and authentication. However, the integration of blockchain in IoT also faces challenges such as scalability, latency, and resource overhead, especially in real-time and constrained environments. This review offers a comprehensive synthesis of the state-of-the-art, identifies current limitations and research gaps, and proposes future research directions for building secure, efficient, privacy-aware, and scalable blockchain-enabled IoT systems.

The rise of our smart life, along with the popularity of smart devices, has made the Internet of Things (IoT) a prevalent research topic in recent years. Even though it increases the intelligence level of society to a very great extent, it still has many flaws, especially when it comes to the security domain. The birth of blockchain has brought a new evolution for IoT. The decentralized and traceable feature of blockchain is entirely in sync with the need for the decentralized IoT devices in the future. Currently, there are many applications of blockchain that include but not limited to, smart homes, smart cities, banking, insurance, and financial services. However, there are still many challenges regarding the use of blockchain in IoT, as many things require to be proved and realized. Therefore, the paper is going to research the challenges of blockchain in IoT to find out about its causes and the cures. The changes in the identity of IoT during its lifetime is also covered and how to supervise the governance of data and privacy in a smart device. Data protection law is also taken into consideration when it comes to legal and compliance issues. To solve these difficulties, several perspectives are worth considering, like how to optimize the data authentication, ways to secure communication, methods to improve the smart contract, etc. The paper also aims to help the people from the industry to have better clarity and understanding of the scope of using blockchain in IoT.

Internet of things (IoT) is ready to change human life and release tremendous financial benefits. It may be that lack of information security and the belief of the current IoT are actually restricting its selection. Blockchain changes in an appropriated and secure record holds reliable records of information in various areas and possibly resolves information security concerns in the IoT system. This chapter presents a thorough review on the existing blockchain progress with an accent on IoT applications. The authors first give an overview of blockchain architecture including blockchain technologies and key characteristics of blockchain. The authors then discuss the blockchain for the internet of things including blockchain for IoT: technologies. Furthermore, they list some challenges and problems that will hinder blockchain development and summarize some existing approaches for solving these problems. Some possible future directions are also discussed. Future research bearings are ordered for a viable mix of blockchains in the IoT system.

The article examines methods and information technologies aimed at ensuring the secure integration of the Ethereum blockchain with Internet of Things (IoT) systems. The relevance of the study is driven by the rapid development of IoT, which is accompanied by increasing cybersecurity threats, including unauthorized data access, man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks, device identifier spoofing, and the low transparency of centralized systems. The use of Ethereum blockchain technology, particularly smart contracts, opens new opportunities for creating decentralized security management models for IoT devices, enhancing trust levels, automating processes, and minimizing third-party interference risks. The “Problem statement” section outlines the key challenges in securing IoT networks, including the vulnerabilities of centralized solutions, limited computational resources of devices, and the need to develop autonomous access control systems. The “Analysis of Recent Research and Publications” section summarizes modern approaches to integrating Ethereum blockchain into the IoT field, including tokenized identification mechanisms, access control, and transaction processing using smart contracts. It is noted that leading researchers suggest Layer-2 solutions (state channels, zk-rollups, Plasma) aimed at reducing the load on the main blockchain and improving scalability. The aim of the article is to systematize modern methods of integrating the Ethereum blockchain with IoT and develop recommendations for their implementation, considering the limited resources of devices. The “Research results” section presents a secure IoT system architecture concept based on decentralized account management, local storage of cryptographic keys on devices, the use of optimized transaction signing algorithms, and the introduction of a hybrid data storage model based on IPFS. The proposed model minimizes the risk of unauthorized access, increases transparency in the interaction between IoT devices, and reduces computational resource costs. The “Conclusions and prospects for further research” section emphasizes that the implementation of the Ethereum blockchain in IoT promotes the development of secure decentralized platforms. However, it requires addressing issues such as energy consumption, transaction costs, and optimizing client applications for low-performance devices. Future research should focus on developing effective scalability tools, adapting smart contracts to IoT specifics, and improving integration with cloud computing platforms for storing large data sets.

The design and development of the Internet of Things (IoT) have a remarkable advancements in recent years. An “Internet of Things” (IoT) is a term used to describe an interconnection of physical objects with a network that incorporates software, sensors, and other devices to exchange information. Because patient health records (PHR) are valuable and significant, security is the most crucial component of encryption over the Internet. Sensitive data is typically secured by a third party during transmission in an IoT setting, which leads to complex and sometimes deadly problems. To address security issues and do away with third parties’ involvement in an IoT environment, blockchain technology is the modern solution. The idea of a secure blockchain for Internet of Things (IoT) health applications is presented in this paper. Electronic health records (EHRs), which are used to deliver healthcare directly to patients while reducing physical contact between patients and healthcare providers, are the health information that is collected and saved electronically for educational purposes in today’s healthcare. Decision makers can enhance the healthcare industry and gain from the current e-government cloud computing infrastructure by using the provided framework. As a result, the proposed Blockchain work enhances the dependability of IoT systems. It also has the potential to reduce costs and boost efficiency.

The quick advancement of Internet of Things (IoT) emphasizes the significance of cryptography and blockchain ensuring the security of sensitive data and connected devices. Blockchain technology and encryption play key roles in ensuring the security of the expansive IoT network. Blockchain offers decentralized trust, immutability, and transparency to IoT networks and transactions, while encryption serves to protect IoT data from unauthorized access. It is a novel approach for integrating cryptography and blockchain into IoT System, cryptography and blockchain stand out as robust technologies that enhance the security of IoT systems. The implementation of an integrated architecture, along with a strategic integration approach, further strengthens the security measures. This methodology proves valuable for managing and validating digital transactions on decentralized, immutable networks. This work also explores the potential significance of integrating cryptography and blockchain into IoT System, this functions and applications in enhancing IoT security. This methodology introduces encryption techniques tailored for resource-constrained IoT devices, which are essential for ensuring end-to-end security.

Abstract: IoT (Internet of Things) is one of the trendingtechnologies nowadays, due to its wide variety of applications butit has many limitations such as data security, centralization, etc. Block-chain can help us to resolve these issues through its decentralized and distributed ledger. There are many ways to integrate block-chain in IoT such as IoT-IoT, IoT- Block-chain, and Hybrid approach but challenges still exist.

Numerous supply-chain combines with internet of things (IoT) applications have been proposed, and many methods and algorithms enhance the convenience of supply chains. However, new businesses still find it challenging to enter a supply chain, because unauthorised IoT devices of different companies illegally access resources. As security is paramount in a supply chain, IoT management has become very difficult. Public resources allocation and waste management also pose a problem. To solve the above problems, we proposed a new IoT management framework that embraces blockchain technology to help companies to form a supply chain effectively. This framework consists of an access control system, a backup peer mechanism and an internal data isolation and transmission approach. The access control system has a registrar module and an inspection module. The registrar module is mainly responsible for information registration with a registration policy, which has to be followed by all the companies in the supply chain. Besides, it provides a revocation and updating function. The inspection module focuses on judging misbehaviour and monitors the actions of the subjects; when any misoperation occurs, the system will correspondingly penalise violators. So that all related actions and information are verified and stored into blockchain, the IoT access control and safety of IoT admission are enhanced. Furthermore, in a blockchain system, if one single peer in the network breaks down, then the whole system may stop, because consensus cannot be reached. The data of the broken peer may be lost if it does not commit yet. The backup peer mechanism allows the primary peer and the backup peer to connect to an inspecting server for acquiring real-time data. The internal data isolation and transmission modules transmit and stores private data without creating a new subchannel. The proposed method is taken full account of the stability of the network and the fault tolerance to guarantee the robust of the system. To obtain unbiases results, experiments are conducted in two different blockchain environment. The results show our proposed method are promising IoT blockchain system for the supply chain.

Internet of Things (IoT) adalah sejumlah perangkat yang dapat mengumpulkan dan mengirimkan data antar sensor tanpa perlu bantuan manusia. Namun, keamanan IoT dapat terancam karena sifatnya yang dapat diakses dari mana saja dan kapan saja. Celah keamanan memiliki kemungkinan sukar untuk dideteksi, karena memiliki pola yang beragam. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan sebuah model keamanan pengiriman data antar sensor yang aman. Blockchain adalah teknologi yang dapat menjawab tiga syarat keamanan yang diperlukan, yaitu ketersediaan, kerahasiaan, dan integritas. Dalam penelitian ini, kami mencoba membangun sebuah simulasi keamanan IoT dengan menggunakan teknologi blockchain, dimana sistem keamanannya menggunakan pola public blockchain. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah model public blockchain yang memungkinkan para pengguna untuk mengendalikan aplikasi yang terhubung pada pin emulator melalui smart contract. Penelitian ini menggunakan jejaring Ethereum yang termasuk dalam jaringan pengujian yang dapat digunakan tanpa adanya biaya transaksi yang perlu dibayar. Dengan adanya penelitian ini, diharapkan dapat memberikan solusi pada permasalahan keamanan dan tantangan yang dihadapi dalam jaringan IoT. Abstract The Internet of Things (IoT) is a collection of devices that can collect and transmit data between sensors without the need for human assistance. However, IoT security can be threatened due to its accessibility from anywhere and at any time. Security vulnerabilities may be difficult to detect due to their diverse patterns. Therefore, a secure data transmission security model between sensors is needed. Blockchain is a technology that can meet the three security requirements needed, namely availability, confidentiality, and integrity. In this study, we attempt to build a security simulation of IoT using blockchain technology, where the security system uses a public blockchain pattern. The method used in this study is a public blockchain model that allows users to control applications connected to the pin emulator via smart contracts. This research uses the Ethereum network, which is included in the testing network that can be used without transaction fees. With this research, it is hoped that solutions can be provided for the security issues and challenges faced in IoT networks.

The growing number of Internet of Things (IoT) objects and the operational and security challenges in IoT systems are encouraging researchers to design suitable IoT architecture. Enormous data generated in the IoT environment face several kinds of security and privacy challenges. IoT system generally suffers from several issues like data storage, safety, privacy, integrity, transparency, trust, and single point of failure. IoT environment is emerging with several solutions to resolve these problems. The main objective of this paper is to design a cloud-blockchain-based secure IoT architecture that provides advanced and efficient storage and security solutions to IoT ecosystem. Blockchain technology appears to be a decent choice to resolve such kinds of problems. Blockchain technology uses a hash-based cryptographic technique for information security and integrity. Cloud computing provides advanced storage solutions with several remote services to store, compute and analyze the data. The proposed IoT architecture is based on the integration of cloud and blockchain services, which aim to provide transparent, decentralized, and trustworthy and secure storage solutions. In addition to the standard layers (perception layer, network layer, processing layer, and application layer) the proposed IoT architecture in the present paper includes a service layer, a security layer, and a parallel management and control layer, which focus on the security and management of the entire IoT infrastructure.

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