Book reviews

In the context of fierce competition, oversupply and constantly declining demand the industrial policy automotive engineering enterprises require better coordination with the trade policy. Consequently, there is an urgent need for the formation of the system of harmonization of industrial and trade policies, that it gets the requirements of consumers, on the one hand, and the development of an effective strategy for promoting goods on the market, on the other. The article discusses a point of view on the subject of coordination of the industrial and trade policies in the context of harmonization, describes the essence and the content of harmonization based on tiered organization of the national economy and positioning the industry of automobile engineering, summarizes the main conditions that accompany the process of harmonization of the industrial and trade policies, defined the main areas of harmonization of the sectoral policies, which have been the basis for the formation mechanism balanced trade and industrial policies of enterprises.

Проблема гармонизации промышленной и торговой политики является актуальной для каждой из стран, в особенности для стран, экономическое положение которых зависит от добычи нефти. Усилия Исламской Республики Иран в большей степени направлены на нефтяную промышленность, что препятствует формированию благоприятной среды для функционирования экономических субъектов, задействованных, например, в отраслях машиностроения, текстильной промышленности и торговле. Таким образом, на основе выполненного анализа научных работ, нормативно-правовых и иных документов Ирана выявлена необходимость формирования концептуальной модели гармонизации промышленности и торговли в Республике. Целью исследования является разработка концептуальной модели гармонизации отраслевых интересов в государственной политике Ирана (на примере торговой и промышленной политики). Объектом исследования является социально-экономическая система Ирана. Источниками информации послужили официальные документы и отчеты, опубликованные Министерством промышленности, горнодобывающей промышленности и торговли Ирана, Всемирным банком, Статистическим центром Ирана и Организацией планирования и бюджета Ирана. Анализ статистических данных позволил выявить дихотомию на промышленных предприятиях Республики, а также сильную зависимость экономики от нефтяных доходов страны. Раскрыты основные тенденции развития промышленного сектора на основе Протокола заседания коллегии Министерства промышленности, горнодобывающей промышленности и торговли Ирана в 2019 г. В результате исследования предложена концептуальная модель гармонизации, в состав которой входят базовые элементы, влияющие на формирование и реализацию торговой и промышленной политики, а также предопределяющие набор и содержание элементов других уровней модели; цель, компоненты и условия, обусловливающие эффективное функционирование модели. Сделан вывод: достижение гармонизации на примере промышленности и торговли осуществимо в условиях применения концептуального подхода, подразумевающего тесную взаимосвязь объектов (организации в сфере промышленности и торговли), принципов (отражающих менталитет населения Ирана и его государственную идеологию), компонентов (содержательный, методический, организационный, оценочно-результативный) и условий (внутренние и внешние) модели. Установлено, что частный сектор не принимает участия в формировании промышленной политики Республики. Выявлена нецелесообразность современной торговой политики, направленной на реализацию нефтяной базы. Таким образом, необходима трансформация действующих промышленных и торговых программ развития. The problem of harmonization of industrial and trade policies is relevant for each country, especially for countries whose economic situation depends on oil production. The efforts of the State of Iran are more focused on the oil industry, which prevents the formation of a favorable environment for the functioning of economic entities in other spheres, for example, in the fields of mechanical engineering, textile industry and trade. Thus, on the basis of the analysis of scientific works, regulatory and other documents of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the need for the formation of a conceptual model for the harmonization of industry and trade in the Republic is revealed. The aim of the study is to develop a conceptual model of harmonization of sectoral interests in the state policy of Iran (on the example of trade and industrial policy). The object of the study is the socio-economic system of Iran. The sources of information were official documents and reports published by the Ministry of Industry, Mining and Trade of Iran, the World Bank, the Statistical Center of Iran and the Planning and Budget Organization of Iran. The analysis of statistical data revealed a dichotomy in the industrial enterprises of the Republic, as well as a strong dependence of the economy on the country’s oil revenues. The main trends in the development of the industrial sector are revealed on the basis of the Minutes of the meeting of the Board of the Ministry of Industry, Mining and Trade of Iran in 2019. As a result of the study, a conceptual model of harmonization is proposed, which includes basic elements that affect the formation and implementation of trade and industrial policy, as well as determining the set and content of elements of other levels of the model; the goal, components and conditions that determine the effective functioning of the model. It is concluded that achieving harmonization on the example of industry and trade is feasible in the context of applying a conceptual approach that implies a close relationship between objects (organizations in the field of industry and trade), principles (reflecting the mentality of the Iranian population and its state ideology), components (content, methodological, organizational, evaluative and effective) and conditions (internal and external) of the model. It is established that the private sector does not take part in the formation of the industrial policy of the Republic. The inexpediency of the modern trade policy aimed at the implementation of the oil base is revealed. Thus, it is necessary to transform the existing industrial and trade development programs.

A disparity exists between mainstream perception and reality with regard to American economic history. There is widespread belief among the public, media, and even some scholars that the U.S. amassed its wealth and prosperity from the adoption of exclusively free-market principles from the onset of the union. This is far from reality. Since 1980, the U.S. government has adopted policies that largely support the free-market ideology and can be classified as neoliberal. However, As Chang (2002) and Cohen and DeLong (2016) have shown, during the early stages of economic development and critical junctures whilst a middle-income country, the U.S. record is one of active government intervention in targeted industries, the creation of important institutions to complement free-market competition, and the widespread use of trade protection in support of infant industries. This misconception has significant ramifications for present-day developing countries, which are routinely advised to adopt neoliberal policies with insufficient regard for the idiosyncratic stage of economic development. This paper documents the misconceptions by examining the theoretical basis and historical record of U.S. industrial and trade policy. We detail how this misconception became widespread and ultimately entered policymaking by analyzing two contributing factors: the rise of neoliberalism, and the standard economics curriculum.

Like Chapter 3, this is a scene setting chapter. In Chapter 3 we provide an overview of the links between trade policy and economic development, paying particular attention to the influences that have shaped particular strategies. In this chapter we review in a functional manner the economic effects of a range of instruments of trade and industrial policy. It should be emphasised at the outset that the aim is not to provide a ‘ready reckoner’ of analyses of different instruments. In the context of the present volume that would be both over-ambitious and in fact unnecessary. There are many texts devoted entirely to the microeconomics of commercial policy. As we emphasised in the introduction, this is a book devoted to applied aspects of commercial policy analysis and a basic familiarity with the microeconomics of alternative forms of intervention will therefore be assumed. Our intention in this chapter is simply to offer a brief refresher on the material by way of background.

Two macroeconomic policies that have impacted on Nigerias manufacturing industry are trade and exchange rate policies. From 1981 to 2022, this study looked at the connection between Nigerias real industrial production, exchange rate, and trade policy. Real manufacturing GDP served as a stand-in for real manufacturing output, and explanatory variables similar to the exchange rate, per capita income, monetary policy rate, manufacturing capacity utilization rate, import to export ratio, and dummy variables for structural adjustment were employed. The model was analyzed in the research by means of autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) technique. The outcomes showed that while exports as a ratio of gross domestic product (EXGDP). Significantly boosted real manufacturing output (RMO) both in the near and distant future times. Imports as a ratio of gross domestic product (IMGDP) had a negative impact on RMO. Trade liberalization by DSAP had a significant benefit on actual manufacturing production over the long run, while it had a minimally positive impact on RMO during the near term. The rate of exchange has a short-term favorable influence on RMO but a long-term negative one. To increase manufacturing output, the federal government of Nigeria should align its trade policy with the export promotion industrialization plan. KEYWORDS: Trade Policy, Exchange Rate Dynamics, Manufacturing Output, ARDL, Nigeria.

Pakistan—industrialization and trade policies : Stephen R. Lewis, Jr., (Published for the OECD Development Centre by Oxford University Press, 1970, pp. XVII + 214.)

Timothy King: Mexico—Industrialization and Trade Policies since 1940 (London, New York, Toronto, Oxford University Press, for the Development Centre of the O.E.C.D., 1970, £2). Pp. xii + 160. - Volume 3 Issue 2

Mexico: Industrialization and Trade Policies Since 1940 : Timothy King, (London, Oxford University Press, 1970, pp. x, 160.)

The objective of the intensification of reforms in India's trade, technology and industry policies in 1991 was to make Indian industry competitive. In the light of these attempted changes, the present paper tested two hypotheses, namely (a) whether liberalisation has improved the productivity of local firms; and (b) whether the spillovers from technology transfer have increased in the liberal regime. To test these, techniques from panel data and stochastic production frontier were employed on 487 firms belonging to 24 three-digit manufacturing industries for the period 1989--90 to 1996--97. The results showed that after liberalisation, the productivity of Indian industry, especially the foreign owned firms, has improved. The econometric results suggested that only 'scientific' non-FDI firms have benefited from the liberalisation. For the 'non-scientific' firms, the impact is found to be productivity depressing. With respect to spillovers, only those domestic firms, which invested in R&D to decode the spilled knowledge, could benefit. Copyright 2002, Oxford University Press.

Review Paper Two: The Links between Competition Policy, Regulatory Policy and Trade and Industrial Policies.

This paper analyzes the effects of changes in relative commodity prices on the distribution of income among factors of production in the context of two models of a simple, two-good economy. In the first model capital is treated as a specific factor in each industry, with labor mobile between industries. The assumption of specificity determines the direction of factor income changes, with magnitudes depending on substitutability between factors and on intensities of factor use within the two industries. In the second model, capital is viewed as a quasi-fixed factor. For the short run, this model is identical to the model first considered. For the long run, this model is identical to the Stolper-Samuelson model in which the direction and magnitude of factor income changes depend solely on relative factor intensities. The difference between the short-run and long-run determinants of changes in factor incomes gives rise to a conflict between factor owners' short-run and long-run interests.

This paper documents business cycles' fluctuations in Chinese provinces. China's de facto federalism, within a context of great geographical and economic diversity, suggests the great importance of policy coordination between provinces. We investigate the role of various potential determinants of provincial business cycles' synchronization. We consider exogenous factors like distance and size as well as policy factors such as industrial, fiscal and trade policy. Results emphasize the benefits of domestic trade and local fiscal policy rationalization on the stabilization of output fluctuations. However, they also identify international trade and local economic policy heterogeneity as growing centrifugal forces.• JEL Classification: E32, F41, E63

Trade Protection and Bureaucratic Corruption: An Empirical Investigation

Speciation Associated with Shifts in Migratory Behavior in an Avian Radiation.

In Search of Coherence: Kazakhstan's Trade and Industrial Policy