Bridged Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless Applications

This research presents an inverted ‘T’-shaped Defected Ground Structure (DGS)-loaded single feed circularly polarised nearly square microstrip patch antenna for wireless communication applications. The proposed antenna structure uses an inverted ‘T’-shaped DGS and exhibits an overall impedance (S11< −10 dB) of 665 MHz (12%) and an axial ratio bandwidth of 140 MHz (2.61%) with right-hand circular polarisation having a gain of 3.91 dBi. The proposed antenna is designed, simulated and fabricated using the FR4 substrate. The electrical size of the designed microstrip patch antenna is 0.238λ × 0.216λ. Using an inverted ‘T’-shaped DGS, the antenna size has been reduced by 13.8%. The detailed design and analysis of the proposed broadband circularly polarised microstrip patch antenna are discussed and presented. The fabricated antenna is tested, and the measured impedance bandwidth is 557 MHz (10%). The measured results are in good agreement with simulated results, and the proposed antenna can be suitable for WLAN, Wi-MAX and Hyper LAN applications.

A multiband gap-coupled staircase shaped patch antenna using defected ground structure (DGS) is proposed. To achieve multiple frequency bands, and large gain the gap coupled, shorting posts and defected ground structure techniques are used. The design is simulated by means of HFSS v.13 and antenna performance like return loss, VSWR, 3D-gain and radiation pattern are presented. The proposed antenna is resonating at resonant frequency of 3.5 GHz, 4.4GHz, 5.1GHZ, 5.85GHz, 9.15GHz, 11.15 GHz and 14.00GHz. The proposed antenna is more suitable element for WiMAX, long distance radio communication and satellite communication applications.

Microstrip patch antenna is widely presented based on its advantages, especially for WiMAX wireless applications. Although, reducing the antenna size is a distinguished topic of antenna development, the antenna performance significantly drops for a small antenna. In this paper, two slots on a compact square ring and defected ground structure (DGS) are presented for bandwidth enhancement and radiation efficiency at 5.5 GHz. When the DGS and slots are embedded in the structure of the designed antenna, two major improvements are achieved. Enhanced impedance bandwidths with |S11|< −10 dB range from 5.041 to 5.88 GHz (15.25%) and the radiation efficiency of 80.8% by loading DGS over conventional patch antenna are achieved. Both antennas with/without DGS achieve good far-field radiation patterns within the operating frequency band at 5.5 GHz. CST microwave studio is used for simulating the design. The physical antenna layout is printed on FR4 substrate. The proposed configuration has a miniaturized size of 25 × 25 mm2. The fabricated antenna is tested to validate the proposed design. Thus results obtained from simulations and measurements show good agreement. The proposed prototype can be considered a suitable candidate for WiMAX wireless applications.

Over last few decades, wireless communication system has sought more attention and plays predominant role in different areas for human personal and commercial applications. Day by day, with advancements in technology, wireless gadgets got more compact due to microelectronics fabrication and integration techniques. So, such applications put great demand over new design specifications on antenna structures used in transmitter and receiver for radio wave communication. In wireless applications depending upon, frequency bands and bandwidth requirements numerous compact antenna structures are used with improved efficiency. Microstrip patch antennas are highly regarded due to its compact size, easy integration with microwave circuits. In study of patch antenna, Defected Ground structures gain popularity these days due to its various benefits to enhance antenna performance. This research article, provides extensive literature survey over use of Defected Ground Structures (DGS) in microstrip patch antenna with its design consequences. This article also explores the enhancement in antenna parameters with implementation of DGS’s. DGS concept is used in microstrip patch antenna and microwave engineering for performance improvement of these devices. DGS can be merged with other techniques to enhance antenna operational parameters like gain, bandwidth, VSWR and spurious radiations.

In this research, we utilized Ansoft's HFSS v13, which is a Finite Element Method (FEM) based electromagnetic (EM) simulator, to design and analyze two types of patch antennas: a 1x4 circular microstrip patch antenna and a 1x4 hexagonal microstrip patch antenna, operating at 5 GHz. The circular patch antenna was fabricated on a FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.4dB and a height of 1.6mm. Various antenna characteristics, such as return loss, radiation pattern, directivity, gain, return loss and radiation efficiency, were investigated. The designed 1x4 hexagonal patch antenna and 1x4 circular patch antenna achieved a bandwidth of 3.79% with return loss values well below -30dB. Additionally, a favorable directivity value of 4.5dBi and a gain of 2.7dBi for the 1x4 circular patch antenna and a gain of 3.9dBi for the 1x4 hexagonal patch antenna were obtained. Due to their C-band architecture, these microstrip patch antennas can be employed in various satellite communication applications, such as transponders.

A microstrip based sensor aimed at detection of salinity and sugar content in water is presented in this study. The microstrip technology is based on the microstrip patch antenna fed by a microstrip feedline. The patch antenna is a low cost and low profile antenna, which is modeled to transmit and receive an electromagnetic signal. The presented antenna comprises of a crescent shape patch and slotted partial ground. The antenna is imprinted on an FR4 substrate and the substrate has a thickness of 1.60 mm with 4.6 relative permittivity. The antenna has a compact size of 32 × 22 mm2. To simulate the performances of the presented antenna, the High‐Frequency Structural Simulator is used. The result shows that the presented antenna achieves 10 dB return loss from 2.50 to 18 GHz. The antenna achieves consistent radiation pattern throughout the operating band with 6.10 dBi of maximum gain and considerable efficiency. The presented antenna is used as a sensor to detect the salinity and sugar in water in terms of the reflection coefficient based on the dielectric properties of the solution. The percentage of salt and sugar in water changes the dielectric properties of the solution and consequently the reflection coefficients also change. The results during the practical observations show that the reflection coefficient decreases with the increment of the salt and sugar content in the solution.

The main aim of this paper is to design a compact Microstrip patch antenna for wireless applications like Wi-Fi, WiMax, WLAN and Satellite Communication. A software simulation was performed using the IE3D Zeland software. The antenna was designed on an FR-4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.4 and a thickness of 0.162mm. It resonates at 3.1GHz, 4.8GHz, 6.3GHz and 7.7GHz with a bandwidth of 1.41GHz at (2.59-3.99GHz), 3.03GHz at (3.99-7.02GHz) and 1.6GHz at (6.99-8.59GHz). The proposed design has an I, L, E and F shaped patches on the ground plane. It operates on three bands of frequency S, C and X band. It has a single port with the input impedance of 500 matched to it. VSWR, return loss, gain, directivity, radiation pattern was analyzed.

MEMS reconfigurable circular-rectangular shaped slotted microstrip patch antenna is designed for the cognitive radio application. Main problem in cognitive radio networks is to utilize the available bandwidth effectively so that reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna is preferred. By utilizing the unused spectrum bandwidth can be utilized in efficient manner which in turn will increases the overall performances of the system. Reconfiguration can be done with tree different types of techniques which are frequency, pattern, and polarization. Here frequency reconfiguration technique is used with the help of MEMS switches. PSO and Nature inspired optimization algorithms are used for sensing and optimization of patch antenna. Microstrip line feed and FR4 substrate is used. Slots are introduced in this system to reduce the return loss and to improve the gain. Two different shapes of antennas are incorporated into that same substrate which helps to operate the antenna in various frequencies. Patch antenna is designed to operate within (2 to 5) GHz frequency range.

This paper presents the design and analysis of the reconfigurable hexa-band microstrip patch antenna for wireless applications. Antenna is designed over the FR4 epoxy substrate (16 \(\times \) 33 \(\text {mm}^2\)) with defected ground structure (16\(\times \)7.5 \(\text {mm}^2\)) and three PIN switch diodes. The proposed antenna operates at one dual band (2.1 and 3.4 GHz) and four single bands (3.3, 3.2, 3, and 2.8 GHz) with 193 MHz, 400 MHz, 628 MHz, 647 MHz, 409 MHz, and 413 MHz bandwidth, respectively. For the proposed antenna, a maximum peak gain of 9.2 dB at 2.1 GHz resonating frequency has been achieved. Proposed antenna covers the wide range (2.1–3.4 GHz) band of reconfigurability with a maximum of 1.6 frequency ratio. The multiband behavior of the proposed antenna makes it best choice for wireless applications over single-band antenna.

Design of a Low-Cost Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna for Sub-6 GHz 5G Applications at 3.5 GHz

In this paper, we have proposed a Slotted Microstrip Patch Antenna with a Defected Ground Structure (DGS). Here, we have integrated the concept of DGS and Slotted Patch Antenna in order to get enhanced bandwidth and gain. The proposed antenna consists of a microstrip fed slotted rectangular patch with E-shaped cut in the ground plane. The performance of this antenna is discussed and analyzed with the variations in patch width and number of slots. The variations in Return Loss (S11), Radiation Pattern and Gain of the designed antenna are analyzed for different case studies. The antenna shows a dual band characteristics having a return loss of below −20 dB at 3.2–3.5 GHz and below −10 dB at 5.6–5.8 GHz, which is suitable for IEEE 802.16 WiMAX and IEEE11p WLAN applications. CST MWS 2015 is used to simulate the antenna structure.

In this paper an innovative microstrip patch antenna is designed to enhance the return loss. This work presents the comparative analysis of the return loss enhancement between the microstrip patch antenna and circular patch antenna. Materials and methods: The return loss of proposed microstrip patch antenna was compared to circular patch antenna in High-frequency structure simulator environment. The sample size estimation is done using the G Power statistical tool with probability of 80% and the total sample size of the research is 20 and consists of two groups i.e for each group 10 samples. From the SPSS analysis the significance is obtained (0.039) which is less than 0.05. Results: The return loss is improved for -40.56 in the proposed innovative microstrip patch antenna in ka-band frequency range compared to circular patch antenna (−12.59 dB). Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, the proposed microstrip patch antenna attained higher return loss in Ka-band. The results are verified using the HFSS modeling.

A 1x4 and 1x8 circular micro strip patch antenna array operating at 2.4GHz are simulated for Industrial Wireless Sensor Network (IWSN) applications using CST studio suite and MATLAB based simulator software. The circular patch antenna designed on a FR4 substrate with dielectric constant of 4.4 and a substrate height of 1.6mm is fed using inset-fed technique. Several antenna characteristics such as return loss, radiation pattern, bandwidth, directivity, antenna gain, radiation efficiency isanalyzed. The compact size and higher directivity help to improve the network performance by alleviating contention, increasing communication range, and mitigating interference of the system. Hence, the advantages gained, make the system more useful for IWSN applications as achieved in this research

Demand in wireless applications is due to low cost, low weight, compact size, single-band, and multiband frequency characteristics. Researchers anticipate numerous approaches to reach their goal. The patch antenna comprises 3 layers. Patch shapes are in the form of rectangle, triangle, circle, square, etc. Different types of substrates like Rogers, FR-4, RT Duroid, Foam, etc., are used in fractal antenna depending upon the demand of applications. Feeding techniques like coaxial feed, microstrip line feed, proximity feed, aperture feed, etc., can be used based on the requirement of antenna design. As a result, the current distribution of the antenna becomes better in carpet fractal antenna. Patch antennas are operated in GHz and THz frequencies. This paper presents a comprehensive survey on Sierpinski carpet fractal structures, including design expressions and applications.

The work is to design a 2x2 circular microstrip patch antenna array resonating at 2.4GHz and it is simulated for Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applications by using HFSS tool. Circular patch antenna array is designed by depositing circular patches on FR-4 Epoxy substrate and is fed using microstrip feed lines. Fabricated antenna resonates at 2.391GHz. Antenna parameters such as Gain, return loss, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), Directivity, Reflection coefficient and radiation pattern are analyzed. 2x2 circular microstrip patch antenna produces more gain and less return loss compared to 2x2 rectangular microstrip patch antenna. The compact size and higher directivity compared to rectangular array makes it more relatively useful for WSN applications.