Broadcasting of IoT-Connected Autonomous Vehicles in VANETs Using Artificial Intelligence

Fog computing for vehicular Ad-hoc networks: paradigms, scenarios, and issues

Past few decades have witnessed large increase in number of vehicles on roads due to which the traffic safety needs have also become complex and hence necessary to be taken care of. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are becoming an asset for achieving all these goals. VANETs provide applications like driver assistance, passenger comfort and vehicle safety. Apart from its general characteristics due to the dynamic nature of road environments and traffic patterns, communication linkage among vehicles in VANETs suffers breakage problem hence requires a very reliable routing protocol. To manage the communication efficiently many routing protocols are already available for MANETs which can be further used for routing and communication among vehicles in VANETs, but characteristics of these two networks (VANET and MANET) are very different, so there is requirement to enhance these MANET routing protocols so that those can be used in VANETs. When we use some existing routing protocols in VANET then number of link breakage are surprisingly high because mobility is higher in VANETs as compared to MANETs. So this paper presents advanced version of an existing MANET routing protocol for better performance in VANET environment. The new routing protocol has removed problem of large number of routing error messages which was existing in AODV routing protocol. Protocol proposed in this paper has better results as compared to AODV and paper has also shown results of simulation and also elaborated the findings.

Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is a critical factor for Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANET). Even though VANET belongs to the class of Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET), none of the MANET routing protocol applies to VANET. VANET network is dynamic, due to increased vehicle speed and mobility. Vehicle mobility of VANET affects conventional routing algorithm performance, which deals with the dynamicity of the network node. The evaluation of the existing research stated that Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) is an effective MANET protocol to adopt network changes for significant resource utilization and also provides effective adaptation in the network change. Due to the effective performance of the AODV protocol, it is considered as an effective routing protocol for VANET. This paper proposed an ad hoc TROPHY (TAD-HOC) routing protocol for the VANET network for increasing efficiency and effective resource utilization of the network. To improve the overall performance, ad hoc network is combined with Trustworthy VANET ROuting with grouP autHentication keYs (TROPHY) protocol. The proposed TAD-HOC protocol transmits data based on time demand in the VANET network with the desired authentication. Results of the proposed approach show the increased performance of the VANET network with packet delay, transmission range, and end-to-end delay. The comparative analysis of the proposed approach with I-AODV, AODV-R, and AODV-L shows that the proposed TAD-HOC exhibited effective performance.

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a group of nodes that remain dynamically and randomly situated. VANETs are considered as one of the most prominent technologies for improving the efficiency and safety of modern transportation systems. However, the VANET is also subjected to attacks that will weaken the performance of vehicular communication. To enable communication inside the VANET system, a routing protocol helps to determine directions among nodes. VANET network nodes move very quickly from one place to another, and in that time DDoS attacks will occur in the VANET network. Therefore, it is important to implement DDoS attack detection-based communication level on the entire VANET system. The source node will send data or information to the destination using intermediate nodes, whenever a DDoS attack happens in the node. In this paper, an approach is proposed for detection of a DDoS attack in a VANET network by using the adapted stream region scheme. Once the attack occurs in the VANET network, all the data will be damaged or hacked by another attacker. To minimize the DDoS attack and optimize the assigned problem, the author is using packet marking based on adapted stream region (PMBASR) techniques on the network. The PMBASR techniques are used to trace back to the source node, then the node of origin used in RSU server for data request, and at the same time the data will receive a response in the network. Nevertheless, an analytical approach will use PMBASR to detect the DDoS attack and further improve the network performance. Finally, the Ns2 simulation result proves it to be a better result-oriented approach.

OF DISSERTATION Secure and Authenticated Message Dissemination in Vehicular ad hoc Networks and an Incentive-based Architecture for Vehicular Cloud Vehicular ad hoc Networks (VANETs) allow vehicles to form a self-organized network. VANETs are likely to be widely deployed in the future, given the interest shown by industry in self-driving cars and satisfying their customers various interests. Problems related to Mobile ad hoc Networks (MANETs) such as routing, security, etc. have been extensively studied. Even though VANETs are special type of MANETs, solutions proposed for MANETs cannot be directly applied to VANETs because all problems related to MANETs have been studied for small networks. Moreover, in MANETs, nodes can move randomly. On the other hand, movement of nodes in VANETs are constrained to roads and the number of nodes in VANETs is large and covers typically large area. The following are the contributions of the thesis. Secure, authenticated, privacy preserving message dissemination in VANETs: When vehicles in VANET observe phenomena such as accidents, icy road condition, etc., they need to disseminate this information to vehicles in appropriate areas so the drivers of those vehicles can take appropriate action. When such messages are disseminated, the authenticity of the vehicles disseminating such messages should be verified while at the same time the anonymity of the vehicles should be preserved. Moreover, to punish the vehicles spreading malicious messages, authorities should be able to trace such messages to their senders when necessary. For this, we present an efficient protocol for the dissemination of authenticated messages. Incentive-based architecture for vehicular cloud: Due to the advantages such as flexibility and availability, interest in cloud computing has gained lot of attention in recent years. Allowing vehicles in VANETs to store the collected information in the cloud would facilitate other vehicles to retrieve this information when they need. In this thesis, we present a secure incentive-based architecture for vehicular cloud. Our architecture allows vehicles to collect and store information in the cloud; it also provides a mechanism for rewarding vehicles that contributing to the cloud. Privacy preserving message dissemination in VANETs: Sometimes, it is sufficient to ensure the anonymity of the vehicles disseminating messages in VANETs. We present a privacy preserving message dissemination protocol for VANETs.

Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANET) are a proper subset of mobile wireless networks, where nodes are revulsive, the vehicles are armed with special electronic devices on the motherboard OBU (On Board Unit) which enables them to trasmit and receive messages from other vehicles in the VANET. Furthermore the communication between the vehicles, the VANET interface is donated by the contact points with road infrastructure. VANET is a subgroup of MANETs. Unlike the MANETs nodes, VANET nodes are moving very fast. Impound a permanent route for the dissemination of emergency messages and alerts from a danger zone is a very challenging task. Therefore, routing plays a significant duty in VANETs. decreasing network overhead, avoiding network congestion, increasing traffic congestion and packet delivery ratio are the most important issues associated with routing in VANETs. In addition, VANET network is subject to various security attacks. In base VANET systems, an algorithm is used to dicover attacks at the time of confirmation in which overhead delay occurs. This paper proposes (P-Secure) approach which is used for the detection of DoS attacks before the confirmation time. This reduces the overhead delays for processing and increasing the security in VANETs. Simulation results show that the P-Secure approach, is more efficient than OBUmodelVaNET approach in terms of PDR, e2e_delay, throughput and drop packet rate.

In modern days, vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) was one of the rapidly escalating research areas. There were previously numerous ideas expected in this area, but the driving force in VANET was not completed yet. The various routing protocols and clustering algorithms used in VANET were not effectively concentrated on contamination drop in the environment. The day-to-day life demands additional vehicles with protection, but the greater part of us had not been accepted the reality to utilize additional vehicles with less contamination. In this paper, the ReGrouping (RG) technique is proposed, which condensed the fuel utilization of assorted vehicles in VANET. The CO2 emissions and traffic level in the scrupulous direction were reduced. VANET representation was urbanized using finite automata (FA). With the assistance of the FA model, the VANET is constructed. The proportional result between with RG technique and without RG technique was shown.KeywordsFinite automata RG technique Comparative result

A Vehicular Ad hoc NETwork (VANET) is a type of mobile Peer-To-Peer wireless network that allows providing communication among nearby vehicles and between vehicles and nearby fixed roadside equipment. The lack of centralized infrastructure, high node mobility and increasing number of vehicles in VANETs result in several problems discussed in this paper, such as interrupting connections, difficult routing, security of communications and scalability. Existing system for VANET communication is proved to have several drawbacks. We have proposed a mechanism in order to provide secure and efficient communication in VANET environment. We overcome the drawbacks of the existing system by using Malicious Vehicular Analyzer algorithm and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC). Using these algorithms, malicious messages are identified. It also detects the accident and other problems in the path of the vehicles. Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) algorithm is used for stronger security during communication.

DDoS (Distributed Denali of Service) attack majorly issues on vehicular Ad hoc network (VANET). When two or more vehicle exchanges information to each other either direct or indirect, DDoS attack effects on VANET networks. VANET networks can manage communication by using trust management model for predication and detection of DDoS attacks. Trust model based on Hash encryption key and Identity based technique will work ageist DDoS attacks node. Trust Management System is divided in to three Steps. Step-I: System Initialization, Step-II Trust-Value Updating and Step-III: Vehicle to Vehicle Authentication and Trust Evaluation. Its method applies scenario 20 nodes, 40 nodes, 60 nodes, 80 nodes, and 100 nodes and totally taken 15% malicious nodes on a given scenario. With the help of NS2 simulation tool through which calculate PDR, E2E and Throughput parameters during Simulation. Analysed result based on three protocol AODV, DDoSAODV and TAODV that’s by TODV perform better result compare to another protocols on the bases of parameters.

Information dissemination in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is inseparable from the interaction between vehicles and infrastructure. The trust authority (TA) often plays a pivotal role in VANETs and requires interaction with multiple vehicles. However, when the TA sends the same message to multiple vehicles, there are many redundancies, as it needs to negotiate with each vehicle and send them different ciphertexts. This greatly reduces the work efficiency of the TA. To the best of our knowledge, there is no research on the problem of redundancy that occurs when the same message is sent to multiple vehicles in VANETs. The proposed scheme adopts identity-based broadcast encryption (IBBE) technology, which is a secure data-sharing scheme suitable for the vehicle-to-infrastructure communication mode, in VANETs for the first time. Thus, with only one encryption, the TA can generate a fixed-length ciphertext for a group of vehicles. When there are new vehicles that subsequently request a service, the TA can assign encryption tasks to the proxy server. In terms of security, our scheme meets the particular requirements of VANETs. The encryption overhead of the sender and the length of the ciphertext were comparatively analyzed. The results demonstrated that the performance of the scheme improved significantly. Thus, our scheme can prevent redundancies and effectively improve the work efficiency of TA.

Many cryptography techniques have been used to protect the privacy of vehicular ad hoc networks(VANETs). For example, the ring signature, one of the anonymous techniques by virtue of its unconditional anonymity, is widely used in VANETs for privacy protection. However, some of their cryptographic properties may have been weakened due to the characteristic of VANETs. In this paper, we study the impact of the influences of ring selection on the anonymity property of ring signature when applied to privacy protection in VANETs. Specifically, we introduce a novel ring selection attack aimed to compromise the anonymity of vehicles in VANETs. We then propose a ring selection algorithm based on the analysis of the ring selection attack. Furthermore, by taking the information entropy as the privacy metric, we develop a privacy analytic model to quantitatively investigate the privacy level achieved in the solution. Finally, the analytical results indicate that better privacy protection can be achieved when selecting ring members according to our ring selection algorithm.

Clustering in vehicular ad hoc networks: Taxonomy, challenges and solutions

Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) are the promising approach to provide safety and other beneficial applications to the drivers as well as passengers. It is recognized as an essential component of intelligent transport system. In this paper, we have discussed about some security attacks in vehicular Ad hoc Network. We have also discussed about some solutions that can be implemented against these attacks. Life saving characteristics of VANET has attracted the industry and researchers. In VANET vehicles are nodes so they have no fixed infrastructure. It serves safe and non safe application in wireless medium which makes it venerable to several attacks. Keywords: VANET characteristics, Overview of attacks, Solutions.

Road safety applications envisaged for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) depend largely on the exchange of messages to deliver information to concerned vehicles. Safety applications as well as inherent VANET characteristics make data dissemination an essential service and a challenging task. We are developing a decentralized efficient solution for broadcast data dissemination through two game-theoretical mechanisms. Besides, VANETs can also include autonomous vehicles (AVs). AVs might represent a revolutionary new paradigm that can be a reality in our cities in the next few years. AVs do not need a driver to work; instead, they should copy a proper human behavior to adapt the driving according to the current circumstances, such as speed limit, pedestrian crossing street or wheather conditions. We will develop an AV software module including artificial intelligence (AI) techniques so that AVs can interact with the dynamic scenario throughout time. Finally, we also will include electrical vehicles (EV) in the VANET, so that special services such as finding and reserving an EV charging station place will be welcome. In addition, we are developing a multimetric geographic routing protocol for VANETs to transmit H.265 video (traffic accident, traffic state, commercial….) over VANETs.

In Vehicular (Ad-hoc) Network (VANET), besides Vehicle-to-Vehicle communications (V2V), vehicles in VANET also exchange data with Road-Side-Units (RSUs) and Cellular Base Stations (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure communications (V2I)). With the introduction of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS), VANETs possess a great potential in enabling surveillance services. The rapid development of wireless communication technologies recently results in empowering data exchange among vehicles, RSUs and Cellular Base Stations, improving various types of applications and services such as safety driving, route planning, traffic alert, and context-aware infotainment. However, the benefits offered by VANETs and ITS cannot be fully realized unless there is a mechanism to effectively defend against fake and erroneous information exchange from malicious or dysfunctional nodes to other vehicles and RSUs for their own purposes. In this regards, trust appears as one of the solutions for VANETs to establish secure connectivity and reliable services. The conceptual idea to tackle down this challenges is that only data from trusted vehicles is taken into account. Thus, the aim is to evaluate trust of a vehicle in exchanging high quality of information. This paper presents the trust concept, key characteristics, a trust evaluation model, and a prototype for trusted data exchange activities in VANETs.