Chapter 103 - Recreational caving

The topic of human rights is taking on new relevant forms, especially when it comes to transgender rights. Their right to participate in sports has always been a subject of much debate. In November 2021 the International Olympic Committee adopted the new recommendations “Framework on Equity, Inclusion and Non-Discrimination on the Basis of Gender Identity and Intersex” on transgender people, which declared that each federation has to decide for itself when setting its own rules regarding the right of these people to participate in sports competitions. So, one thing is clear there is no common position on this issue. The article aims to reveal the practical aspects of such regulation regarding the possibilities and limitations of transgender participation in individual sports. The applied research methods are analysis of legal acts and other documents, review of articles and scientific literature, and qualitative comparative analysis. The research results showed that despite the principles specified in the Framework prohibiting discrimination, in practice these principles can be difficult to harmonize, especially if we speak about fair competition and equal opportunities.

Social networks expand the communication tools of nature conservation. Nonetheless, to date there is hardly any scientific literature on nature conservation communication in social networks. For this reason, this paper examines 600 Facebook and Twitter posts of three German nature conservation organizations: Federal Agency for the Conservation of Nature (Bundesamt für Naturschutz, BfN), Naturschutzbund Deutschland e. V. (NABU), and World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Germany. Using the Mann–Whitney U method and Spearman’s rank correlation analysis, it reveals how post design affects communication success and provides respective recommendations for German conservation organizations. Communication success was divided into four indicators: reactions, comments, shares, and overall engagement as a synthesis of the three. On Facebook, the use of hashtags, images, and many characters (up to 1500) leads to higher success, whereas emojis and videos can reduce it. On Twitter, links, images, and longer posts promote user interactions. Emojis have a positive influence on comments and overall engagement, but a negative influence on reactions and shares. In addition, hashtags reduce overall engagement on Twitter. These results are discussed with reference to similar studies from other political fields in order to provide recommendations for conservation organizations. A validation and expansion of the presented results is recommended due to the growing relevance of digital nature conservation communication.

The journal "Life and Nature" is published to present scientific and professional papers and knowledge in the field of nature conservation, covering the following topics: protected areas, biodiversity, geodiversity, landscape diversity, ecosystem protection, management of natural resources, nature conservation and spatial planning, education and public involvement in nature conservation. Given that a list of published papers exists from 1950, i.e. the very beginning of the journal's publication, to 1999, what follows is an overview of the papers and authors who, from 2000 onwards, have covered a wide and diverse range of topics from this rich and multidisciplinary field. This overview testifies not only to the involvement of the Institute's experts, but also to the ongoing opening up of the Institute's journal for contributions of external authors. The journal is published twice a year. For a time, it was published under the title "Posebna izdanja" ("Special Editions"), but the name was soon changed back to "Zaštita prirode" ("Nature Conservation" and from issue 73/1 (2023) "Life and Nature"). It has a long tradition, and as of this year, it has been published for 75 years. Since 2000, the journal has also been available in electronic form on the Institute's website (https://zzps. RS/naša-izdanja/časopis-zaštita-prirode/), and from issue No. 75/1 it has been published bilingually - in Serbian and English. This journal is open access and is distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/).

The text presents and analyses manifestations of modernity and postmodernity in the field of competitive and recreational sport, physical education, leisure, and tourism. The paper builds upon an extensive literature survey and presents the concept and key features of postmodern societies and the modernity-postmodernity debate in sports with reference to postmodern tendencies in tourism. We have attempted to determine the proportions of tradition, modernity, and postmodernity in contemporary sport and tourism, keeping in mind that, similarly to contemporary societies as a whole, sport is undoubtedly a mixture of traditional, modern, and Fordist elements with postmodern and post-Fordist features. We present and discuss the prevailing belief that the key elements of leisure sport are mostly postmodern and focused on the notion of individualisation and freedom expressed especially in alternative sports, while commercialised mainstream sport follows the regular mass-media show-business development path, maintaining a significant amount of modern concepts, such as the importance of national identities. Special attention is also paid to the Olympic Games as a specific and very efficient mixture of modernity and postmodernity. More so than at any point in the past, and despite the actual proportions of modernity and postmodernity that it contains, contemporary sport has become an integral part of postmodern societies and their lifestyle, with technology-determined individualisation of sport consumption and leisure sport participation.

Côté and colleagues’ Developmental Model of Sport Participation (DMSP) is a comprehensive framework that informs parents,’ coaches,’ and community stakeholders’ understanding of athlete development in sport from early childhood to elite levels. Originally conceptualized in 1999, the DMSP offers a common set of principles through which young athletes’ sport involvement can be understood. What remains unknown is the extent to which the model applies to a full range of contemporary youth sport participants. As such, the aim of the present study was to reexamine three core postulates of the DMSP that are challenged by present critiques of the model. Data were collected from a nationally representative sample of parents (n male=4655; n female=3512; n non-binary=22) with youth sport participants ages 6 to 18 in the United States. Group comparisons were conducted across levels of individual and family characteristics to determine whether there were significant differences in athletes’ sport involvement, contexts of participation, time engaged, and family spending. Although athletes were more likely to engage in practice over play, unstructured play decreased with age whereas structured practice increased with age. The most highly invested athletes were engaged in more sports and contexts than less invested athletes. Multiple individual, family, and community factors seemed to shape athletes’ patterns of sport participation. Moving forward, engaging the broadest range of athletes, families, organizations, and communities in research has the potential to create a more positive and sustainable sports culture for athletes of all ages, backgrounds, and abilities.

PROMINENT MARINE GEOLOGIST VOLODYMYR OLEKSANDROVYCH IEMELIANOV (TO THE 70TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE BIRTH)

The Department of Rational Use of Natural Resources and Nature Conservation at Ivan Franko National University of Lviv was founded in 1988. Since that time the professors, the staff and the doctorate students have cooperated fruitfully with the scientific publisher – Visnyk Lvivskoho Universytetu. Seriya Geografichna. They have published here almost 150 papers. This paper analyzes scientific activities of the department's staff, especially those reflected in different issues of the Visnyk, as well as the prospects of the research, as perceived by the department's staff. Key words: department, Visnyk, scientific interests, scientific achievements, research prospects.

Analyzed and studied the structure and content of the curriculum of the course “Ecology” for the school. In the course curriculum is “Ecology” divided by academic level to 11th grade profile and 10-11. Details were discussed program for 11th grade. This course is designed for 17 hours (0.5 hours weekly load of 11 class) and includes 8 related topics. Researched work of many scientists concerned with school mapping, such as: Ostrouh V. I, Radchenko V. V, Datsenko L. M, Shevchenko V. A, Peresalko V.A, Kapustenko S. V. The basic principles of school education cartographic works: their specificity, outlined the main differences from other basic requirements and criteria, including such as the card should not be overloaded, the map is a source of information highlights school course, all data must be current, card must meet sanitation m pronunciation. Cartographic work for the school included lists of typical training-visual aids and educational equipment for schools. There are a number of atlases that can be used for educational purposes in schools, both at regional level and at the state. Considered and studied major environmental atlases Ukraine, including eco-Geografical Atlas (published in “Varta”), Atlas of the Environment (“Ranok”) and certain regions: Environmental Atlas of Lviv, Kharkiv region, Dnipropetrovsk region, Luhansk, Poltava and the basin of the Southern Bug).

To provide baseline information for future studies pertaining to sport participation and aging, this paper summarizes the literature on sport participation patterns across the life cycle, briefly describes the importance of analyzing aging as a social process, and argues that alternative theoretical frameworks including a life-span developmental perspective should be utilized in future studies. The paper also introduces a number of theoretical and methodological issues that should be addressed concerning research in this area, and raises a variety of research questions that must be pursued in order to better understand sport phenomena from a life cycle perspective, especially during the middle and later years of life.

The Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden-Institute named after N. A. Avrorin (PABGI) Kola Research Centre RAS, Russian Botanical Society, and the Russian geobotany have suffered an irreparable loss. On April 6, 2024 after a serious illness the outstanding geobotanist, a well-known specialist in the field of studying flora and vegetation of the Far North, a leading research scientist of the PABGI, PhD Natalia Evgenievna Koroleva has left us. Natalia Evgenievna was born in 1963 in Chernovskoe village, Kirov Region, in the family of agronomist and school teacher. After school graduation, in 1981 she entered the Moscow State University, where she specialized in the Department of Geobotany under the supervision by Prof. T. A. Rabotnov and Prof. A. P. Tyrtikov. After the University, in 1986 she was firstly enrolled in the Laboratory of Biocenology and afterwards in the Laboratory of Flora and Plant Resources of the PABGI. From 1986 to 1990, she passed the postgraduate probation in the Komarov Botanical Institute RAS (St. Petersburg) under the supervision by Prof. B. N. Norin. In 1991, she defended her PhD thesis «Vegetation classification of the mountain tundra belt of Khibiny» and received the degree of candidate of biology (PhD). Throughout her scientific life, Natalia Evgenievna was associated with PABGI having gone from probationer to the senior researcher in the Laboratory of Flora and Plant Resources. For many years, she was a Head of Murmansk Branch of the Russian Botanical Society (RBO). She organized and led a lot of geobotanical expeditions to the Murmansk Region and Spitsbergen Archipelago. The geography of her field researches was highly diverse. She brilliantly knew not only the vegetation of the Kola Peninsula, but as well other regions of Russian Arctic, Norway, Finland and Spitsbergen. The study and conservation of species and community diversity of Arctic and Subarctic vegetation, namely the plant cover of the Kola Peninsula and Spitsbergen Archipelago and revealing its transformation under the man impact, was in the focus by Natalia Koroleva scientific interests. She made a great contribution to the study of the Murmansk Region flora and vegetation, the regional Red Book conducting, plant cover monitoring and Nature conservation. In the Natalia Koroleva person, Russian vegetation science has lost an outstanding scientist, the specialist in phytocoenology, vegetation classification, the study of biodiversity and Nature conservation. She elaborated the vegetation classification method based upon the analysis of the uniformity of plant species distribution with similar ecology in particular plant community groups. Using this method, Natalia Evgenievna and her colleagues developed a detailed classification of plant communities and habitat types of zonal and mountain tundra and highland heaths of the Kola Peninsula and Spitsbergen that has resulted in numerous publications. She had published about 150 scientific papers and 10 monographs, books and guides to the Nature reserved territories of Khibiny Mountains, Lovozero Tundra, Spitsbergen and many others that put a huge impact in the development of vegetation science and Nature conservation in the Murmansk Region. She was an editor of many scientific proceedings and collective monographs. Natalia Evgenievna greatly contributed to the training of young scientists: For ten years (2001–2011), she gave lectures at the Apatity Branch of Moscow State Technical University in the ecology, biodiversity, and vegetation classification. Some Master’s and PhD theses were prepared under her supervision. Natalia Evgenievna devoted a lot of time and efforts to the work in RBO. For about 25 years she was a Head of Murmansk Branch of RBO and a member of its Council, took part in the Organizing Committees of numerous conferences, symposiums and workshops held by RBO. The memory of Natalia Evgenievna Koroleva — an outstanding geobotanist, teacher, environmental activist and popularizer of science — will always remain in her numerous scientific works, and in the hearts of students and colleagues.

Access to the scientific literature is perceived to be a challenge to the biodiversity conservation community, but actual level of literature access relative to needs has never been assessed globally. We examined this question by surveying the constituency of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as a proxy for the conservation community, generating 2,285 responses. Of these respondents, ∼97% need to use the scientific literature in order to support their IUCN-related conservation work, with ∼50% needing to do so at least once per week. The crux of the survey revolved around the question, “How easy is it for you currently to obtain the scientific literature you need to carry out your IUCN-related work?” and revealed that roughly half (49%) of the respondents find it not easy or not at all easy to access scientific literature. We fitted a binary logistic regression model to explore factors predicting ease of literature access. Whether the respondent had institutional literature access (55% do) is the strongest predictor, with region (Western Europe, the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand) and sex (male) also significant predictors. Approximately 60% of respondents from Western Europe, the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand have institutional access compared to ∼50% in Asia and Latin America, and ∼40% in Eastern Europe and in Africa. Nevertheless, accessing free online material is a popular means of accessing literature for both those with and without institutional access. The four journals most frequently mentioned when asked which journal access would deliver the greatest improvements to the respondent’s IUCN-related work were Conservation Biology, Biological Conservation, Nature, and Science. The majority prefer to read journal articles on screen but books in hard copy. Overall, it is apparent that access to the literature is a challenge facing roughly half of the conservation community worldwide.

The relevance of the problem under study is the future development of legal culture as an element of the legal system. Search engines found 2,500 articles from 2018 to 2023. As a result of the inclusion and exclusion process, 22 articles published in well-known databases and peer-reviewed scientific journals were selected for review. Legal culture issues were found to be actively discussed by scholars in different areas of law. These scientific developments were conditioned by the world changes, scientific and technological progress, development of information technologies, artificial intelligence, climatic and natural conditions, military actions, political and economic situation of some countries, mastery of space. Legal culture in such circumstances cannot remain at one level, it must develop and adjust to these circumstances. The purpose of this research was to identify future directions of development of legal culture of the future and factors influencing it. To achieve the goal, the legal, economic, sociological, technological scientific literature of 2018-2023 was analyzed. Main results. With the help of the analysis of scientific data literature, it was found that legal culture is a legal, social, philosophical, psychological phenomenon that works through a multi-level interaction of elements of the legal system. It was established that the basis of the legal culture of the future will be the formation of legal consciousness of both individuals and certain social and professional groups and legal issues in the field of information technology, artificial intelligence, space law, medical law and vaccination, nature conservation. The practical significance of the results lies in the rule-making process, practice and science.

The Eurasian beaver is an ecosystem engineer species capable of altering the riparian vegetation and the hydrology of freshwater habitats. The study of its distribution process is therefore important for both nature conservation and conflict management. Thanks to protection efforts and natural expansion, the beaver has already inhabited most of its former range, starting from the brink of extinction. The changes in the Eurasian distribution and population size have been continuously documented in the scientific literature. In these studies, however, Hungary, as a country with an important position along the beavers’ colonisation routes provided by the Danube drainage basin, has hitherto been underrepresented due to a severe lack of data. In this paper, we summarise all the available information about the thirty-year history, colonisation process, current distribution, as well as the management of the Hungarian population. Based on the newest available data, the beaver is present along all of the large rivers and along most permanent watercourses in the country. Despite the continuing growth trend of the population, a beaver management strategy has not yet been developed. Its establishment could be significantly supported by further monitoring surveys and scientific studies focusing on the region- and site-specific ecological effects of the species.

Students’ values formation is an important factor in their spiritual development. In this regard, the leading role in shaping the spiritual and moral values takes on the outlook of the individual and a system of values based on it. Humanistic ethics, national consciousness and dedication of individual awareness determine the highest priority values of life, which are considered to be one’s motherland and culture. The fundamental spiritual values of humanity are humanism, freedom, justice, national reconciliation; nature conservation should be a dominant part of educational process in modern school. The highest value in modern society is commonly thought to be erudition, politeness, and manners. The theoretical analysis of the research problem results in the scientific literature, generalization of best pedagogical experience reflects a variety of approaches topsychological and educational principles of primary schoolchildren’s values formation by means of music. Besides, alongside with the analysis of the meaning and function of value orientation in education, the requirements for the formation of value orientations in class were presented. The author examines the education value orientation in the context of spiritual needs and interests of the younger students. The article highlights the importance of national values of education, which causes the broadening of primaryschoolchildren’s outlook and helps to adapt to their school and the surrounding. Ukrainian education system values provide the hierarchy of absolute eternal values - national, civil, family and personal values. It is noted that primary schoolchildren’s value formation is caused by valuation of nature importance, which appears in the context as a source of vision and helps mastering the surrounding reality.

Children are a trust from Allah SWT, and it is the duty of parents, teachers, and the community to educate them as well as possible so that their potential can grow and develop optimally. Various stimulations can be provided during the growth and development process, both physically and mentally. These include introducing children to their religion, their God, good deeds as a Muslim, and getting to know their Prophet. Introducing children to the Prophet from an early age can foster a love for the Prophet through a connection with history, feelings, glory, pride, and making him a role model. In order to educate children to know and love the Prophet, parents can apply several parenting strategies based on the role models of the prophets in environmental education, the story of the Prophet Muhammad and nature conservation, the story of the Prophet Muhammad and his relationship with the environment, the story of the Prophet Moses and social awareness, and parenting strategies to build children's love for the environment. Using qualitative methods that include data collection or scientific work, this study identified various strategies implemented by parents to increase children's understanding of the importance of cleanliness. The results showed that parents utilized various parenting learning strategies, such as telling exemplary stories of the prophets and practical activities that involve children in cleaning activities. This activity not only provides hands-on experience but also helps children understand the impact of their behavior on the environment. Therefore, parenting strategies as educators, mediators, motivators, and role models are crucial in fostering children's hygiene and health habits, which will positively impact their future development.