Chapter 12 - App limitations

Pakistan is facing worse energy crisis of its history today. Energy crisis has adversely affected the common public and also the Pakistani economy. Recently most of the industrialists have shut down their industrial operations due to the shortage of energy. Such shut down of industries badly affects the public locality and also a reasonably on the luxury of Pakistani citizens. The crisis of energy shortage in Pakistan is to be addressed on emergent basis with alternative solutions. A short term and economical solution is the key demand in current scenarios and is proposed in our research work. Many long terms solution for energy supplements exist to overcome the energy crisis issue on permanent basis. They have their own limitations in terms of implementation and expenses. In this paper, we aim to presents short-term solution, which can reduce the energy shortage up to considerable extent. The proposed solution proves to be very feasible and computationally less extensive. In this way, we can enhance the utility and reduce the energy breakdown crisis in Pakistan. We introduce the concept of personal energy independence (PEI), which means that consumers have no more dependence on government or private sector energy providing agencies. They are free in producing their own energy as per their requirement. But the question arises how to turn the dream of PEI in reality. For this purpose we propose a model of home solar grid (HSG), which fulfills the energy requirements of a single home. In this paper, we aim to present the proposal of HSG model for implementation with all specifications and pricings for one or two kilowatt-hour HSG unit. The government would play the role of facilitator by providing technical expertise and finical support. According to government statistics almost 43% of total energy consumption is from domestic consumers. By adopting the proposed idea of energy independence domestically, we can reduce the energy crisis with greater extent. Moreover due to consistent increase in prices of hydrocarbon fuels; electricity cost becomes un-affordable for domestic consumer to pay. Therefore, the only affordable alternative left behind is the solar energy system. The existing energy system has its own limitations in terms of implementation complexity and expensive components. Therefore the proposed idea of PEI is the key solution, which should be adopted. Our proposed solution is less expensive and easy to implement. In our research paper, we present the system model and provide investigations of its implementation. We present simulation results to support our proposed system model.

The determination of structure of hydrochloride salts of active pharmaceutical ingredients (HCl APIs) utilizing (35)Cl solid-state NMR studies has been of considerable interest in the recent past. Until now these studies relied on the (35)Cl direct observation method which has its own limitations in terms of the sensitivity and resolution due to the quadrupolar nature and the low gyromagnetic ratio of (35)Cl. In this contribution we demonstrate the two-dimensional (2D) (35)Cl/(1)H correlation measurement by using the proton detection-based (indirect observation of (35)Cl via(1)H) approach under fast magic angle sample spinning (MAS: 70 kHz). The main advantages of this approach over the direct observation method are highlighted in the present study. We have employed heteronuclear magnetization transfer through the recoupling of (35)Cl-(1)H heteronuclear dipolar interactions. The applicability of (35)Cl indirect detection method is first demonstrated on hydrochloride salts of amino acids, l-tyrosine·HCl and l-histidine·HCl·H2O following which the 2D (35)Cl/(1)H correlations are obtained for HCl APIs, procainamide HCl (Proc) and aminoguanidine HCl (Amin). On the basis of separation between the central transition (CT) and satellite transition (ST) peaks, and the shape/width of CT powder patterns, it is also shown that the quadrupolar parameters which are useful for the elucidation of the molecular structure can be determined. Moreover, the (35)Cl/(1)H correlations provide the precise determination of (1)H chemical shifts of nearby (35)Cl nuclei.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a leading disorder of the ageing male population and is characterized by a progressive enlargement of the prostate, resulting in the obstruction of the proximal urethra and hence the disturbance in normal urinary flow and further quality of life of the patients. Therefore, there is an imperative need to develop a therapeutic modality to combat the overgrowth of the prostate with improvements in both the urinary flow rate and the quality of life of the patients. At present, α-blockers, which act on the dynamic component of the disease to regulate the increased adrenergic tone of the lower urinary tract smooth muscles, and 5-α-reductase inhibitors, which control the overgrowth of the prostate and hence static component by regulating the levels of androgens, are the mainstay of therapies for the treatment of BPH and associated lower urinary tract symptoms. However, each target class has its own limitations in terms of compromised efficacy or tolerability. Therefore, it is pertinent to have an effective and safe therapeutic modality for the further improvement of life of the geriatric male population. Hormone modulators, which regulate the overgrowth of the prostate, represent one of the important categories that have been explored and that is still undergoing certain investigations towards the development of a therapeutic entity for the treatment of BPH. The key lies in achieving the differentiation in terms of improved tolerability with comparable or better efficacy over the existing class of drugs. Gonadotropin receptor modulators and vitamin D receptor agonists may represent promising druggable targets in this therapeutic area, due to the availability of proof of principles and concepts in preclinical animal models and human subjects.

Due to rapid technological developments world is undergoing a drastic change and this change is forcing not only organizations but also citizens to pay more attention to the negative effects they are imposing on the environment directly or indirectly. This concern is making them more vigilant than in previous years and has placed on them the responsibility to be more sustainable and change their mindset as much as possible to achieve greater sustainability. The concept of sustainability has been established in order to protect, restore and maintain natural resources and give a new perspective to their usage as they are not limitless. If we want future generations to have adequate resources for their needs, as we now do, alternative ways must be found to use these resources responsibly, as well as utilizing renewable energy sources. Moreover, sustainability can help to ensure people’s wellbeing, health and economic growth within a society. Hence, in this research, we examine people’s awareness of sustainability, the importance of educating people in regard to sustainability, and whether this education brings about any significant changes in the way that organizations do business particular in terms of employees’ adoption of sustainable practices. Moreover, this research investigates the extent to which people are aware of the advantages and risks associated with the adoption of sustainability. In this study, we assess the advantages and disadvantages of green technology in Australia, as well as people’s awareness of sustainability and green IT. Specifically, our research objective is to assess the advantages and disadvantages associated with the adoption of green IT in Australia. Adopting a deductive approach, an online survey was conducted using Qualtrics for the data collection, Survey questionnaire items were designed to elicit from participants information related to their level of awareness of sustainability and green technology, and the advantages and disadvantages of adopting green IT in Australia. IBM SPSS was used to analyse the collected data, and the results of the survey are presented in detail. For the purposes of this study, the quantitative methodology was adopted. Furthermore, like any other research, this study has its own limitations in terms of sampling, time constraints and incomplete questionnaires in some cases. Moreover, the response ‘Maybe’ in answer to the question “How much would the regular changing of the device affect the environment?” indicates that people’s awareness is not yet strong enough to effect a change in attitude in favour of sustainability. This demonstrates that a greater effort must be made to raise public awareness of sustainability and shift the current mindset. Future research could investigate effective ways by which such awareness could be increased.

The umbilicus is an important component of body esthetics, and its absence or dysmorphia may give rise to psychological discomfort, making it a common concern in surgical planning. Many techniques of umbilicus reconstruction have been proposed, each with its own limitations in terms of esthetics, risk of stenosis or final positioning. Reconstruction techniques may involve skin grafting, cartilage, purse-string suture and flaps. One of the most promising approaches is scarless neo-umbilicoplasty. To improve the technique of neo-umbilicoplasty, creating a deeper and more natural-looking umbilicus, and propose a reoperation technique for shallow umbilici. The sample consisted of 108 patients aged 25-67years submitted to abdominoplasty and scarless neo-umbilicoplasty under epidural anesthesia performed by the same surgeon and at the same hospital between July 2013 and October 2015. Follow-up lasted from 6 to 24months. The new umbilici were scarless. Many different techniques may be used to reconstruct the umbilicus. The main purpose is to create an adequately localized structure with a natural, youthful appearance and minimal scarring. To do so, we used ten (rather than six) attachment stitches and mobilized the adipose tissue toward the center of the new umbilicus to achieve greater depth, even in lean patients. Techniques which involve suturing the umbilical stalk onto the incised skin of the abdominal flap tend to produce unesthetic results, such as visible scars and umbilical skin islands of varying size. Scarless neo-umbilicoplasty does not require suture removal and poses no risk of dehiscence, secretion or umbilical stenosis, as observed with other techniques. The localization of the new umbilicus in the space between the rectus abdominis muscles, the use of ten rather than six stitches and the mobilization of the adipose tissue toward the periumbilical area constitute an improvement on the neo-umbilicoplasty technique. The resulting umbilici were scarless and very natural-looking. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Any text hangs together by virtue of a network of relations which establish links between its various parts; these links, or cohesive ties, enable the reader or hearer to process the text in a coherent way. For the simultaneous interpreter, the process of recognizing cohesive ties is encumbered by various constraints which are intrinsic to simultaneous interpreting, including speed of delivery (which the interpreter cannot control), linearity (the fact that the text becomes available only gradually), and the interpreter’s own limitations in terms of accessing background information assumed by the speaker to be available to his/her audience, including the interpreter. This study examines shifts of cohesion which occur in simultaneous interpreting, using data drawn from an eleven-minute piece of spontaneous discourse as rendered by thirteen student interpreters. Preliminary findings suggest that shifts do occur in all types of cohesive devices, particularly in those perceived as not essential to the...

We present a novel perspective on thinking about and studying healthcare spending in contexts where few health-related financial risk protection mechanisms exist and where out-of-pocket spending by households is the norm. Drawing on interviews conducted across 20 villages in two states of India, we illustrate and problematize how a complex interplay of social norms and cultural factors underpin spending decisions within households in such contexts. While our analysis draws on the fieldwork at large, we present our findings through selected narratives - stories of patients suffering from chronic breathlessness. We engage with and reveal the various ways in which social norms dynamically drive this household economy, and shape resource allocation-related decisions. We conclude that in health system contexts where out-of-pocket spending by households is the norm, it is essential to recognise the pragmatic and calculative nature of intra-household allocation of resources, and how it involves bargaining and negotiations at the intersection of social norms, economic class, caste, gender, age, and productive status. And at the same time, how all of this occurs within the economy of the family, and how it plays out differently for different members of a family is also important to recognise. Such recognition can not only help one better appreciate how this household level economy may sometimes maintain and perpetuate entrenched hierarchies and gender inequities, crucially, it can help target health related social protection policies and strategies and make them more responsive to the needs of the most vulnerable in the society and within households.

The literature on digital divides has shifted from a technical focus on technology access in the early 1990s to include different levels of literacy and skills (Blank & Groselj, 2015; Castells, 2001; Hargittai, 2007). These different skills comprise the ability to effectively use digital technologies, reap benefits, and avoid potential risks. Access, use, and impact of digital technologies are deeply intertwined with social dimensions, such as social class, status, education, gender, and age roles (Halford & Savage, 2010; Neves, 2015; Ragnedda & Muschert, 2013, 2015; Robinson et al., 2015; Warschauer, 2004). Despite this “recurring cycle between social and digital inequalities” (Ragnedda & Muschert, 2015, p. 2759), the jury is still out on which inequalities will be augmented by digital technologies, which new ones will emerge, and if any will be alleviated (Robinson et al., 2015).

Social scientists have documented a substantial increase in both mothers’ and fathers’ time spent with children since the 1960s in the United States. Yet parenting behaviors remain deeply divided by social class and gender, with important implications for the reproduction of inequality. To understand rising parental investments in children and persistent class and gender differences in parenting, popular accounts and academic studies have pointed to an apparent cultural shift toward norms of time-intensive, child-centered parenting, particularly for mothers and among middle-class parents. However, prior research has produced inconclusive evidence relating to social class, gender, and contemporary parenting norms. Using data from an original vignette survey experiment conducted with a nationally representative sample of more than 3,600 parents, this study examines cultural norms related to parenting elementary school-aged children, considering how both social class and gender shape views about good parenting. Results indicate that parents of different social classes express remarkably similar support for intensive mothering and fathering across a range of situations, whether sons or daughters are involved. These findings suggest that cultural norms of child-centered, time-intensive mothering and fathering are now pervasive, pointing to high contemporary standards for parental investments in children.

To assess inequalities in emergency department utilization during the perinatal period across socioeconomic and rural-urban gradients in Alberta, Canada. We conducted a secondary analysis of a population-based cohort study of live-birth pregnancies in Alberta between 2011 and 2017. Emergency department visits during pregnancy and up to 1-year postpartum were analyzed. Socioeconomic position was assessed using 25 combined groups derived from quintiles of material and social deprivation. Rural-urban residence was categorized into seven geographic groups based on Alberta Health Services' classification. Concentration indexes quantified inequalities in emergency department utilization, categorized as low (≤ 0.05), medium (0.06-0.19), or high (≥ 0.20). Multilevel negative binomial regression models estimated adjusted rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals to measure differences in emergency department visit rates across socioeconomic and rural-urban groups, accounting for individual-level covariates. Among 242,514 pregnancies, 366,241 emergency department visits were identified. Moderate inequality was observed across socioeconomic groups (concentration index = -0.17, 95% confidence interval -0.18 to -0.16). Rates of emergency department visits were 1.7 times higher among the most deprived groups compared to the least deprived groups (adjusted rate ratio = 1.7; 95% confidence interval 1.6 to 1.8). Inequality across the rural-urban continuum was more pronounced (concentration index of -0.31 (95% confidence interval -0.32 to -0.30), with rural residents experiencing significantly higher emergency department use. Compared to metropolitan areas, emergency department visits were nearly three times higher in rural centers (adjusted rate ratio = 2.9; 95% confidence interval 2.8 to 3.0) and near six times higher in rural remote areas (adjusted rate ratio = 5.5; 95% confidence interval 5.3 to 5.7). Significant inequalities in perinatal emergency department utilization are evident across both socioeconomic and urban-rural gradients. These findings highlight the need for targeted health-system interventions to improve access to appropriate, continuous perinatal care among disadvantaged and rural populations.

Social divisions within society underpin the notion of diversity. They include social class, ethnicity, age, gender, sexual orientation and disability. Social divisions help us to understand how society functions and our place within it at any particular time. They are associated with hierarchies of power and subsequent access to material and social goods. For instance, people of high socioeconomic status will usually have a high income which will give them access to private education and health care and enable them to go on expensive foreign holidays. These goods are, in contrast, unlikely to be available to people of low socioeconomic status who may struggle to obtain a basic standard of living. Social diversity is often viewed in positive terms, for instance job advertisements may state that diversity is welcomed or that a diverse workforce is needed. However, people who belong to certain social groups, for instance disabled people, old people and people from ethnic minorities, may experience prejudice (hostile attitudes) and discrimination (unfavourable treatment) in many areas of life.

Based on equity theory and sociocultural conditions, this study depicts the Israeli system of societal equity from the perspective of the ethos of halutziut (Jewish pioneering).This ethos, which under scores the individual’s contribution to the enhancement of collective goals, has created a correspondence between hierarchically valued signifiers of societal contribution (e.g., military service) and social groupings defined along gender, ethnic, age, and professional lines. This study used multivariate analysis, and Powell’s technique for measuring and spatially portraying respondents’ perceptions of societal equity. Results supported the expected pioneering hierarchy of groupings, mainly among Jewish respondents. Arab respondents differed in their perceptions of groupings associated with Jewish pioneering but were similar regarding other groupings. There is some evidence that perceptions of the contribution and rewards of several groupings, such as social class and gender, may converge across different sociocultural contexts.

Arundhati Roy’s debut novel The God of Small Things breathes despair. The narrative jumps back and forth between the past and the present, mapping out the tragic downfall of the Ipe family, whose members suffer the fatal consequence of the forbidden love affair between Ammu and Velutha, a transgression of the Love Laws. The Love Laws, a term coined by Roy, refers to the implicit social discrimination and sexual regulation of the caste system in India. The enforcement of the caste system delimitates people’s everyday life, restrains their personal freedom and potential, and further punishes those who attempt to temper with it. Focusing on Estha’s and Rahel’s inability to work through the trauma inflicted by Ammu and Velutha’s transgression, Roy structures her novel in terms of the “return of the repressed,” with reiterated traumatic scenes, fragmented passages, and ungrammatical phrases, etc., serving as both catalysts to trigger traumatic memories of unresolved familial conflicts and indictment of the oppressive power of the Love Laws. Other than demonstrating the disciplinary force of the Love Laws, Roy also proffers a different view to explore the underside of love as love is not merely a pure affection but it also involves the lovers’ calculating move to flee from the suffocating life each is respectively leading. Chapter One of this thesis elaborates on Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak’s discussion on the subaltern agency to deal with Velutha’s and Ammu’s struggle to defy and escape the defiled social order and the psychic anxieties their subversive act of transgression has provoked in the dominant class. Even if their rebellion against the Love Laws fails to solicit the response from the dominant class, Roy, in dramatizing the terrific consequence of the society’s collective failure to listen to their mute demand for recognition, invites the reader to rethink the ethical possibilities of listening to the subaltern other, and to comprehend the urgency of such an ethical project. Chapter Two takes Cathy Caruth’s and Greg Forter’s perspectives on trauma as a point of departure to trace the characters’ traumatic experiences back to the two deep-rooted social evils, class antagonism and gender oppression, prevalent in the Indian society. The impossibility of redemption suggested in the young generation Estha’s and Rahel’s symptomatic responses to their previous generation’s trauma articulates Roy’s spirited critique of India’s social system, in which trauma unfortunately becomes a cultural legacy tormenting the Indian people from generation to generation. Chapter Three discusses the politics of love by juxtaposing Anthony Giddens’s assumption of the pure love relationship with Roy’s three tales of love. By doing so, I propose to contend that, whereas Giddens’s investigation of the human intimacy explains what intimacy should be, it fails to clarify why intimacy turns into hatred and how it becomes a justification for acts of violence. The three tales of love in Roy’s novel, by contrast, unveil the dark side of love and unmask its excess, proving that love is the “incalculable” something that goes beyond instincts and law. The excess of love which can transform the lovers either to be better or to be worse, displays itself as the true nature of the interpersonal relationships among people.

Presently the on-the-road transportation sector is responsible of the 21% of the whole CO2 amount emitted into atmosphere. This pushes the International Governments and Organizations to provide strict limitations in terms of ICEs emissions, also introducing fees payment for the car manufacturers. The vehicle electrification allows certainly to meet these requirements, but the higher cost and the need of a green electricity still limit a widespread diffusion among all social classes. Thus, the technological improvement of internal combustion engine plays a key role in the transition period. Among these technologies, the engine thermal management allows to achieve a good compromise between the CO2 emission reduction and related costs. It was demonstrated that replacing the conventional centrifugal pump of engine cooling system with a sliding vane rotary pump (SVRP), important benefits in terms of CO2 emission reduction can be achieved as centrifugal pump efficiency decreases significantly when the engine works far from the maximum load (i.e. design point of the pump). Nevertheless, the complex thermo-fluid-dynamic phenomena taking place inside a SVRP make its design not immediate, particularly if heavy duty ICE cooling systems are considered. These applications indeed are challenging due to the wide operating range and the huge flow rates which pump must deliver. These operating requirements make difficult the choice of the main design parameters: among the different ones, the pump revolution speed and displaced volume. In the present paper a design strategy is developed for this type of pumps based on a comprehensive mathematical model of the processes occurring, predicting volumetric, indicated and mechanical efficiencies. The model was validated with a wide experimental activity so acting as virtual development platform. The results show how the best global efficiency (0.59) is achieved adopting a dual axial intake port configuration, with a suitable choice result of a trade-off between displaced volume and revolution speed. The analysis also show that the pump keeps its efficiency close to the design one for a wide operating range which is particularly suitable for the cooling of an ICE.

Diversity, inclusion and equity are complex, interdependent and interlinked concepts and embedded in social justice. Diversity summarises numerous differences that exist among people. It means not only people of differing race and culture but also differing languages, religions, values, abilities, socioeconomic status, gender and any other aspect that makes people different from one another. It, therefore, recognises that each person is different even if they belong to the same ethnic group, community or family. Diversity is an evolving concept in inclusive education. While it once referred to children from different ethnic backgrounds, it now encapsulates every kind of individual difference that exists for children, families and professionals. Diversity is the celebration of difference and the acknowledgement that difference is complex and that it exists in some way for every child. Diversity refers to attributes that contribute to each person's uniqueness, such as social class, gender, occupational status, income, sexual orientation, ability, disability, religion, and education.