Abstract The paper presents a target vision of the new energy sector in Russia, based on the analysis of promising areas of its development in the field of energy technology economics and assessment of energy risks of using renewable energy sources. Financial and commercial indicators for various types of power plants under construction or under reconstruction are presented, showing that the new economic basis for the widespread use of renewable energy allows building new energy with a lower specific investment per 1 kW of installed capacity and obtaining cheaper electric energy. To assess the prospects for full inclusion of renewable energy facilities in the energy complex of our country and expand their use, a description of the risks arising in the renewable energy sector and their management methods is given. Based on the analysis of calculation results and data on electricity production at solar power plants commissioned in the Altai Republic, the effectiveness of the proposed methodology for assessing natural resource risks in renewable energy is shown. The construction of large hydroelectric power plants, which account for ~20% of the country’s total energy balance, is also associated with a negative impact on the environment. Reservoirs necessary for regulating the productivity of hydroelectric power plants occupy significant territories that are excluded from agricultural turnover. The construction of reservoirs is associated with a violation of the hydrogeological regime of rivers, changes in the properties of ecosystems, and the species composition of hydrobionts. It should be noted that large hydroelectric power plants are not considered to be objects operating on the basis of renewable energy sources. According to the existing classification, such facilities include small hydroelectric power plants with a capacity of up to 25 MW and microhpps. The sulfur and nitrogen oxides contained in TPP emissions lead to acid rain and have a detrimental effect on human and animal health, as well as on plants. Serious problems are also associated with ash and slag from thermal power plants. The discharge of heated water from the cooling systems of thermal power plants to surface water sources causes their thermal pollution, leading to a decrease in water saturation with oxygen.KeywordsEnergy technologiesFuture energyRisk managementClean energy
2Development of the Energy Sector in Russia on the Basis of Renewable Energy Sources
Development of the Energy Sector in Russia on the Basis of Renewable Energy Sources
Development of a simulator for hydraulic power plant personnel
As annals show, the first hydroelectric power plants were built in Russia in 1802 – 1806. During the Soviet period of energy development, emphasis was placed on the special role of the country’s unified national economic electrification plan — GOELRO, which was approved on December 22, 1920. The chapter of the plan dedicated to hydropower was entitled "Electrification and water energy". In today’s Russia about 1/3 of power is produced at hydroelectric power plants. Accordingly, there arise issues of advanced training of personnel of hydroelectric power plants, which can be provided by the introduction of simulators for targeted training of personnel to work, both in normal modes and in pre-emergency and emergency situations, as close as possible to real ones. Unfortunately, the developers of simulators in the Russian energy sector have so far focused on creating simulators for thermal power plants, leaving hydroelectric power plants neglected. It can therefore be assumed that this article, which examines a simulator with dynamic computer mimic diagrams of hydraulic units and electrical circuits of one of the Russian hydroelectric power plants, will arouse some interest among readers of the journal and potential customers. The article describes a prototype facility, the composition of the simulator, which includes a model of the facility and operating modes, a model of the control system, a model of the protection system, a model of locks, a model of emergency and warning alarms, describes in detail the training and methodological support of the simulator complex, including models of training scenarios, an input model, a monitoring program, protocols and instructions. The hydroelectric power plant simulator presented in the article is versatile and can be applied both as a means of training and examination of operational personnel, and as a means for conducting professional skills competitions.
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The transition away from coal is inevitable
During the past four decades the difference between two American presidential administrations has never been so striking. Aside from access to affordable health care, no single issue splits the administrations wider than their approaches to climate change. On Aug 3, 2015, during Barak Obama's presidency, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced a series of state-level standards and rules to reduce carbon emissions from coal-fired power plants known as the Clean Power Plan, developed under the auspices of the Clean Air Act. On Oct 10, 2017, Donald Trump's administration announced its intention to revoke Obama's plan to limit greenhouse gas emissions from coal-fired power plants. To fulfil its promise to cut emissions as part of the Paris Agreement, the plan set up under Obama was designed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions to below 32% of 2005 levels by 2030. Getting rid of the Clean Power Plan will mark the end of the Obama's environmental legacy to tackle climate change and begin a new era for the USA wherein the EPA will set up new goals and emissions targets, and new ways to reach them, to regulate toxic pollution from existing power plants. Does this change mark the rise of the coal industry again? In 2016, about 4·08 trillion kilowatt hours (kWh) of electricity were generated in the USA. 30% of this electricity was generated from coal. However, the US electricity sector has been going through a transitional period as coal has given way to natural gas and to newer, cleaner technologies. The share of US electricity coming from coal fell unprecedentedly from 51% in 2008 to 30% in 2016. According to a report on coal from the Union of Concerned Scientists, many coal power plants are closing; between 2008 and 2017 almost 17% of the coal capacity in the USA was retired, and one in four plants are converting to natural gas. The transition away from coal is not yet over, but progress is being made. Many utility companies have already opted to move away from coal towards natural gas, wind, and solar power driven by affordable costs and the profitable clean (and green) energy market. In March, 2017, for the first time, wind and solar sources accounted for 10% of all electricity generation. In 2016, solar and wind industries were the primary engines of job creation in the US renewable energy sector, which employed almost 777 000 people. Favourable policies, declining technological costs, and incentives—such as establishment of strong renewable energy portfolio standards—will be needed to continue to bring the cost for renewable-based electricity below the price of electricity from fossil fuels. Reduced costs and a functional marketplace will afford individuals, households, and communities more control over where they choose to get their energy. In Nevada, for example solar electricity is sold at a rate of $0·3 per kWh, which is similar to the price of the electricity produced by fossil fuels. Investing in renewable energy will produce a great public health benefit and also has the potential to replace fossil fuel sources for the production of energy. In a 2017 article by Possner and colleagues, it was calculated that a wind farm in the middle of the North Atlantic during the winter times could provide enough energy to meet the entire global electricity demand. The Trump administration may wish to halt the inevitable decline of coal, but the absence of a replacement plan and the low cost of renewable energy make this aim unrealistic. Obama's plan to cut carbon dioxide emission was controversial to many as the Clean Power Plan set targets for coal power planets assuming states could build more renewables and shut coal plants. However, this approach was different from how the EPA normally does things. For example, when it sets standards for power plants it usually only looks at actions that could be undertaken at the plants themselves. Obama's plan to cut emissions from power plants was one of the strongest actions taken to fight climate change in USA. Analysts have in fact suggested that, thanks to the low cost of renewables, the target of reducing carbon dioxide emissions to below 32% of the 2005 levels by 2030 will be met despite the repeal. Moving away from the coal era is imperative and inevitable. All investments should continue to support cleaner and greener technologies that will protect not only the planet but will also contribute to building a healthy economy that will sustainably support current and future generations.
Read more8Assessment of Impact of Use of Renewable Energy Sources on Level of Energy Poverty in EU Countries
The share of renewable energy sources (RES) in the global energy system is systematically increasing, making them the most important element of the energy transformation. Their use enables rational management of limited resources, reduction of environmental pollution, and has a significant inhibitory effect on energy poverty by improving energy efficiency. The aim of this article is to assess the impact of the use of renewable energy on the level of energy poverty in the European Union countries in 2010, 2015, and 2022. A taxonomic measure of development based on the Weber median was used to examine the relationship between the results achieved by individual EU member states in terms of the impact of the use of renewable energy on the level of energy poverty. The research results clearly indicate the existence of disproportions between the countries of the “old” EU and the countries that joined it in 2004 and later. These disproportions concern both the use of energy obtained from renewable sources and energy poverty. In the countries of the “old” Union, a positive moderate relationship was identified between the use of renewable energy and energy poverty, which means that a higher share of the use of energy from renewable sources in these countries reduces energy poverty. In the countries of the “new” Union, however, this relationship was very weak (2010) or non-existent. Since the renewable energy sector is subject to government policy and regulations, the results presented in this paper should be of interest to decision-makers. A stable, long-term policy should provide an appropriate investment climate that provides support for renewable energy projects and reduces the level of energy poverty.
Read more3ВІДНОВЛЮВАНА ЕНЕРГЕТИКА: ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ РОЗВИТКУ У СВІТІ ТА УКРАЇНІ
The article considers the trends in the development of renewable energy in the world and in Ukraine. It is proved that renewable energy is an important and promising energy sector in the world. It is shown that at the present stage of development, all civilized countries are developing their economies through the use of renewable energy sources, which are gradually displacing the old power plants using exhaustive fossil fuels, which pollute the atmosphere. The history of renewable energy development is revealed. The investment attractiveness of this energy sector in the countries of the world is characterized. On the basis of statistical data and preliminary studies of scientists, modern structural changes in the investment market of renewable energy in the world were evaluated. It is shown that Ukraine is part of European dozens of investments in green energy. The volume of supply of primary energy in the world and Europe, the power of renewable energy in leaders, regions of the world and Ukraine is presented. A review of the current state of renewable energy in developed countries and Ukraine has been carried out. Quantitative characteristics for different renewable energy sectors are analyzed: hydro, solar and wind power and other. Examples of the largest solar, hydroelectric power plants on the planet and Ukraine are given. It is shown that in the countries of the world and Ukraine there is a powerful potential and there is a positive tendency to more intensive use of renewable energy sources. It has been found that in 2020, for the first time in history, the share of RES in the structure of electricity in Europe has exceeded the proportion of fossil fuels due to the expansion of energy from the sun and the sun. The development of renewable energy in the planet also promotes the introduction in many countries and in Ukraine "Green Tariffs" and "Green" for electricity. It is positive that Ukraine has joined the European Energy Community and undertaken a joint regulatory policy with EU countries, develop and implement measures for renewable energy in the country. The prospects for the development of renewable energy sources in the countries of the world and Ukraine are determined.
Read moreО ключевых особенностях перспективного развития электроэнергетики России, закрепленных в утвержденной генеральной схеме размещения объектов электроэнергетики Российской Федерации до 2042 года
В декабре 2024 года Правительством Российской Федерации была утверждена Генеральная схема размещения объектов электроэнергетики РФ на перспективный период 18 лет, до 2042 года. Представленная Генеральная схема содержит не только описательные параметры изменения состояния отрасли на перспективный период, но и многие эмпирические показатели создания новых и модернизации действующих объектов электроэнергетики, с указанием характеристик мощности, типов энергоблоков, графиков ввода в эксплуатацию и т. п. Статья посвящена описанию ключевых особенностей перспективного развития электроэнергетики России, закрепленных в утвержденной Генеральной схеме. В статье представлены сводные показатели многих эмпирически параметров закрепленных в Генеральной схеме, а именно: прогноз потребления электрической энергии и максимального потребления мощности в ЕЭС России на период 2025–2042 годов (в том числе в разрезе отдельных энергозон); прогноз динамики изменения структуры производства электроэнергии в энергосистеме; прогноз динамики изменения установленной мощности различных типов электростанций; проекты планируемых к строительству АЭС до 2042 года; проекты планируемых к строительству ГАЭС и ГЭС; проекты планируемых к строительству СЭС и ВЭС. В материалах представлены выявленные автором особенности закрепляемые в Генеральной схеме, с описанием выявленных особенностей, а также анализом факторов повлиявших на возникновение данных особенностей. С момента 1980-х годов в энергосистеме России существенно увеличивается доля атомных электростанций в структуре энергобаланса с 12 % до 16 %, увеличивается доля ветровой и солнечной энергетики в структуре выработки электроэнергии с 2 % до 7,3 %, увеличивается доля гидроаккумулирующей электроэнергетики с 0,5 % до 1,6 %, снижается доля тепловой энергетики с 66 % до 57 %. Указанные тенденции связаны с постепенным изменением государственной политики Российской Федерации в области использования первичных источников электрической энергии. В 2042 году прогнозная величина установленной мощности АЭС увеличивается с 30 ГВт до 47 ГВт, или на 59 % по отношению к уровню 2023 года, установленная мощность ВЭС и СЭС составляет 4,4 раза, а именно с 5 до 22 ГВт, рост установленной мощности ГАЭС, который составляет с 1,4 ГВт до 4,9 ГВт (рост в 3,6 раза). Выявленные тенденции подчеркивают начало новой технологической и экономической эпохи развития энергетики России. In December 2024, the Government of the Russian Federation approved the General Layout of Russian electric power facilities for a prospective period of 18 years, until 2042. The presented General Scheme contains not only descriptive parameters of changes in the state of the industry for the long-term period, but also many empirical indicators of the creation of new and modernization of existing electric power facilities, indicating power characteristics, types of power units, commissioning schedules, etc. The article is devoted to the description of the key features of the prospective development of the Russian electric power industry, fixed in the approved General Scheme. The article presents summary indicators of many empirically fixed parameters in the General Scheme, namely: forecast of electric energy consumption and maximum power consumption in the UES of Russia for the period 2025-2042 (including in the context of individual energy zones); forecast of dynamics of changes in the structure of electricity production in the energy system; forecast of dynamics of changes in installed capacity of various types of power plants; projects planned for the construction of nuclear power plants until 2042; projects planned for the construction of HPPs and hydroelectric power plants; projects planned for the construction of SES and wind farms. The materials present the features identified by the author, which are fixed in the General Scheme, with a description of the identified features, as well as an analysis of the factors that influenced the occurrence of these features. Since the 1980s, the share of nuclear power plants in the Russian energy system has increased significantly from 12% to 16%, the share of wind and solar energy in the structure of electricity generation has increased from 2% to 7.3%, the share of pumped storage power has increased from 0.5% to 1.6%, and the share of thermal energy has decreased from 66% to 57%. These trends are related to the gradual change in the state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of the use of primary sources of electric energy. In 2042, the projected installed capacity of nuclear power plants will increase from 30 GW to 47 GW, or by 59% compared to the level of 2023, the installed capacity of wind farms and SES is 4.4 times, namely from 5 to 22 GW, the increase in installed capacity of PSPPs, which is from 1.4 GW to 4.9 GW (an increase in 3.6 times). The identified trends underline the beginning of a new technological and economic era in the development of Russia’s energy sector.
Read more5Chapter 5 - Renewable Energy: Scaling Deployment in the United States and in Developing Economies
Chapter 5 - Renewable Energy: Scaling Deployment in the United States and in Developing Economies
5Methodology for substantiation of technical and economic indicators of PSPP in energy water management systems of Uzbekistan
In our country, a lot of attention is paid to the development of the energy sector. A lot of work is underway to modernize existing capacities and commission new capacities. At the same time, the unit capacities of units and power plants also increase, which ensures faster commissioning of capacities in the power system and an increase in the efficiency of power plants. Attention is also paid to the development of power plants based on renewable energy sources (hydraulic, solar, wind, etc.). One of the most important tasks in the power industry is to cover peak minimum and maximum loads, which is becoming increasingly important in connection with the growth of the power system's capacity. As is known, according to world indicators, the maneuverable capacities should be about 25% of the total power of the EPS. The most promising maneuverable capacities are hydroelectric power plants. However, in our country, hydroelectric power plants account for about 14.3%. This task will become more complicated with the introduction of capacities based on solar and wind energy and the commissioning of new hydroelectric and thermal power plants in the Republic. This is because RES capacities have a significant discontinuity even during the day, and the water resources in the Republic are primarily for irrigation and drainage purposes and are significantly variable during the season. One way to solve these problems in the world is the creation and use of pumped storage power plants (PSPP). The peculiarities of the creation and use of pumped storage power plants in our region are that the available hydro resources of our region are mainly of water management importance, while the task is also to increase the energy efficiency of existing reservoirs. Based on the foregoing, we can say that the development of methods for determining the economic efficiency of pumped storage power plants, taking into account direct and indirect effects, taking into account the peculiarities of their use in energy and water management systems of Uzbekistan is the main task for the present time. To solve the set tasks, a new methodology and program for substantiating the technical and economic indicators of pumped storage power plants in Uzbekistan's energy and water management systems have been developed. The schemes of using pumped storage power plants at four energy and water management facilities, that is, the Tuyamuyun hydro subunit, Arnasai, Talimarjan, and Khodjikent reservoirs, were considered, and for these facilities, based on the developed methodology and program, their technical and economic parameters of the pumped storage power plant were determined. Based on the results obtained, it can be said that using the PSPP in four facilities, it is possible to generate a total of about 418 MW of capacity and more than 930.0 million kWh of electricity, as well as to save 139 thousand tons of fuel equivalent per year, with this, the annual economic efficiency will be about 700.0 billion sums.
Read more1Analysis of planning for utilization of East Borneo hydro power with techno economy principle
Conventional power plants are barely able to afford all of the needs, but they harm the environment as fossil-fueled electricity does. For now, investors and academicians are competing to make renewable energy power plants, one of which is a hydroelectric power plant. Data of National Energy General Plan issued by the government show that East Kalimantan has the potential of water and solar energy of 13,479 MW. Therefore, this study chooses Tabang, East Kalimantan as a study case to construct a hydroelectric power plant using techno-economic principles. There are three alternatives for the installation of dams with maximum capacities of 219.99 m3/s, 468.72 m3/s, and 550.91 m3/s, respectively; the last is chosen for this research. The optimization result in a maximum water discharge is 253.85 m3/s with an installed capacity of 205.14 MW. The type of water turbine chosen is vertical shaft Francis with an output of 70,808 kW, and the generator is 68,684 kW. The results of this study show that the energy costs range from Rp537.2/kWh. The energy cost is enough to do the construction with an average cost of supply that East Kalimantan has Rp930.1/kWh.
Read moreDevelopment of Russian Energy Companies and Renewable Energy Sector in Russia
Development of Russian Energy Companies and Renewable Energy Sector in Russia
19Nexus between foreign direct investment, gross capital formation, financial development and renewable energy consumption: evidence from panel data estimation
This research examines the correlation between foreign direct investment (FDI), gross capital formation (GCF), financial development, and renewable energy consumption (REC). The research utilizes the CS-ARDL and NARDL estimates to identify a strong and statistically significant connection, both in the long-term and short-term, between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Gross Capital Formation (GCF), financial development, and Regional Economic Cooperation (REC). More precisely, a 10% alteration in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) leads to a 1.545% augmentation in Research and Development Expenditure (REC) over an extended period of time, and a 0.735% boost in the immediate term. Likewise, favorable (unfavorable) advancements in foreign direct investment (FDI) hasten (diminish) the pace of economic growth in the long term. The analysis also demonstrates a strong and statistically significant relationship between GCF and REC, highlighting the advantageous impact of domestic capital creation on the integration of clean energy. Moreover, it reveals a favorable correlation between financial development and REC, indicating that the financial incentives enabled by financial development have a crucial impact on encouraging the use of renewable energy. These results are consistent with previous research and have important consequences for the connection between foreign direct investment (FDI), gross capital formation (GCF), financial development, and sustainable energy. Nonetheless, the study highlights the importance of taking into account the nature and caliber of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, the influence of fair and sustainable growth in the renewable energy sector on the environment and society, and the possible environmental and social consequences of renewable energy projects fueled by domestic capital expansion. Furthermore, it emphasizes the need of well-rounded policy frameworks and governance mechanisms to guarantee that foreign direct investment (FDI), green climate fund (GCF), and financial development effectively contribute to equitable and sustainable growth in the consumption of renewable energy. The study's findings offer valuable insights on how to effectively use foreign direct investment (FDI), global climate finance (GCF), and financial development to increase the use of renewable energy. However, it also emphasizes the importance of carefully evaluating the wider consequences and related factors in order to develop sustainable strategies for promoting renewable energy consumption.
Read moreСотрудничество Китая и Центральной Азии в области возобновляемой энергетики
Central Asian countries (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan) are rich in renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, and hydropower, but the differences in economic development among the five countries have led to uneven development of renewable energy projects. Energy transition, carbon neutrality targets, and geopolitical conflicts make renewable energy development in Central Asian countries full of challenges. Policies to provide tariff reductions, simplify procedures and strengthen international cooperation for renewable energy projects are specified in the legislation on the use of renewable energy. China is the fastest growing country in the field of renewable energy technologies and one of the major investors in the Central Asian renewable energy market. Under the guidance of the One Belt and One Road Initiative, China and Central Asia have launched multi-level and all-round cooperation in the renewable energy sector. China has advanced technology and relatively strong capital, while the advantage of Central Asia lies in its great potential for developing renewable energy (hydro, wind and solar). The two sides carry out renewable energy cooperation, which is complementary to a certain extent, and can achieve mutual benefits and meet the economic development interests of both parties. In recent years, energy cooperation between China and the Central Asian countries within the framework of the One Belt and One Road Initiative has achieved many positive results. Their cooperation had geopolitical, technological and economic advantages, and the One Belt and One Road Initiative provided the Central Asian countries with more opportunities for sustainable development. This study concludes that China and Central Asia are actively promoting renewable energy cooperation under the One Belt and One Road Initiative to expand investment and reduce risks.
Read more22The effects of renewable energy sources on Turkiye's economic growth: ARDL estimation.
Hydroelectric power plants have been in use for more than a century in countries with rich river resources owing to their cheaper installation costs. Hydroelectric power plants, which have particular importance for the economic growth of developing countries, have been generating electricity in Turkiye over many decades, since the early 1900s. The ultimate objective of the study is to observe the relationship between Turkiye's hydroelectric power generation and its economic growth, which is rarely addressed in the literature, by using recent data. Aimed in the empirical analysis are to test the impact of renewable energy use on economic growth in Turkiye between the years 1965 and 2019 and, in particular, to determine the role and importance of hydroelectric energy, which has an important historical background in respect of Turkish economy, in this relationship. In the analysis part of the study, firstly, unit root analyses were performed, and the ARDL estimator was made, which is the most appropriate estimator among the series with different orders of stationarity. In addition to the diagnostic tests showing whether the ARDL estimator was an appropriate estimator, findings with respect to causality between the variables were revealed with the Toda-Yamamoto causality test, which allows for different orders of stationarity of the series. According to the results of the ARDL estimator, which allows to examine the short and long-term results of the independent variables, it was concluded that renewable energy had no significant effect on economic growth in the long and short run, while hydroelectric energy has increased economic growth in the long run in the analyzed period. In Turkiye, which is highly dependent on foreign for energy production, the contribution of energy consumption to economic growth in the long run was found to be negative.
Read more3The Regional and Personal Disparities of Global Renewable Energy Use from Four Perspectives
Global climate change demands a rapid transition to renewable energy for sustainable development and carbon neutrality. However, existing frameworks often overlook the dynamics of renewable energy use across production, consumption, final production, and income perspectives of the economy, thereby limiting understanding of global energy transitions. This study addresses this gap using a multi regional input-output (MRIO) model to analyze renewable energy use globally from 2000 to 2021 through multiple perspectives. Our findings reveal significant disparities in renewable energy use across countries. The United States is the largest renewable energy user by four perspectives in 2021, while per capita renewable energy use reveals pronounced disparities, with heavily populated countries like China and India having notably low use levels. Furthermore, resource-exporting countries, as primary suppliers for global renewable energy, promote renewable energy use, making a substantial contribution to the energy transition. Sectoral analysis highlights the significance of electricity, gas, and water industries in renewable energy use. This study provides a comprehensive framework for analyzing renewable energy use, offering valuable insights to policymakers to accelerate equitable and sustainable energy transitions.
Read more21Review of renewable energy use in Lithuania
Review of renewable energy use in Lithuania
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