Coffee farming business development: E-commerce technology utilization

Robusta coffee is a coffee variety that has unique characteristics, a strong taste and a different level of bitterness from Arabica coffee because Robusta coffee contains lower sugar and 2.2% more caffeine than Arabica coffee so that Robusta coffee production is quite helpful for the economy. several coffee producing countries in the world. The quality and productivity of coffee plants can decrease due to several factors such as pests and disease. However, the limitations of experts regarding coffee plant diseases are a factor and obstacle. The aim of this research is to create an expert-based intelligent system to identify pests and diseases in robusta coffee plants. The method that will be applied is Dempster Shafer. Data on disease names amounted to 13 and data on symptoms amounted to 27. The final result was that Robusta coffee plants were tested for expertise on the system with an average accuracy of diagnosis results of 94% from 13 test cases on pests and diseases of coffee plants, so it can be concluded that the system Experts can diagnose coffee plant pests and diseases very well using the Dempster Shafer method

Robusta coffee is one type of coffee that can grow well in Indonesia. Robusta coffee has 2.2% more caffeine and less sugar than Arabica coffee. This coffee may be a more interesting coffee variety from different levels of taste and thickness. In addition, Robusta coffee is very accommodating to the economy of several coffee-producing countries around the world, including Indonesia. A number of factors, especially pests and diseases, can reduce the productivity and quality of coffee plants. This is also confirmed by coffee experts who conducted research on pests and diseases in Robusta coffee plants. This study aims to develop an expert-based system that can identify problems and diseases in Robusta coffee plants using the Dempster Shafer method, and developed in a web-based platform. From the data collected from literature studies, dialogue with farmers, and consultation with an expert, 13 types of pests and diseases were obtained, and 27 symptoms of the disease. The results of this study are the development of a web-based expert system that can diagnose pests or diseases from several symptom inputs filled in by users or coffee farmers. The results of the trial of 13 test cases on the diagnosis of pests and diseases of Robusta coffee plants obtained an average accuracy value of 94%. This shows that this expert system can analyze the types of pests or diseases in Robusta coffee plants very well using the Dempster Shafer method.

Coffee is traded on a stock exchange on which the goods are priced and influence their value both in the physical market and in the futures market, which causes doubts in coffee growers about the most opportune moment for trading. Then, the goal of this work was to consider the most favorable and unfavorable months over the years for the arabica and robusta coffee trading in the physical market and arabica coffee in the future market. The work was carried out using historical data on the price of coffee in Brazil, stratifying it into periods and listing for each year of evaluation the percentage of months with the first and second highest and lowest prices. Arabica and Robusta coffee were assessed respectively from 2018 to 1981 and from 2018 to 1995. Arabica coffee in the futures market was analyzed from 2018 to 1980. The evaluation was performed using descriptive statistics and correlation analysis among the modalities of coffee trading in Brazil. Great instability was observed between the months of high and low prices for coffee trading. This shows the uncertainties existing in the market; however, it is possible to observe a trend of the most favorable and unfavorable months for commercialization. It is determined that for arabica coffee, December and January are the most favorable and unfavorable months for trading, respectively. For robusta coffee, the most favorable and unfavorable sales months were June and January. Arabica coffee in the futures market January was the best month for trading and February in the opposite condition, in alternate years, the least favorable month.

Vietnam and Indonesia dominate the world coffee trade, beside Brazil and Columbia. Coffee exports of these two countries are dominated by robusta coffee. The demand for robusta coffee increases along with the increasing the role of modern coffee makers and baristas in processing robusta coffee. This study employs Constant Market Share as a tool of analysis. The results of Constant Market Share calculations show that Vietnamese coffee and Indonesian coffee are still unable to compete with Arabica coffee. This can be seen from the effect of negative competitiveness for the coffee of the two countries. However, the results of calculating the effects of commodity composition, Vietnamese and Indonesian coffee are favored by coffee importers in the United States, Germany, Italy and Japan. In number of export value, Vietnamese coffee left behindIndonesian coffee in the United States, Germany and Italy. However, in Japan, Vietnamese and Indonesian coffee could not dominate each other. For Indonesia, Japan is the only major importer of coffee in the world that is expected to break the dominance of Vietnamese coffee. Nevertheless, the hope will get a considerable challenges from Japan and domestic itself.

Coffee contains a lot of phenolic compounds, especially chlorogenic acid, therefore many studies have examined the potential of coffee as an antioxidant. Antioxidants can inactivate oxidation reactions and prevent the formation of free radicals. This research aimed to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid content of the ethanol extract of robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) and the ethanol extract of arabica coffee (Coffea arabica), as well as determine the % inhibition value of Arabica coffee ethanol extract and Robusta coffee ethanol extract and their combination as antioxidants in vitro. Robusta and Arabica coffee powders were soaked in ethanol solvent, respectively, and the filtrate was concentrated using a rotary evaporator. The extract’s flavonoid and total phenolic content were measured by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. An antioxidant activity test was carried out using the DPPH method. The phenolic content of the ethanol extract of robusta coffee powder and the ethanol extract of arabica coffee powder were 7.98 and 9.16 mg QE/g, respectively. The total flavonoid content of the ethanol extract of robusta coffee powder and the ethanol extract of arabica coffee powder were 11.5 and 14.2 mg GAE/g, respectively. The highest % inhibition values of the ethanol extract of arabica coffee powder and the ethanol extract of robusta coffee and their combination as antioxidants in vitro were 71.1, 85.1, and 86.4%.

Coffee constitute on of the commodity mainstay plantage be the that possess contribution a big enough in economy Indonesia. Coffee arabica and coffee robusta constitute coffee drink the very by the people of fond. Purpose of research this be for know result for difference process a processing coffee arabica and coffee robusta, for know and acquire result comparison price basic production in coffee arabica and coffee robusta for side process a processing coffee with method full costing and variabel costing. Population which in take of whole price basic production as long as one time harvest in a one year, whereas sample which in take of price basic production in a whole manner of population, because researcher take 100 day picking in a one year very as long as three month production. Research this use research quantitative, purpose research quantitative depict data research of numbers. Result a research that indicate, process a processing coffee arabica which in did by PT. Perkebunan Nusantara XII use manner wet and Perkebunan Rakyat use process a processing coffee robusta with manner dry. For computation price basic production follow method full costing coffee arabica as big as Rp 1.027.641.350 and coffee robusta as big as Rp 339.059.600, whereas follow method variabel costing coffee arabica as big as Rp 975.441.500 and coffee robusta as big as Rp 316.646.000.

Coffee, a predominant plantation crop is a highly traded commodity and mostly consumed as a hot beverage. India stands seventh among the world coffee producing countries. Consumption is higher in south India. India grows Arabica and Robusta coffee. Consumption of coffee in India increased at 2 percent per annum till 2020 and after that there was 5 per cent growth rate (ShrutiArun, 2020). The present study was proposed with the objective of studying the trend in area, production, yield of Arabica and Robusta coffee in India and Tamil Nadu and predicting the same. Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) Analysis was used to find the trend in area, production and yield of coffee. Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model was used for forecasting the area and production of Arabica and Robusta in India till 2025. Area, production, yield of Arabica and Robusta coffee in India showed a positive trend. A negative trend was observed in productivity of Arabica coffee in India. Whereas in Tamil Nadu, area of Arabica and Robusta coffee showed positive trend, a negative trend was seen in production and productivity of Arabica and Robusta. ARIMA (1, 1, 1) for Arabica and ARIMA (1, 1, 0) found to provide best fit for predicting the area and production of Robusta coffee in India.

Arabica and Robusta coffee are the two main coffee tree species that are cultivated around the world. Premium Arabica coffee is rich in flavour and aroma. Meanwhile, the cheaper Robusta coffee has a bitter taste, a muddy odour, and a weaker aroma and flavour. This study aimed to improve the quality of Robusta coffee through cellulase and protease assisted germination. Germination results in producing flavour precursors and can be accelerated by degrading the endosperm of coffee beans through the activity of cellulase and protease. Quality parameters were based on morphological study (scanning electron microscope [SEM]), flavour profile analysis (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [GC-MS]) and sensory evaluation. Results indicated that sugar-and enzyme-added germinated Robusta (R5) has similar morphological characteristics and pH values to Arabica. Flavour profile analysis indicated that 2-Furanmethanol of treated Robusta, which contributes to bitter taste, was decreased compared to untreated Robusta (control). In sensory evaluation, the final score of sensory properties of germinated Robusta (R2), enzyme-added Robusta (R3), and sugar-and enzyme-added germinated (R5) was improved, which indicated that there was no significant difference (p>0.05) compared to Arabica. These results showed that the proposed additional processing method of green coffee beans in this study was able to improve the quality of cheaper Robusta coffee which has some similar properties to premium Arabica.

Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease-related death worldwide. Some studies suggested that the natural ingredients in coffee may negatively affect cardiovascular diseases, while other studies indicated that coffee contains anti-inflammatory compounds that are beneficial for cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to measure the expression of P-selectin in aortic endothelial cells and the level of serum apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1) in an atherosclerosis rat model after the administration of arabica and robusta coffee bean extracts at mild-moderate and high doses. An experimental study was conducted with a complete randomized design using 36 adult male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) divided into six groups: negative control (NC), positive control (PC), arabica mild-moderate dose (A1), arabica high dose (A2), robusta mild-moderate dose (R1), and robusta high dose (R2). Animals were induced atherosclerosis with atherogenic feed and then were treated with arabica and robusta coffee bean extracts at two different doses for four weeks. The results showed that the expression of P-selectin in the group of rats treated with robusta coffee bean extract was lower than arabica coffee bean extract group. Rats with robusta coffee bean extract mild-moderate dose had the highest ApoA-1 levels compared to other groups significantly (p<0.05). The level of ApoA-1 was higher in both mild-moderate and high dose of robusta coffee groups compared to the negative control group (both with p<0.001). In conclusion, mild-moderate intake of robusta coffee bean extract could reduce aortic P-selectin immunoexpression and increase serum ApoA-1 levels in an atherosclerosis rat model.

Objective evaluation of coffee aroma was performed by the combination of gas chromatographic analysis and principal component analysis. (1) Arabica and robusta coffees were clearly separated by the first and second principal components and the principal components of each trade variety of coffee could be correlated with the sensory evaluation by a professional expert (cup tester) regarding to arabica coffees. (2) The blended coffees with the blending ratio of 1:1 (robusta/arabica coffee) were affected more strongly by robusta than arabica coffee. The blended coffees with the ratio of 3:1 was closely similar to robusta coffee but the coffees with the ratio of 1:3 had a quite different ftavor quality from the original coffees. (3) The good relation between a roasting degree and principal components was observed from Light to French roasted beans. Consequently, the effect of roasting on flavor formation was different between arabica and robusta coffee.

The aim of this study was to compare, under standardized conditions, the content and molecular properties of carbohydrates occurring in extracts from roasted coffee beans and in coffee substitutes made from roasted chicory root, barley, wheat, spelt, and rye. The study revealed an over 8% higher carbohydrate content, primarily polysaccharides of a molar mass greater than 1800 g/mol, in instant Arabica coffee extract compared to Robusta coffee. Significant differences were also demonstrated in the carbohydrate composition of Arabica and Robusta coffee extracts, as well as coffees obtained using laboratory and industrial methods. Coffee substitutes generally contained more polysaccharides and two to five times more oligosaccharides of a molar mass ranging from 400 to 1800 g/mol, and consequently, total carbohydrates, compared to coffee extracts. The high oligosaccharide contents (11–25%) of very diverse monosaccharide composition found in instant coffee substitutes indicate the potential prebiotic effects of these products. The highest melanoidin content among instant coffee extracts and coffee substitutes was found in a coffee substitute made from roasted chicory. Furthermore, extract from Arabica coffee contained higher amounts of melanoidins than Robusta coffee.

The objective of this work was to quantify kahweol and cafestol diterpenes in coffee brews prepared from commercial capsules for espresso in the Brazilian market. Four types of brews, with five preparation replications, were evaluated. The capsules had differences in the amount and type of roasted and ground coffees used (blends of arabica and robusta coffee or 100% arabica coffee), and in the conditions of time and volume of extraction (dose) recommended by the manufacturer. The coffee brews presented 1.42 and 4.88 g of solids/100 mL. Concentration of solids decreased with the increase in time/volume extraction. Contents of 0.47 to 1.04 mg of kahweol and 0.38 to 0.92 mg of cafestol by dose (ranging from 35 to 120 mL) were observed. These contents corresponded to a range of 0.40 to 2.96 mg of kahweol/100 mL and 0.32 to 2.62 mg of cafestol/100 mL. The fraction of diterpenes extracted varied from 1.85 to 4.27 % for kahweol and 1.87 to 4.16 % for cafestol. Considering the contents of cafestol, there is no indication of a hypercholesterolemic effect due to a moderate consumption of coffee brews prepared from these commercial capsules.

The demand for coffee in Malang Regency by determining the quantity of commodities is very dependent on the marketing subsystem. Robusta coffee marketing channels in Malang Regency include marketing institutions, namely small traders, sub-district collectors and large traders. Coffee marketing is dominated by small traders. This research aims to analyze the determinants that influence the choice of marketing channels for Robusta coffee in Malang Regency. The location of this research was carried out in two villages, namely Srimulyo Village and Sukodono Village, Kec. Dampit, Kab. Poor. The respondents in this research were Robusta coffee farmers in two villages in a total of 60 respondents. Marketing agency respondents were then determined using snowball sampling techniques. Snowball sampling method by collecting data based on information from previous respondents based on existing marketing patterns in Malang Regency. This research uses multinomial logit analysis by determining efficient marketing channels as a reference variable. Based on the results of marketing channel analysis, it was found that there are 5 marketing channel patterns. Marketing channel 1 consists of 27 farmers and the largest channel choice is 45%, while the results of the marketing efficiency analysis show that channel 5, namely direct farmers to wholesalers, is the most efficient. Marketing channel 5 consists of 11 farmers with a percentage of 18.3%. The results of the research show that 3 variables influence the choice of marketing channels, namely production volume, farming experience, and education level. Suggestions from research for extension workers and local governments need to assist farmers regarding financing and coffee market information so that marketing channel choices are more varied.

The level of coffee consumption in Indonesia reaches 4.6 million packages and Indonesia ranks 6th in the world with the largest coffee consumption in the world. Variants of coffee that have been famous until 2019 are very diverse, originating from various regions such as Java Coffee, Gayo Coffee, and others. The increase in coffee consumption in Indonesia is also supported by globalization which has caused many Coffee Shops to be established in Indonesia, especially in the city of Bandung. Coffee shops in the diverse city of Bandung cause competition among coffee shops, this requires every Coffee Shop entrepreneur to innovate in his business. This study aims to examine how the business innovation used by one of the Coffee Shops in Bandung, namely 'Coffee As' uses the Business Model Canvas in developing its business. The study was conducted using qualitative methods, in-depth interview techniques, and documentation. Business Model Environmental Analysis is carried out to see the state of the business environment to see the state of the market, industry, key trends, and macroeconomics. The results show that 'Coffee As' applies the Business Model Canvas based on Value Proportion with the aim of conveying the value of 'perfect' and the main focus of the target consumer is adults, by providing facilities, services, and the best quality coffee yields from the Pangalengan plantation.

A coffee crop may consist of up to 1/5 of defective beans and finding a suitable destination for this material is economically interesting. Many coffee industries collect the selections - material containing coffee defects - and blend them with non-defective coffee fruits in specific proportions to obtain a marketable product. Studies on the composition of selections are scarce. Hydro- and liposoluble bioactive compounds were determined in five types of roasted and ground selections of coffee Arabica and in healthy Arabica and Robusta coffee species throughout an optimized HPLC-UV/Vis-MS-based method. Nicotinic acid and 4-CQA were not detected. Black and sour beans seem to increase the level of caffeine (variation from 1.3 to 2.4 g 100 g-1 of sample) in the selections. The occurrence of defects decreases the level of 5-CQA, the main representative chlorogenic acid. Trigonelline content is high in Arabica coffee, and the presence of defects does not promote a clear variation in its amount. Kahweol concentration (~74.6 to 76.9 mg g-1 of oil) was practicallythe same up the Arabica sample set; this diterpene was absent in Robusta coffee. Cafestol (variation between 12.4 and 16.4 mg g-1 of oil) is a good quality indicator. Kahweol and 16-O-methyl cafestol are species indicators, and caffeine can point out the species of coffee. PCA revealed that sour beans were associated with the presence of kahweol, while cafestol and trigonelline were correlated to the occurrence of coffee skin. The higher the proportion of black beans, the more balanced the contents of water-soluble and liposoluble compounds. Key words: PVA; Coffee harnessing; HPLC-based method; Selection of coffee; Water- and fat-soluble compounds.