Robusta Coffee Plant Disease Identification using Dempster Shafer Method in Expert Systems

Robusta coffee is a coffee variety that has unique characteristics, a strong taste and a different level of bitterness from Arabica coffee because Robusta coffee contains lower sugar and 2.2% more caffeine than Arabica coffee so that Robusta coffee production is quite helpful for the economy. several coffee producing countries in the world. The quality and productivity of coffee plants can decrease due to several factors such as pests and disease. However, the limitations of experts regarding coffee plant diseases are a factor and obstacle. The aim of this research is to create an expert-based intelligent system to identify pests and diseases in robusta coffee plants. The method that will be applied is Dempster Shafer. Data on disease names amounted to 13 and data on symptoms amounted to 27. The final result was that Robusta coffee plants were tested for expertise on the system with an average accuracy of diagnosis results of 94% from 13 test cases on pests and diseases of coffee plants, so it can be concluded that the system Experts can diagnose coffee plant pests and diseases very well using the Dempster Shafer method

Indonesia is one of the world's largest coffee producers and has a reputation for producing high quality coffee. As a country located in the tropics with fertile soil, climate, and suitable topography, Indonesia has ideal conditions for growing coffee. Various varieties of coffee in Indonesia, including Arabica and Robusta, grow well in various regions such as Java, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Bali, Nusa Tenggara, Papua and Kalimantan. Some of the typical Indonesian coffee varieties include Gayo Coffee from Aceh, Mandailing Coffee from North Sumatra, Toraja Coffee from South Sulawesi, and Bali Coffee from Bali. Coffee plants can be attacked by various diseases, which can affect growth, quality and yield. The Dempster-Shafer analysis approach for diagnosing disease in Robusta coffee plants is based on the theory of trust (evidence theory) and provides a strong framework for modeling uncertainty in disease diagnosis. The first step is to collect observational data on various disease indicators such as leaf discoloration, decay symptoms, and stunted growth. By calculating the degree of confidence and uncertainty, we can produce reliable conclusions about the presence of disease in Robusta coffee plants. In addition, we also developed the Dempster-Shafer model to identify the stage or severity of the disease, which can assist farmers in taking appropriate action. The results show that the Dempster-Shafer analysis approach provides accurate and reliable results in diagnosing Robusta coffee disease. This model can also provide valuable information in identifying disease stages, which can support effective disease management and control.

Coffee is a plantation crop that has high economic value. One of the obstacles in the cultivation of coffee plants is the attack of plant parasitic nematodes, including Pratylenchus coffeae, Radopholus similis, and Meloidogyne spp. The reported nematode control technologies are the implementation of organic fertilizers, botanical pesticides, and biological agents. This study aimed to determine the effect of organic fertilizer, biofertilizer, and endophytic bacteria to control nematodes on Robusta coffee plants. The research conducted on a farmers’ coffee plantation infested by parasitic nematodes in Sidomulyo village, Lampung, Indonesia. The study used a randomized block design with 6 treatments: organic fertilizer, organic fertilizer + biofertilizer, organic fertilizer + endophytic bacteria, biofertilizer + endophytic bacteria, organic fertilizer + biofertilizer + endophytic bacteria, and control (farmer’s technology). Biofertilizers were applied together with organic fertilizers at the beginning of the rainy season, 25 g/tree and 3 kg/tree, respectively. Endophytic bacteria were applied 100 ml/tree a month after organic and biofertilizer. The observations were performed on the nematode population, growth, and production of robusta coffee. The results showed the application of organic fertilizers, biofertilizers, and endophytic bacteria could suppress the nematode population in Robusta coffee plants of 50.56-70.71%. The application of organic fertilizers, biofertilizers, and endophytic bacteria also increases the growth and productivity of Robusta coffee plants.

Enzymatic transformation in the cycle of nutrients of Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in soil can only be carried out by microbes. The latest approach in coffee cultivation is to utilize soil microbes to enhance plant growth, also to reduce the attack of the nematode Pratylenchus coffeae on coffee roots. This exploratory study aimed to observe the attack of P. coffeae and the presence of N-fixing bacteria (NFB) and P- solubilizing microbes (PSM) in the coffee rhizosphere which in turn have the potential to be used as biological fertilizers and bioprotectants of coffee plants. The study was conducted in PT Perkebunan Kalibendo's Arabica and Robusta coffee fields, East Java, on immature plants (IP) and mature plants (MP). This exploration explained that the IP and MP arabica and robusta coffee plantations were attacked by P. coffeae. NFB and PSM were successfully isolated from the rhizosphere of both coffee plantations types. The population of NFB Azotobacter in IP was lower than in MP, but the PSM population in IP rhizosphere was not different from that in MP. Based on morphological and biochemical characterization, three isolates of Azotobacter bacteria, six species of P- solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and six species of phosphate-solubilizing fungi (PSF) were obtained. This exploration confirmed that the microbes involved in the N and P cycle colonized the coffee rhizosphere which was attacked by P. coffeae. Further research is recommended to observe the effectiveness of microbes as biological fertilizers and bioprotectants for coffee plants.

Background :A diuretic is a drug that can increase the speed of urine volume. The diuretic term has two meanings, the first being indicating increased volume the urine produced and the second shows the amount of ingested substances ingested in water. The caffeine in coffee can cause a weak diuretic because it increases glomerular filtration and decreases inatrium reabsorbs in the renal tubules. Robusta coffee beans are coffee beans that are very easy to grow and easier to harvest, because these coffee beans are less sensitive to climate, so they will always be there to be harvested and this robusta coffee plant has a lot of fruit. This research is meant to find out robusta’s (Coffeacanephora) brew effect on the urine profile and urine volume of the rat white. Method : Samples were 20 male white rats as test animals and were divided into five groups of four in each The positive control group using furosemide 5,04 mg/kgbb, CMC Na 0,5 % is given as a negative control group and than group treatment of an brewing coffee with a dose of 600, 300, 150 mg/kgbb oral injection. Urine measurements were done on the hour to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Result :The study shows robusta coffee brewing with a dose of 600 mg/kgbb shows increased urine volume compared to the dose of 300, and 150 mg/kgbb. Conclusion :robusta coffee seduces have a diuretic effect on male white rat no better than furosemide.

Robusta coffee plant is typically grown under the canopy of shade-providing trees in lowland areas of tropical regions. The study aimed to assess the leaf acclimation and the photosynthetic capacity of Robusta coffee trees under different levels of shade provided by rubber trees in rubber-coffee intercropping systems. The efficiency of photosynthetic traits was studied in 5-year-old Robusta coffee trees intercropped under four different levels of rubber tree shades (SH1 – slight shade, SH2 – moderate shade, SH3 – high shade, and SH4 – heavy shade). The results showed that the SH3 and SH4 (45% and 15% transmission) plantations had lower light transmission than the SH1 and SH2 (80% and 70% transmission) plantations. There was no statistical difference in canopy temperatures among the Robusta coffee trees under the SH2 (30.46 °C), SH3 (30.19 °C), and SH4 (29.85 °C) plantations. The chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) ranged from 0.770 to 0.799 showing similar values in SH2, SH3, and SH4 plantations. The greatest total chlorophyll content (Chltotal) values were recorded in SH3 and SH4 plantations. Additionally, gas-exchange rates in Robusta coffee trees were higher under the slight shade (SH1) condition, with optimal performance at higher light intensity (1,200 μmol/m2/s) and higher temperatures at 35°C. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn) response curves exhibited dominance in the SH1 and SH2 plantations, maintaining a similar pattern throughout all light-saturating conditions. The highest values of photosynthetic capacity under biochemical limitations (Pmax, Is, Vc,max, Jmax, and TPU) were also observed in both SH1 and SH2 plantations, which were 61.37%, 56.29%, 45.44%, 56.84% and 45.84%, respectively higher than those of SH3 and SH4 plantations. According to the results, optimizing light transmission could potentially lead to more efficient Robusta coffee’s photosynthetic capacity as an intercropping condition. This study suggests that the Robusta coffee tree could adapt to fluctuating light transmission, more than 50% rubber-shaded conditions could ultimately lead to reduced photosynthetic efficiency, resulting in slower growth and lower yield potential in a rubber-coffee intercropping system. Keywords: Chlorophyll content, leaf photosynthetic capacity, rubber agroecology, rubber tree age, shade acclimation

In robusta coffee, Coffea canephora, the black twig borer Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) causes considerable damage. Although this has been reported in many crops for years in Brazil, recently, the injury caused by X. compactus in coffee has been ignored. This present study aimed to report the current status of X. compactus in Brazil, and to investigate its attack frequency in different robusta coffee genotypes. In this study, we reported the occurrence of X. compactus in robusta coffee plants in the state of Rondônia for the first time. We also evaluated the occurrence of this pest in different robusta coffee genotypes in the state of Espírito Santo. In all plants, the plagiotropic branches were attacked; however, the genotypes G2, G6, G8, G20, G48, G50, G51 and G52 showed a high number of attacked plagiotropic branches, whereas the genotypes G24 and G41 showed a low attack frequency. Thus, these can be promising candidates for pest resistance studies. Moreover, it was reported that Almeidea rubra, Alseis floribunda, Plinia grandifolia and Casearia Sylvestris can serve as hosts of X. compactus. Thus, our findings suggest that X. compactus is a threat to coffee production, and that future studies are necessary to find appropriate tools for its management.

Robusta coffee (Coffea robusta L.) is one of the plantation commodities that has a very high economic value among other crops and coffee plays a very important role for the country's source of income. The Wonosalam area, Jombang Regency, has many types of coffee and the types of coffee in the Wonosalam plantations are very complete, ranging from Arabica, Robusta, and Excelsa. All three types thrive together, in one expanse. The various types of coffee bring distinct advantages for coffee farmers. One of the coffee plants that influence coffee production is the application of coffee cultivation techniques, for example by making dead-end trench, for the decomposition process. In this study, we will examine the effect of dead-end trench on pest attacks on coffee plants, in order to produce quality productivity. This research was carried out in the Wonosalam sub-district, Jombang Regency. This research was carried out directly in the field using a Completely Randomized Block Design (RAKL). The effect of using dead-end trench on pest attacks on Robusta coffee is not much different from the treatment without using dead-end trench, this is caused by several factors, including the influence of ambient temperature, humidity, wind speed and light intensity. Â

Coffee contains a lot of phenolic compounds, especially chlorogenic acid, therefore many studies have examined the potential of coffee as an antioxidant. Antioxidants can inactivate oxidation reactions and prevent the formation of free radicals. This research aimed to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid content of the ethanol extract of robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) and the ethanol extract of arabica coffee (Coffea arabica), as well as determine the % inhibition value of Arabica coffee ethanol extract and Robusta coffee ethanol extract and their combination as antioxidants in vitro. Robusta and Arabica coffee powders were soaked in ethanol solvent, respectively, and the filtrate was concentrated using a rotary evaporator. The extract’s flavonoid and total phenolic content were measured by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. An antioxidant activity test was carried out using the DPPH method. The phenolic content of the ethanol extract of robusta coffee powder and the ethanol extract of arabica coffee powder were 7.98 and 9.16 mg QE/g, respectively. The total flavonoid content of the ethanol extract of robusta coffee powder and the ethanol extract of arabica coffee powder were 11.5 and 14.2 mg GAE/g, respectively. The highest % inhibition values of the ethanol extract of arabica coffee powder and the ethanol extract of robusta coffee and their combination as antioxidants in vitro were 71.1, 85.1, and 86.4%.

Diseases on the leaves of robusta coffee plants can have a significant impact on the growth and yield of robusta coffee plants. The leaves of the robusta coffee plant are susceptible to various types of diseases caused by fungi, bacteria or insects with symptoms such as brown, yellow or black patches and discoloration on the surface of the leaves of the robusta coffee plant. Early detection of diseases in robusta coffee leaf plants is very important to obtain effective control to maintain plant health. In this study, a disease classification model on the leaves of robusta coffee plants was made using the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture. The architecture used in this study is AlexNet and Xception. In this study, a dataset of images of robusta coffee leaves obtained through direct observation of robusta coffee plantations in Temanggung Regency was used. The number of datasets used was 1400 data which was divided into 4 classes, namely healthy, root down, leaf rust and red spider mites. The CNN model was tested by setting parameters consisting of batch size, drop out, learning rate, optimizer and the number of epochs that varied 35, 50 and 100. The results of this study show that the AlexNet architecture model with 50 epoch tests obtains the best accuracy of 98.57% and the Xception architecture obtains an accuracy of 100% in each epoch test. Overall, the use of AlexNet and Xception architectures is very effective in classifying diseases in robusta coffee leaves, but the Xception architecture is superior in the ability to classify complex datasets and higher accuracy.

Global warming is closely related with the amount of carbon stored in an ecosystem. A research to determine the amount of carbon stock in the coffee farms has been conducted in Sumberbaru and Silo Sub-districts in Jember district, Kaliwining Experimental Station (ES) in Jember district, Sumberasin ES in Malang district and Andungsari ES in Bondowoso district. Carbon stock was measured using the method of Rapid Carbon Stock’s Assessment (RaCSA) developed by ICRAF. Measurements were made on the observation plots of 200 m2, with 3 replications. Results of measurement of carbon stock on coffee plantations showed that the increased carbon stock was proportional with the age of plants. Carbon stock in coffee plantation depends on the shade tree system. In the monoculture coffee leucaena used as shade trees, the carbon stock was lower then in multistrata system (agroforestry) used several kinds of shade trees. Carbon stock on coffee plant in the estate more than smallholder. The average of carbon stock on Robusta coffee at the age of 30 years amounted to 29.38 Mg ha-1, it is greater than the carbon deposit on Arabica coffee that is 22.02 Mg ha-1.Key words: Carbon stock, coffee plantation, Arabica, Robusta, smallholder, agroforestri

Coffee is traded on a stock exchange on which the goods are priced and influence their value both in the physical market and in the futures market, which causes doubts in coffee growers about the most opportune moment for trading. Then, the goal of this work was to consider the most favorable and unfavorable months over the years for the arabica and robusta coffee trading in the physical market and arabica coffee in the future market. The work was carried out using historical data on the price of coffee in Brazil, stratifying it into periods and listing for each year of evaluation the percentage of months with the first and second highest and lowest prices. Arabica and Robusta coffee were assessed respectively from 2018 to 1981 and from 2018 to 1995. Arabica coffee in the futures market was analyzed from 2018 to 1980. The evaluation was performed using descriptive statistics and correlation analysis among the modalities of coffee trading in Brazil. Great instability was observed between the months of high and low prices for coffee trading. This shows the uncertainties existing in the market; however, it is possible to observe a trend of the most favorable and unfavorable months for commercialization. It is determined that for arabica coffee, December and January are the most favorable and unfavorable months for trading, respectively. For robusta coffee, the most favorable and unfavorable sales months were June and January. Arabica coffee in the futures market January was the best month for trading and February in the opposite condition, in alternate years, the least favorable month.

Coffee constitute on of the commodity mainstay plantage be the that possess contribution a big enough in economy Indonesia. Coffee arabica and coffee robusta constitute coffee drink the very by the people of fond. Purpose of research this be for know result for difference process a processing coffee arabica and coffee robusta, for know and acquire result comparison price basic production in coffee arabica and coffee robusta for side process a processing coffee with method full costing and variabel costing. Population which in take of whole price basic production as long as one time harvest in a one year, whereas sample which in take of price basic production in a whole manner of population, because researcher take 100 day picking in a one year very as long as three month production. Research this use research quantitative, purpose research quantitative depict data research of numbers. Result a research that indicate, process a processing coffee arabica which in did by PT. Perkebunan Nusantara XII use manner wet and Perkebunan Rakyat use process a processing coffee robusta with manner dry. For computation price basic production follow method full costing coffee arabica as big as Rp 1.027.641.350 and coffee robusta as big as Rp 339.059.600, whereas follow method variabel costing coffee arabica as big as Rp 975.441.500 and coffee robusta as big as Rp 316.646.000.

Coffee, a predominant plantation crop is a highly traded commodity and mostly consumed as a hot beverage. India stands seventh among the world coffee producing countries. Consumption is higher in south India. India grows Arabica and Robusta coffee. Consumption of coffee in India increased at 2 percent per annum till 2020 and after that there was 5 per cent growth rate (ShrutiArun, 2020). The present study was proposed with the objective of studying the trend in area, production, yield of Arabica and Robusta coffee in India and Tamil Nadu and predicting the same. Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) Analysis was used to find the trend in area, production and yield of coffee. Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model was used for forecasting the area and production of Arabica and Robusta in India till 2025. Area, production, yield of Arabica and Robusta coffee in India showed a positive trend. A negative trend was observed in productivity of Arabica coffee in India. Whereas in Tamil Nadu, area of Arabica and Robusta coffee showed positive trend, a negative trend was seen in production and productivity of Arabica and Robusta. ARIMA (1, 1, 1) for Arabica and ARIMA (1, 1, 0) found to provide best fit for predicting the area and production of Robusta coffee in India.

After crude oil, coffee is the most traded commodity in the world From that figure, only about 30% of the world’s coffee is consumed in coffee-producing countries, the rest is exported to consuming countries such as Finland, Norway, the Netherlands, Germany and America. In recent years, total world coffee production has remained relatively constant while demand for coffee has increased significantly. Indonesia produces various types of special Arabica coffee such as Gayo coffee, Java coffee, Toraja coffee, Lintong coffee, Bajawa coffee, and Robusta coffee such as Java Robusta and Robusta Flores. Domestic coffee consumption is low, only around 3.3 million sacks of green green coffee per year. The rest, which is around 7.7 million, or about 70% of its production, both in the form of green beans and roasted coffee, is exported to Germany, USA, Japan and Italy. Of the total exports, around 25-30% are high quality Arabica coffee. E-commerce technology can play an increasingly important role in empowering such a traditional industry of agriculture. The technological underpinnings of e-commerce avail to expand the market channels of agricultural products, realizing the scale and organizational realm of agricultural product circulation, reducing the intermediaries of distribution, and reducing transaction costs. Recent studies have suggested that e-commerce helps firms to increase the information flow of agricultural products, reduce asymmetric information of farm products, and promote the creation of traceability information system for agricultural product chains. E-commerce can be part of developing a conceptual foundation for agricultural studies in the modern era and provide an understanding of the potential positive values of e-commerce.