COMMUNICATION AND VEHICLE ROUTING OPTIMIZATION USING BIO-INSPIRED ALGORITHM

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are a class of wireless networks built dynamically in an ad hoc network manner. VANET is a key technology for smart and Intelligent Transportation System. Efficient and intelligent algorithms for routing in VANETs are critically required for safety information propagation. Routing in highly dynamic VANET topology is important for the achievement of any vehicular safety applications. The routing mechanism in vehicular networks is critical because of VANETconstraints such as unpredictable network topology, frequent disconnections, varying network densities, etc. Multi agent scheme based routing scheme for VANETs is addressed in the paper. We address the challenge of how to route the data with short communication delay, overhead, and the complexity. Specifically, we consider the scenario for (V2V) vehicle-to-vehicle communication. Multi agent scheme consists of static agent and mobile agents. The scheme operates as follows: (1) establishing a connectivity pattern between the vehicles; (2) creating a set of beliefs; (3) desire development; (4) finalizing the intention. We validate the proposed scheme by simulation. Evaluated simulation results are packet delivery ratio, bandwidth utilization, and route identification delay.

Due to many challenging issues in vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs), such as high mobility and network instability, this has led to insecurity and vulnerability to attacks. Due to dynamic network topology changes and frequent network re-configuration, security is a major target in VANET research domains. VANETs have gained significant attention in the current wireless network scenario, due to their exclusive characteristics which are different from other wireless networks such as rapid link failure and high vehicle mobility. In this are, the authors present a Secured and Safety Protocol for VANET (STVAN), as an intelligent Ad-Hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV)-based routing mechanism that prevents the Denial of Service attack (DoS) and improves the quality of service for secured communications in a VANET. In order to build a STVAN, the authors have considered a smart traffic environment in a smart city and introduced the concept of load balancing over VANET vehicles in a best effort manner. Simulation results reveal that the proposed STVAN accomplishes enhanced performance when compared with other similar protocols in terms of reduced delay, better packet delivery ratio, reasonable energy efficiency, increased network throughput and decreased data drop compared to other similar approach.

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are integral to intelligent transportation systems, enabling real-time vehicle communication to enhance safety and traffic flow. However, the dynamic topology, frequent disconnections, and limited bandwidth in VANETs pose significant challenges for efficient routing. To address these issues, we propose a SARSA-based reinforcement learning (RL) routing strategy that adapts to network changes by learning from environmental interactions. This approach updates routing decisions based on observed state-action pairs to optimize performance. We evaluate the proposed method against established protocols such as AODV, DSR, OLSR, GPSR, and DSDV. Results show a 57% reduction in average end-to-end delay, along with notable improvements in packet delivery ratio and throughput, demonstrating the effectiveness of RL in enhancing VANET routing performance.

Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANET) are a proper subset of mobile wireless networks, where nodes are revulsive, the vehicles are armed with special electronic devices on the motherboard OBU (On Board Unit) which enables them to trasmit and receive messages from other vehicles in the VANET. Furthermore the communication between the vehicles, the VANET interface is donated by the contact points with road infrastructure. VANET is a subgroup of MANETs. Unlike the MANETs nodes, VANET nodes are moving very fast. Impound a permanent route for the dissemination of emergency messages and alerts from a danger zone is a very challenging task. Therefore, routing plays a significant duty in VANETs. decreasing network overhead, avoiding network congestion, increasing traffic congestion and packet delivery ratio are the most important issues associated with routing in VANETs. In addition, VANET network is subject to various security attacks. In base VANET systems, an algorithm is used to dicover attacks at the time of confirmation in which overhead delay occurs. This paper proposes (P-Secure) approach which is used for the detection of DoS attacks before the confirmation time. This reduces the overhead delays for processing and increasing the security in VANETs. Simulation results show that the P-Secure approach, is more efficient than OBUmodelVaNET approach in terms of PDR, e2e_delay, throughput and drop packet rate.

The swift improvement of wireless communication technology has aided the creation of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) as a revolutionary option for the realization of intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). VANETs facilitate seamless communication between vehicles and infrastructure (V2I) and among the vehicles themselves (V2V). These networks can enhance safety and traffic control while providing various infotainment options. To ensure stable and efficient communication in highly dynamic and quickly changing vehicular contexts, effective data packet routing is a crucial component of VANETs. This survey delves further into the VANET routing algorithms for ITS. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and acceptability of various routing protocols suggested for VANETs while considering their unique requirements and difficulties. The review covers ad hoc on‐demand distance vector (AODV) and dynamic source routing (DSR), as well as more current strategies designed specifically for VANETs, such as geographic routing, cluster‐based routing, and hybrid routing protocols. The review assesses the routing algorithms based on several vital parameters, including packet delivery ratio (PDR), end‐to‐end delay, throughput, network overhead, scalability, and robustness. This detailed assessment supports aspiring researchers in acquiring a better knowledge of the benefits and drawbacks of the routing algorithms currently used in VANETs.

The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is one of the developing paradigms that integrates the automotive industry with the Internet of Things (IoT). The evolution of traditional Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs), which are a layered framework for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), is employed to provide Quality of Service (QoS) to end users in hazardous situations. VANETs can set up ad-hoc networks and share information among themselves using Peer-to-Peer (P2P) communication. Dynamic properties in VANETs such as dynamic topology, node mobility, sparse vehicle distribution, and bandwidth constraints can have an impact on scalability, routing, and security. This can result in frequent link failures, instability, reliability, and QOS concerns, as well as the inherent complexity of NP-hard problems. Researchers have proposed several techniques to achieve stability; the most prominent one is clustering, which relies on mobility metrics. However, existing clustering techniques generate overwhelming clusters, resulting in greater resource consumption, communication overhead, and hop count, which may lead to increased latency. Therefore, the primary objective is to achieve stability by increasing cluster lifetime, which is accomplished by generating optimal clusters. A nature-inspired meta-heuristic algorithm titled African Vulture Optimization Based Clustering Algorithm (AVOCA) is implemented to achieve it. The proposed algorithm can achieve load optimization with efficient resource utilization by mitigating hidden node challenges and ensuring communication proficiency. By maintaining an equilibrium state between the exploration and exploitation phases, AVOCA avoids local optima. The paper explores a taxonomy of the techniques used in Cluster Head (CH) selection, coordination, and maintenance to achieve stability with lower communication costs. We evaluated the effectiveness of AVOCA using various network grid sizes, transmission ranges, and network nodes. The results show that AVOCA generates 40% less clusters when compared to the Clustering Algorithm Based on Moth-Flame Optimization for VANETs (CAMONET). AVOCA generates 45% less clusters when compared to Self-Adaptive Multi-Kernel Clustering for Urban VANETs (SAMNET), AVOCA generates 43% less clusters when compared to Intelligent Whale Optimization Algorithm (i-WOA) and AVOCA generates 38% less clusters when compared to Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO). The results show that AVOCA outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms in generating optimal clusters.

This chapter elaborates on secure inter-vehicle communication which is a need for future evolution of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) towards the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). A vehicle disseminates messages among other vehicles in a VANET, whereas, in the IoV paradigm, each vehicle is considered as a smart object equipped with a powerful multi-sensor platform, communication technologies, computation units, IP-based connectivity to the Internet, and connectivity to other vehicles either directly or indirectly. The inter-vehicle communication is a key element of IoV to enable interactions between intra-vehicle components: vehicle to vehicle, vehicle to road, and between vehicles and people. The most important feature of inter-vehicle communication is to improve road traffic safety and efficiency by preventing unauthorized message injection and message alteration in the network. As communication among vehicles is based on VANET, this chapter identifies and revokes unauthentic and misbehaving vehicles from vehicular ad hoc network for secure inter-vehicle communication. The chapter is developed in two phases. The schemes in the first phase of work identify the authentic vehicles, whereas the schemes in the second phase identify and revoke misbehaving vehicles from the set of authentic vehicles as identified in the first phase of work in the vehicular ad hoc network.

It is becoming increasingly difficult to locate someone who has not been exposed to wireless mobile technologies due to how quickly they are being adopted. To create a mobile adhoc network, these devices could be linked directly or indirectly using wireless channels. Routing in a network is the process of determining the best path for flow from a source to a destination. The fundamental issues with routing in VANETs are dynamic topology and unreliable connection statuses. Instead than broadcasting across the whole network, the routing mechanism focuses on individual routes. The ability to provide flexibility and scalability in routing is thus feasible. Experiments in VANET contexts, namely hand-held device-based VANETs, have shown benefits of the suggested routing technique. This allows us to evaluate our protocol in terms of packet delivery ratio, control overhead and end-to-end delay.

Reliability is an important issue for safety-critical broadcast services in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). So far, most investigations of such broadcast networks focus on multihop connectivity, taking all one-hop links for granted. In this paper, four reliability metrics for one-hop broadcast communication in VANETs, including the packet reception rate (PRR), the packet delivery ratio (PDR), the node successful packet delivery probability (PDP), and the effective range (ER), are introduced and evaluated analytically and by simulations. Expressions of these reliability metrics for one-hop broadcast in IEEE-802.11-based 1-D VANETs are derived with consideration of the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function (DCF), the hidden terminal problem, and collisions caused by concurrent transmissions. The impacts of network parameters such as distinct transmission, carrier sensing, and interference ranges; the density of nodes in the networks; the distances of receivers to the senders; the message generation rates; the backoff window sizes; and the channel data rates on the reliability of the broadcast communication in VANETs are investigated and discussed. As an example, the proposed model is applied to the evaluation of the dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) safety-critical message propagation in a highway setting. As a result, some important observations to the design and analysis of such communication systems are provided.

The Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) paradigm is a promising technology to enable the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) for future integration with 5G and 6G infrastructures in smart cities. However, VANET can be susceptible to wireless interference, like co-channel interference, which can cause communication quality and performance to deteriorate, threatening vehicular safety applications, including traffic management and accident prevention. Hence, VANET requires practical interference mitigation strategies, such as digital beamforming, that mitigate the signals from unwanted directions while improving the reception of signals from desired directions with adequate precision, which is helpful for VANET’s highly mobile environments. In this paper, a review of the literature on digital beamforming techniques is carried out that examines their advantages and limitations. Furthermore, an important contribution of this paper is the development of an experimental platform for a roundabout VANET based on simulations, where different digital beamforming algorithms, such as phase-shift and Minimum-Variance Distortionless-Response (MVDR), are tested. The results show that the MVDR algorithm leads to improvement due to its adaptability to ad hoc environments. Also, they show thatMVDRadaptive beamforming improves Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR) and reduces outage event proportion compared to non-beamforming and conventional beamforming scenarios, highlighting their potential to mitigate co-channel interference in highly changing VANET environments. Therefore, adaptive digital beamforming can improve the performance and reliability of VANETs, offering the potential for advanced wireless network implementations in smart cities with 5G and 6G infrastructures.

The vehicular ad hoc network is an emerging area of technology that provides intelligent transportation systems with vast advantages and applications. Frequent disconnections between the vehicular nodes due to high-velocity vehicles impact network performance. This can be addressed by efficient clustering techniques. Several recent studies have attempted to develop optimal clustering algorithms to improve network performance metrics using soft computing techniques. Although sufficient work on soft computing techniques has been carried out, it seems less commonplace to find an analysis of various algorithms’ network parameters together. This paper provides a systematic analysis of the clustering-based routing protocols used in vehicular networks that are aware of soft computing techniques. The categorization is performed according to various soft computing techniques: particle swarm optimization, k-means, neural networks, artificial bee colony, genetic algorithm, firefly algorithm, and fuzzy logic. A comparative study of soft computing strategies is also provided in the survey with a focus on their objectives, along with their strengths and limitations. This survey makes it easier for researchers to pick the required soft computing technique used in vehicular networks in order to improve metrics such as packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, throughput, cluster lifetime, and message overhead.

A vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) is a type of ad-hoc network that has gained high attention over the past few years and is extensively used in safety critical applications in case of emergency like road accidents. The proper working of VANET in these safety critical applications requires the need of VANET supporting timely and reliable delivery of the data to the receiver vehicles. However, supporting both timely and reliable delivery of the data messages to the receiver has become highly challenging in VANET because vehicle mobility, dynamic mobility pattern of the vehicles, dynamic network topology, and error-prone wireless communication channel. In this paper, this challenge is addressed by proposing Relia-MAC framework that adds timing properties to the novel Adaptive Byte-Hybrid Automatic Repeat request (AB-HARQ) method. The uniqueness of this paper lies in developing a single framework which when implemented in a vehicular ad-hoc network can assure both timely and reliable delivery of the data packets. Both analytic model and simulation studies are used in this paper to evaluate the effectiveness of proposed framework. The simulation studies have identified the effectiveness of Relia-MAC framework in recording higher ring throughput value and packet delivery ratio.

Built upon the fragile mobile devices and shared wireless channels, Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) are vulnerable to misbehaving nodes. The critical problems that affect the serviceability of the entire network are maintaining an acceptable level of network performance degradation, and fair allocation of resource among different users in the presence of misbehaving nodes. This paper investigates the optimization problem via the joint design of rate control and multi-path routing in fault-aware VANETs. We use statistical information and estimation on each wireless link to characterize the effect of faults, and develop a leaky-path model. This model takes account of packet loss along fault-paths and the “shrinking” feature of effective flow at the destination node. Moreover, we use a cost function to measure the impact of fault-correlation among multi-routing paths on effective flows. Based on the leaky-path model and the cost function, a fault-correlated flow control and routing ((FC)2 R) approach is proposed to maximize the network utility associated with the effective rate. We design a novel distributed algorithm to adjust flow rates adaptively on each path, using multi-path routing. Our simulation results demonstrate that higher effective network throughput, and better fairness, can be achieved by our algorithm than the standard optimal flow control in the presence of misbehaving nodes.

Vehicular communication ad hoc routing protocols: A survey

A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a special kind of mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) that supports cooperative driving among communicating cars on the roads. There are several technologies involved in implementation of wireless communication in VANETs. These technologies include 3G cellular systems, long-term evolution (LTE), LTE Advanced, IEEE 802.16, and IEEE 802.11. This chapter focuses on 802.11-based wireless communication in VANETs. It reviews some presented methods for vehicle movement path prediction, and explains some algorithms are explained for performance improvement in opportunistic networks based on the predicted vehicle movements. The chapter considers the fact that communication in VANETs can be infrastructure-based or infrastructureless. It also reviews some methods to apply the predicted vehicles' position for improving communication in infrastructure-based and infrastructureless VANETs, respectively. Opportunistic routing algorithms can be classified according to their dependency on roadside infrastructure. The chapter presents the taxonomy of opportunistic routing in VANETs.