Vehicular Ad Hoc Network Interference Mitigation Using Digital Beamforming Approach in Roundabout Scenarios

This chapter elaborates on secure inter-vehicle communication which is a need for future evolution of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) towards the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). A vehicle disseminates messages among other vehicles in a VANET, whereas, in the IoV paradigm, each vehicle is considered as a smart object equipped with a powerful multi-sensor platform, communication technologies, computation units, IP-based connectivity to the Internet, and connectivity to other vehicles either directly or indirectly. The inter-vehicle communication is a key element of IoV to enable interactions between intra-vehicle components: vehicle to vehicle, vehicle to road, and between vehicles and people. The most important feature of inter-vehicle communication is to improve road traffic safety and efficiency by preventing unauthorized message injection and message alteration in the network. As communication among vehicles is based on VANET, this chapter identifies and revokes unauthentic and misbehaving vehicles from vehicular ad hoc network for secure inter-vehicle communication. The chapter is developed in two phases. The schemes in the first phase of work identify the authentic vehicles, whereas the schemes in the second phase identify and revoke misbehaving vehicles from the set of authentic vehicles as identified in the first phase of work in the vehicular ad hoc network.

A new concept such as smart city was introduced in the last years where the Intelligent Transportation system (ITS ) plays a critical role to provide road safety and manage Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) traffic. Nevertheless, VANETs have significant constraints like nodes high mobility, intermittent connectivity, variable network density and heterogeneity. However, the different types of traffic, the different Quality of Service requirements, the need to exchange mobile data, multi-services and data diversity leads mainly to load and time constraints in this specific and stringent type of networks. The main characteristic of this kind of networks is the very changing topology that poses supplementary constraints and makes achieving QoS constraints a very challenging task. In VANET network the vehicle generated traffic will be transferred to the data center from road side unit to the base station by using Long Term Evolution (LTE) in an urban area. Despite LTE has a larger system capacity and it provides a higher transmission speed, the network performance is affected by the implemented scheduling algorithm. In this context, we study the efficiency of LTE scheduler algorithms such as Proportional Fairness, Round Robin, Priority Set Scheduler, Maximum Throughput Scheduler and Throughput to Average Scheduler and Blind Equal Throughput mainly at the road side unit using Network Simulator 3(NS3) to determinate the most suitable scheduler for VANET traffic. Results demonstrate that the round robin algorithm is more effective for volumetric VANET traffic in terms of throughput, delay, packet loss rate and fairness.

Various ongoing research efforts in Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) related to safety and non-safety applications have been published in academia and industry. One of the main areas in VANET that is still lacking of significant research contributions is toward designing reliable Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols. Existing surveys on MAC protocols in VANET mostly discuss general MAC methods, that include contention-based and contention-free MAC protocols. A hybrid MAC protocol that adopts both contention-based and contention-free MAC, proposed to enhance the network performance in VANET, is fruitful to be explored further. Hence, a survey of hybrid MAC protocols for VANET is presented in this paper. The benefits and limitations of the existing hybrid MAC protocols are discussed based on their classification to provide some insights into the recent advancement of high-performance MAC protocols for vehicular networks. Finally, some open research issues are highlighted as part of future research directions that need further investigations.

Efficient content distribution is one of the emerging applications in vehicular networks. To provide scalable content distribution in vehicular networks, Chord Peer-to-Peer (P2P) overlay could be applied. Most P2P protocols, including Chord, are designed for wired-line network, and might perform poorly in mobile networks. Mobile Chord (MChord) is proposed to enhance the P2P performance over Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET). In addition, cross-layer design to improve MChord performance in VANET is also investigated. Extensive NS-2 simulations with vehicular mobility traces are conducted to evaluate the P2P overlay performance in VANET. MChord and its cross-layer design outperforms the original Chord in various aspects, including application layer forwarding steps, query response ratio, correct query response ratio, and application delay.

The boost of wireless technology brings dramatic growth for Vehicular ad-hoc networks(VANETs). The effective routing and forwarding protocol is critical for the performance of VANETs thus influence the automatic driving and information distribution. The dynamic characteristic of vehicle to vehicle(V2V) communications makes it hard to maintain a reliable path between vehicles. In order to improve transmission performance in VANETs, we make full use of the Content-centric information dissemination, and there are some existing efforts on proving feasibility of content-centric network(CCN). In this paper, we propose a novel Source Selection Dynamically Network Coding-based Information Centric Network protocol (SSDNC), which introduces CCN architecture in VANET. SSDNC exploit the features of CCN to make multiple sources exist. With the application of Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP), requested symbols can be distributed adaptively to different interfaces according to their weight. Then the forwarding decisions will be made to obtain the information that makes transmission more effective. Moreover, we take advantage of network coding (NC) to eliminate the network redundancy for the purpose of achieving higher performance. We evaluate the performance of the SSDNC using ndnSIM over NS-3 network simulator, which focused on the size of chunk, throughput and average transmission delay and compared with ICTP [1]. The result shows that the performance of our protocol is better than ICTP.

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a special form of wireless networks made by vehicles communicating among themselves on roads. The conventional routing protocols proposed for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) work poorly in VANETs. As communication links break more frequently in VANETs than in MANETs, the routing reliability of such highly dynamic networks needs to be paid special attention. To date, very little research has focused on the routing reliability of VANETs on highways. In this paper, we use the evolving graph theory to model the VANET communication graph on a highway. The extended evolving graph helps capture the evolving characteristics of the vehicular network topology and determines the reliable routes preemptively. This paper is the first to propose an evolving graph-based reliable routing scheme for VANETs to facilitate quality-of-service (QoS) support in the routing process. A new algorithm is developed to find the most reliable route in the VANET evolving graph from the source to the destination. We demonstrate, through the simulation results, that our proposed scheme significantly outperforms the related protocols in the literature.

In vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), transmission power is a key factor in several performance measures, such as throughput, delay, and energy efficiency. Vehicle mobility in VANETs creates a highly dynamic topology that leads to a nontrivial task of maintaining connectivity due to rapid topology changes. Therefore, using fixed transmission power adversely affects VANET connectivity and leads to network performance degradation. New cross‐layer power control algorithms called (BL‐TPC 802.11MAC and DTPC 802.11 MAC) are designed, modeled, and evaluated in this paper. The designed algorithms can be deployed in smart cities, highway, and urban city roads. The designed algorithms improve VANET performance by adapting transmission power dynamically to improve network connectivity. The power adaptation is based on inspecting some network parameters, such as node density, network load, and media access control (MAC) queue state, and then deciding on the required power level. Obtained results indicate that the designed power control algorithm outperforms the traditional 802.11p MAC considering the number of received safety messages, network connectivity, network throughput, and the number of dropped safety messages. Consequently, improving network performance means enhancing the safety of vehicle drivers in smart cities, highway, and urban city.

Road safety applications envisaged for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) depend largely on the exchange of messages to deliver information to concerned vehicles. Safety applications as well as inherent VANET characteristics make data dissemination an essential service and a challenging task. We are developing a decentralized efficient solution for broadcast data dissemination through two game-theoretical mechanisms. Besides, VANETs can also include autonomous vehicles (AVs). AVs might represent a revolutionary new paradigm that can be a reality in our cities in the next few years. AVs do not need a driver to work; instead, they should copy a proper human behavior to adapt the driving according to the current circumstances, such as speed limit, pedestrian crossing street or wheather conditions. We will develop an AV software module including artificial intelligence (AI) techniques so that AVs can interact with the dynamic scenario throughout time. Finally, we also will include electrical vehicles (EV) in the VANET, so that special services such as finding and reserving an EV charging station place will be welcome. In addition, we are developing a multimetric geographic routing protocol for VANETs to transmit H.265 video (traffic accident, traffic state, commercial….) over VANETs.

Due to the growth of the broadband and wireless communications network, it has been increasingly popular in recent years to promote the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) as a research topic. The IoV is different from Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs). The IoV requires more security considerations than a VANET would. For example, the services provided must be effectively managed. Some vehicles must allow different drivers to use them, and are given different service rights (In a taxi fleet, the same car is driven by different people in shifts) and the identities of vehicles and drivers must be protected by anonymity. Given the above security considerations, we present a method of privacy-preserving authentication and services access control in the IoV. In this system, only the Certificate Authority (CA) can perform the revocation process when a vehicle or driver is judged as invalid. To achieve this purpose of services access control, we propose a new Service Rights Management (SRM) scheme that is given their different services depending on the different objects and then assign different digital rights for managing services and access rights separately. In threats and at-tacks analysis, our scheme is compared to other mechanisms of preventing all kinds of wireless network attacks.

The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is one of the developing paradigms that integrates the automotive industry with the Internet of Things (IoT). The evolution of traditional Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs), which are a layered framework for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), is employed to provide Quality of Service (QoS) to end users in hazardous situations. VANETs can set up ad-hoc networks and share information among themselves using Peer-to-Peer (P2P) communication. Dynamic properties in VANETs such as dynamic topology, node mobility, sparse vehicle distribution, and bandwidth constraints can have an impact on scalability, routing, and security. This can result in frequent link failures, instability, reliability, and QOS concerns, as well as the inherent complexity of NP-hard problems. Researchers have proposed several techniques to achieve stability; the most prominent one is clustering, which relies on mobility metrics. However, existing clustering techniques generate overwhelming clusters, resulting in greater resource consumption, communication overhead, and hop count, which may lead to increased latency. Therefore, the primary objective is to achieve stability by increasing cluster lifetime, which is accomplished by generating optimal clusters. A nature-inspired meta-heuristic algorithm titled African Vulture Optimization Based Clustering Algorithm (AVOCA) is implemented to achieve it. The proposed algorithm can achieve load optimization with efficient resource utilization by mitigating hidden node challenges and ensuring communication proficiency. By maintaining an equilibrium state between the exploration and exploitation phases, AVOCA avoids local optima. The paper explores a taxonomy of the techniques used in Cluster Head (CH) selection, coordination, and maintenance to achieve stability with lower communication costs. We evaluated the effectiveness of AVOCA using various network grid sizes, transmission ranges, and network nodes. The results show that AVOCA generates 40% less clusters when compared to the Clustering Algorithm Based on Moth-Flame Optimization for VANETs (CAMONET). AVOCA generates 45% less clusters when compared to Self-Adaptive Multi-Kernel Clustering for Urban VANETs (SAMNET), AVOCA generates 43% less clusters when compared to Intelligent Whale Optimization Algorithm (i-WOA) and AVOCA generates 38% less clusters when compared to Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO). The results show that AVOCA outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms in generating optimal clusters.

In intelligent transportation systems, the collaboration between vehicles and the road side units is essential to bring these systems to realization. The emerging Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is becoming more and more important as it provides intelligent transportation application, comfort, safety, entertainment for people in vehicles. In order to provide stable routes and to get good performance in VANET, there is a need of proper routing protocols must be designed. In this paper, we are working with the very well-known ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol. The existing Routing protocol AODV-L which is based on the Link expiration time is extended to propose a more reliable AODV-AD which is based on multichannel MAC protocol. For the performance evaluation of routing protocols, a simulation tool ‘NS2’ has been used. Simulation results show that the proposed AODV-AD protocol can achieves better performances in forms of high Route stability, Packet Delivery ratio and packet loss rate than traditional AODV-L and traditional AODV.

Given the resource consumption of transmitting data packets in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET), selfish nodes might refuse to transmit messages to others just for maximizing their own profits. Therefore, the communication performance within the whole network would be affected. Along with its wide-scale implementation in many road-side applications, selfish behaviors of such nodes are witnessed to be causing serious problems and degradations in VANETs. We address the impacts of the selfish nodes in the performance of VANETs and accordingly, the credit-based method is utilized to re-implement the spirit that can provide incentive for mobile nodes to cooperate with each other and report actions honestly. The simulation results demonstrated that the system earnings would decrease due to the existence of selfish nodes, thereby also proving that the incentive mechanism can facilitate mutual cooperation among nodes.

Vehicular communications enable a variety of applications to improve road safety, driving experience, and traffic management. Many of these applications require data to be routed through multiple hops until they reach to the destination. Unfortunately, due to highly dynamic driving patterns of vehicles, it is challenging to achieve effective and time-sensitive data forwarding in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Both social- based and trajectory-assisted data forwarding strategies have been proposed to improve packet delivery performance in VANETs. The former reaches limited data delivery ratio and the latter leaks location privacy of drivers. In this paper, we propose a privacy-preserving data forwarding protocol based on personal-social behaviors of drivers to achieve highly reliable transmissions and privacy preservation for drivers in VANETs. Specifically, by observing the phenomenon that vehicles regularly visit some social spots, such as shopping malls, museums and busy intersections, we can obtain the personal-social behaviors of drivers. Based on these behaviors, the messages can be delivered to roadside units (RSUs) at the social spots frequently visited by vehicles. Later, once a vehicle visits the social spots, it can successfully retrieve the messages destined for it from the RSUs anonymously. In addition, the identities of senders are conditionally preserved and the personal-social behaviors of drivers are protected against a global adversary. Performance evaluation demonstrates its efficiency in terms of high delivery ratio and low average delay.

The vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) is a promising technology in near future. VANET allows vehicles to communicate with each other and with roadside units (RSUs). Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment (WAVE), defined by IEEE, provides the Internet connectivity for vehicles as well as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication. RSUs can form a wireless mesh network (WMN) as a backbone infrastructure to enhance the performance of VANET. However, WAVE supports only one-hop communications for IP packets in VANET, and existing researches do not consider the compatibility between VANET and WMN infrastructure formed by RSUs. We propose the extended WMN (ExWMN) which has the feasibility to extend WMN to VANET domain. In ExWMN, the vehicles can send IP packets to an access router by using the multi-hop capability of WMN. ExWMN uses the addressing scheme of WMN for the extended VANET domain and exploits geographical routing protocols instead of existing routing protocols of WMN due to VANET characteristics such as mobility and dynamically changing network topologies. ExWMN supports the compatibility between the extended VANET and a WMN infrastructure due to RSUs, which provide a bridging function between them. This paper presents the architecture and the detailed procedures of the ExWMN.

Due to many challenging issues in vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs), such as high mobility and network instability, this has led to insecurity and vulnerability to attacks. Due to dynamic network topology changes and frequent network re-configuration, security is a major target in VANET research domains. VANETs have gained significant attention in the current wireless network scenario, due to their exclusive characteristics which are different from other wireless networks such as rapid link failure and high vehicle mobility. In this are, the authors present a Secured and Safety Protocol for VANET (STVAN), as an intelligent Ad-Hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV)-based routing mechanism that prevents the Denial of Service attack (DoS) and improves the quality of service for secured communications in a VANET. In order to build a STVAN, the authors have considered a smart traffic environment in a smart city and introduced the concept of load balancing over VANET vehicles in a best effort manner. Simulation results reveal that the proposed STVAN accomplishes enhanced performance when compared with other similar protocols in terms of reduced delay, better packet delivery ratio, reasonable energy efficiency, increased network throughput and decreased data drop compared to other similar approach.