LTE Scheduler Algorithms for VANET Traffic in Smart City

Vehicular ad hoc networks have played a key role in intelligent transportation systems that considerably improve road safety and management. This new technology allows vehicles to communicate and share road information. However, malicious users may inject false emergency alerts into vehicular ad hoc networks, preventing nodes from accessing accurate road information. In order to assure the reliability and trustworthiness of information through the networks, assessing the credibility of nodes has become a critical task in vehicular ad hoc networks. A new scheme for malicious node detection is proposed in this work. Multiple factors are fed into a fuzzy logic model for evaluating the trust for each node. Vehicles are divided into clusters in our approach, and a road side unit manages each cluster. The road side unit assesses the credibility of nodes before accessing vehicular ad hoc networks. The road side unit evicts a malicious node based on trust value. Simulations are used to validate our technique. We demonstrate that our scheme can detect and evict all malicious nodes in the vehicular ad hoc network over time, lowering the ratio of malicious nodes. Furthermore, it has a positive impact on selfish node participation. The scheme increases the success rate of delivered data to the same level as the ideal cases when no selfish node is present.

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are nowadays considered very important applications of smart cities. One of the most important technologies that are utilized to support ITS is Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs). In VANETs, vehicles communicate with each other (V2V) or with the infrastructure (Roadside Units) (V2I). Roadside Units (RSUs) collect data from vehicles in the coverage area and send it to cloud servers through the Internet. Cloud servers have high performance computational and storage capabilities that ITS applications require for data processing. However, due to the real-time requirements of the ITS applications, cloud approach alone cannot be guaranteed to satisfy the strict time constraints due to long latency access of the centralized cloud server. Fog Computing is an emerging approach that extends the services of cloud computing to the edge of the network. Fog Computing can be utilized in VANETs through deployment of fog nodes into RSUs. One of the major challenges is identifying the optimum number, locations and computational capabilities of the RSUs particularly in urban regions where obstacles exist heavily inside the coverage area of the RSUs. In this paper, we consider the optimization problem of fog-based RSU placement where the objective is to maximize the achieved level of service quality in a cost-effective way. The problem is formulated as a Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) problem and solved using Microsoft Z3. The proposed approach is able to generate a set of solutions as Pareto front. We obtained data from OpenStreetMap for Cairo city. Our approach outperforms other solutions in the literature in terms of cost.

In intelligent transportation systems, the collaboration between vehicles and the road side units is essential to bring these systems to realization. The emerging Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is becoming more and more important as it provides intelligent transportation application, comfort, safety, entertainment for people in vehicles. In order to provide stable routes and to get good performance in VANET, there is a need of proper routing protocols must be designed. In this paper, we are working with the very well-known ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol. The existing Routing protocol AODV-L which is based on the Link expiration time is extended to propose a more reliable AODV-AD which is based on multichannel MAC protocol. For the performance evaluation of routing protocols, a simulation tool ‘NS2’ has been used. Simulation results show that the proposed AODV-AD protocol can achieves better performances in forms of high Route stability, Packet Delivery ratio and packet loss rate than traditional AODV-L and traditional AODV.

Emerging as the effective strategy of intelligent transportation system (ITS), vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have the capacity of drastically improving the driving experience and road safety. In typical VANET scenarios, high mobility and volatility of vehicles result in dynamic topology of vehicular networks. That is, individual vehicle may pass through the effective domain of multiple neighboring road-side-units (RSUs) during a comparatively short time interval. Hence, efficient and low-latency cross-domain verification with all the successive RSUs is of significance. Recently, a lot of research on VANET authentication and key distribution was presented, while the critical cross-domain authentication (CDA) issue has not been properly addressed. Particularly, the existing CDA solutions mainly reply on the acquired confidential keying information from the neighboring entities (RSUs and vehicles), while too much trustworthiness is granted to the involved RSUs. Please note that the RSUs are distributively located and may be compromised or disabled by adversary, thus vital vehicle information may be revealed. Furthermore, frequent data interactions between RSUs and cloud server are always the major requisite so as to achieve mutual authentication with cross-domain vehicles, which leads to heavy bandwidth consumption and high latency. In this paper, we address the above VANET cross-domain authentication issue under the novel RSU edge networks assumption. Please note that RSUs are assumed to be semi-trustworthy entity in our design, where critical vehicular keying messages remain secrecy. Homomorphic encryption design is applied for all involved RSUs and vehicles. In this way, successive RSUs could efficiently verify the cross-domain vehicle with the transited certificate from the neighbor RSUs and vehicle itself, while the identity and secrets of each vehicle is hidden all the time. Afterwards, dynamic updating towards the anonymous vehicle identity is conducted upon validation, where conditional privacy preserving is available. Moreover, pairing-free mutual authentication method is used for efficiency consideration. Formal security analysis is given, proving that the HCDA mechanism yields desirable security properties on VANET cross domain authentication issue. Performance discussions demonstrate efficiency of the proposed HCDA scheme compared with the state-of-the-art.

Intelligent transportation system (ITS) is becoming an important part of our society. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), as one of the most fundamental technologies in ITS, have attracted great interests in both industry and academia. Due to ever-increasing data demands in VANETs, it is challenging to meet the requirements of ITS, especially for safety-critical applications. Fog computing is an emerging paradigm with the vision of supporting low communication latency, enhancing quality of service, and improving efficiency of network. Meanwhile, collision warning (CW) is critical for enhancing driving safety, which has stringent timing requirement. This work is dedicated to addressing safety issues in VANETs by designing and implementing a fog computing based collision warning system. Distinguishing from conventional cloud-based solutions, where vehicles have to communicate with servers resided in the backbone network via cellular network, the fog computing based system offloads communication and computation workloads to the infrastructures which are closer to end users (i.e., vehicles). In particular, the road-side unit (RSU) with dedicated short range communication (DSRC) interface and local computation unit is acted as the fog node, and it is installed at the road intersection. Then, vehicles approaching to the intersection will periodically report their status including positions, speed, driving direction and acceleration, to the RSU via DSRC. Based on the collected real-time status of surrounding vehicles, a collision prediction algorithm is designed and implemented in the computation unit of the fog node. The warning message will be triggered if potential collision is detected, and it will be transmitted to corresponding vehicles. For performance evaluation, we have implemented the system in realistic VANETs scenario. In addition, we have also implemented a cloud computing based CW system for performance comparison, where the LTE interface is adopted for transmitting messages to the cloud server, where the collision prediction algorithm is executed. Based on the field testing, we have demonstrated the superiority of the fog computing based CW system in terms of enhancing driving safety by providing real-time communication and distribute computation capabilities.

The vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) is a promising technology in near future. VANET allows vehicles to communicate with each other and with roadside units (RSUs). Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment (WAVE), defined by IEEE, provides the Internet connectivity for vehicles as well as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication. RSUs can form a wireless mesh network (WMN) as a backbone infrastructure to enhance the performance of VANET. However, WAVE supports only one-hop communications for IP packets in VANET, and existing researches do not consider the compatibility between VANET and WMN infrastructure formed by RSUs. We propose the extended WMN (ExWMN) which has the feasibility to extend WMN to VANET domain. In ExWMN, the vehicles can send IP packets to an access router by using the multi-hop capability of WMN. ExWMN uses the addressing scheme of WMN for the extended VANET domain and exploits geographical routing protocols instead of existing routing protocols of WMN due to VANET characteristics such as mobility and dynamically changing network topologies. ExWMN supports the compatibility between the extended VANET and a WMN infrastructure due to RSUs, which provide a bridging function between them. This paper presents the architecture and the detailed procedures of the ExWMN.

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) present an intriguing platform for several applications on e.g., intelligent transportation system (ITS) and infotainment applications aspire to be the main pattern of communication among vehicles while travelling. This can significantly impact on the amount of data exchanged by vehicles, increasing the contention on communication links and thus, degrading the quality of service of these applications. So, discrimination of data becomes imperative and forwarding critical information on suitable routes becomes decisive. Hence, a quality of service (QoS)-driven mechanism is needed to handle and assign network resources according to the stringent application data traffic demands. But, VANETs high node mobility and frequent link failure, stuck a big challenge in implementing an effective policy to meet and enforce these QoS requirements. A promising way to tackle this issue is to enforce QoS at the network layer, since it is the crucial point in VANETs’ communication. So, over the years, many QoS-aware routing protocols were specifically conceived for VANETs. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of QoS-aware routing protocols in VANETs’ literature. We examined the protocols based on their ability to support ITS infotainment services, their multi-constraint path problem (MCP), protocol’s functionality and weakness, objectives and design challenges. This way, we outline future directions for VANETs QoS-aware protocol research.

In Vehicular (Ad-hoc) Network (VANET), besides Vehicle-to-Vehicle communications (V2V), vehicles in VANET also exchange data with Road-Side-Units (RSUs) and Cellular Base Stations (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure communications (V2I)). With the introduction of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS), VANETs possess a great potential in enabling surveillance services. The rapid development of wireless communication technologies recently results in empowering data exchange among vehicles, RSUs and Cellular Base Stations, improving various types of applications and services such as safety driving, route planning, traffic alert, and context-aware infotainment. However, the benefits offered by VANETs and ITS cannot be fully realized unless there is a mechanism to effectively defend against fake and erroneous information exchange from malicious or dysfunctional nodes to other vehicles and RSUs for their own purposes. In this regards, trust appears as one of the solutions for VANETs to establish secure connectivity and reliable services. The conceptual idea to tackle down this challenges is that only data from trusted vehicles is taken into account. Thus, the aim is to evaluate trust of a vehicle in exchanging high quality of information. This paper presents the trust concept, key characteristics, a trust evaluation model, and a prototype for trusted data exchange activities in VANETs.

The integration of 5G and VANET will result in an intelligent transportation system. Relay of 5G data from mobile networks to VANET which is greatly underutilized can reduce the burden on mobile networks. Wireless technology has been used in vehicles or better known as the Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET). One of the keys to the success of sending data on VANET is the Path Selection Algorithm which is the task of the routing protocol. The routing protocol that is widely used in research in the VANET environment is AODV (Adhoc On-Demand Distance Vector), because among other protocols, AODV is the most suitable and suitable for implementation in the VANET environment, and AODV is also one of the reactive routing protocols. This study includes an increase in the performance of a routing protocol, so in this study, the SIN (Static Intersection Node) is added to the RSU (Road-Side Unit) which is located at an intersection. Which functions as a repeater that helps send data packets to other vehicles around it so that it can increase the Packet Delivery Ratio and minimize Packet Loss and End to End Delay. The focus of this research is to determine the most ideal Static Intersection Node position as well as the most effective number of Static Intersection Nodes.

One of the most interesting challenges for Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) consists of the traffic congestion problem. Congestion is a big obstacle for transportation since it reduces efficiency of the infrastructure and increases travel time, air pollution and fuel consumption. Nowadays, the most promising technology in support of ITS are Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). In this paper, we propose three protocols able to transmit traffic information for routes of interest on VANETs without any Road Side Unit (RSU) support. The protocols make a comparison between a reactive and a proactive approach and present strategies to improve the routing of the packets based on density and location of the vehicles. The objective is to keep high values of delivery ratio and accuracy using the smallest number of transmissions in order to guarantee scalability and to not saturate the bandwidth with only this type of packets.

Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) technology enables communication between vehicles, or vehicles and road-side units (RSUs) through wireless communication devices installed on the vehicles. One of the most important goals of VANETs is providing safety applications for passengers. In addition, VANETs provide comfort applications to users. Guaranteeing a reliable and stable routing protocol over VANETs is a very important step. The proposed research attempts to improve routing protocols that decrease the end-to-end delay to suit VANET communication characteristics. In addition, it proposes analysis of the end-to-end delay probability distribution. More specifically, we derive a closed-form expression for the probability distribution of the re-healing delay in a VANET conditioned on the distance between two VANET clusters. Furthermore, we propose a closed-form expression for the probability distribution of the unconditional re-healing delay. Moreover, we develop a mathematical model to calculate the probability distribution of the end-to-end delay. On the other hand, using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or drones in wireless communications and Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) has started to attract attention. We propose a routing protocol that uses infrastructure drones for boosting VANET communications to achieve a minimum vehicle-to-drone packet delivery delay. In addition, we propose a closed-form expression for the probability distribution of the vehicle-to-drone packet delivery delay on a two-way highway. Moreover, based on that closed-form expression, we can calculate the minimum drone density (maximum separation distance between two adjacent drones) that stochastically limits the worst case of the vehicle-to-drone packet delivery delay. Furthermore, we propose a drones-active service (DAS) that is added to the location service in a VANET. This service dynamically and periodically obtains the required number of active drones based on the current highway connectivity state by obtaining the maximum distance between each two adjacent drones while satisfying a probabilistic constraint for vehicle-todrone packet delivery delay. Our analysis focuses on two-way highway VANET networks with low vehicular density. The simulation results show the accuracy of our analysis and reflect the relation between the drone density, vehicular density and speed, other VANET parameters, and the vehicle-to-drone packet delivery delay. In addition, we propose a new routing protocol called multi-copy intersection-based routing (MCIR) for vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) in urban areas. MCIR is an intersectionbased routing protocol that forwards multiple copies of the packets in different road segments. Moreover, it is a beacon-less routing protocol with a carry-and-forward strategy. We show via simulation that the MCIR protocol is superior to other existing routing protocols, especially in low vehicular density scenarios. The results show that MCIR achieves a shorter end-to-end delay and a higher packet delivery ratio in urban VANET communications.

Recent Advances in Machine-Learning Driven Intrusion Detection in Transportation: Survey

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is an integrated approach being developed to exchange relevant information to increase the safety and efficiency of the road transportation systems. Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET), a variant of mobile ad hoc networks (MANET), is a core component of ITS. Performance of this smart ITS mainly owes to the design of efficient routing protocols in VANETs. Distinct features of VANETs like unsteady connectivity, high mobility and partitioning of the network have made routing of the information in VANETs difficult and challenging, hence dictating the development of efficient routing protocols. The computation of the best route measures the performance of communication whereas routing protocols takes care of communication & routing of the data. Provision of smart communication, necessitates the analysis of routing protocols in VANET. Accordingly in this paper we have reviewed various types of existing routing protocols in VANET, listing their advantages and disadvantages. Lastly possible inclinations of forthcoming research linked to VANET routing are discussed.

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) has attracted more attention for providing safe and efficient traffic management in the modern roads. Performance of the VANET depends on proper routing protocol, mobility management, and efficient inter-vehicular communications. To ensure the optimal data forwarding and energy efficiency in VANET, a suitable network hierarchy is required. In this paper, we propose a new optical network-based clustering hierarchy (ONCH) to improve the quality of services of the VANET. In the proposed scheme, the road side units (RSUs) of a VANET will be divided into several small groups called clusters. In each cluster, an RSU will act as gateway node and each gateway node will be connected to the WiMAX base station through optical fiber. We have analyzed the performance of the proposed ONCH scheme by numerical simulations. The simulated results prove that the ONCH scheme of VANET provides higher energy efficiency than the conventional wireless network-based clustering hierarchy (WNCH) scheme of VANET.

Over the last several years, vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) technology booming as significant research topic. Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are a component of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) that are in charge of communication between moving vehicles in a specific environment. VANETs are increasingly recognised as dependable networks that vehicles engage for communication between moving or stationary vehicles (V2V), Road side unit (RSU).The idea of enabling vehicle communication over a cellular connection prompted the creation of the new protocols, equipment, also different application scenarios. Various simulators were created at the time due to the inherent difficulties of evaluating these research contributions on a real-world test platform. The introduction of autonomous cars and the proliferation of new technology have created new research challenges in VANETs (e.g., 5G and edge computing). As a result, VANET simulators must be assessed to determine whether they are still capable of analysing these novel ideas. This study delivers a comprehensive assessment of Vehicular simulators such as Veins, EstiNet, ezCar2X, Eclipse MOSAIC, VanetSim, NetSim, VENTOS,demonstrating their current condition and capabilities for evaluating innovative situations in Vehicular network research. Depends on this demonstration, we highlight the unresolved research issues need to be resolved in current and future Vehicular network simulations.