Design and Implementation of a Fog Computing Based Collision Warning System in VANETs

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are nowadays considered very important applications of smart cities. One of the most important technologies that are utilized to support ITS is Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs). In VANETs, vehicles communicate with each other (V2V) or with the infrastructure (Roadside Units) (V2I). Roadside Units (RSUs) collect data from vehicles in the coverage area and send it to cloud servers through the Internet. Cloud servers have high performance computational and storage capabilities that ITS applications require for data processing. However, due to the real-time requirements of the ITS applications, cloud approach alone cannot be guaranteed to satisfy the strict time constraints due to long latency access of the centralized cloud server. Fog Computing is an emerging approach that extends the services of cloud computing to the edge of the network. Fog Computing can be utilized in VANETs through deployment of fog nodes into RSUs. One of the major challenges is identifying the optimum number, locations and computational capabilities of the RSUs particularly in urban regions where obstacles exist heavily inside the coverage area of the RSUs. In this paper, we consider the optimization problem of fog-based RSU placement where the objective is to maximize the achieved level of service quality in a cost-effective way. The problem is formulated as a Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) problem and solved using Microsoft Z3. The proposed approach is able to generate a set of solutions as Pareto front. We obtained data from OpenStreetMap for Cairo city. Our approach outperforms other solutions in the literature in terms of cost.

Fuzzy-AHP based optimal RSU deployment (Fuzzy-AHP-ORD) approach using road and traffic analysis in VANET

Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) employ Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) to increase road safety and decrease thenumber of accidents. VANET uses Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) to allow drivers to obtain reasonable awareness of surrounding vehicles. VANET reliability is affected by any degradation in the communication channel or any lack of exchanged information between vehicles. Moreover, it is vulnerable to a wide range of malicious attacks due to its nature. Such issues might cause a complete failure in VANET services and hence cause accidents, injuries, or death. Thus, VANET reliability and security are very critical. This paper discusses briefly different types of malicious attacks in VANET and some of their detection techniques. It gives more attention to position falsification attack as it has a severe impact on different VANET services. Furthermore, it explores previously proposed detection approaches for this attack using either traditional or machine learning techniques. Finally, attention will be drawn to unresolved challenges and potential future research directions.

Fog computing for vehicular Ad-hoc networks: paradigms, scenarios, and issues

Vehicular ad hoc networks have played a key role in intelligent transportation systems that considerably improve road safety and management. This new technology allows vehicles to communicate and share road information. However, malicious users may inject false emergency alerts into vehicular ad hoc networks, preventing nodes from accessing accurate road information. In order to assure the reliability and trustworthiness of information through the networks, assessing the credibility of nodes has become a critical task in vehicular ad hoc networks. A new scheme for malicious node detection is proposed in this work. Multiple factors are fed into a fuzzy logic model for evaluating the trust for each node. Vehicles are divided into clusters in our approach, and a road side unit manages each cluster. The road side unit assesses the credibility of nodes before accessing vehicular ad hoc networks. The road side unit evicts a malicious node based on trust value. Simulations are used to validate our technique. We demonstrate that our scheme can detect and evict all malicious nodes in the vehicular ad hoc network over time, lowering the ratio of malicious nodes. Furthermore, it has a positive impact on selfish node participation. The scheme increases the success rate of delivered data to the same level as the ideal cases when no selfish node is present.

The integration of 5G and VANET will result in an intelligent transportation system. Relay of 5G data from mobile networks to VANET which is greatly underutilized can reduce the burden on mobile networks. Wireless technology has been used in vehicles or better known as the Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET). One of the keys to the success of sending data on VANET is the Path Selection Algorithm which is the task of the routing protocol. The routing protocol that is widely used in research in the VANET environment is AODV (Adhoc On-Demand Distance Vector), because among other protocols, AODV is the most suitable and suitable for implementation in the VANET environment, and AODV is also one of the reactive routing protocols. This study includes an increase in the performance of a routing protocol, so in this study, the SIN (Static Intersection Node) is added to the RSU (Road-Side Unit) which is located at an intersection. Which functions as a repeater that helps send data packets to other vehicles around it so that it can increase the Packet Delivery Ratio and minimize Packet Loss and End to End Delay. The focus of this research is to determine the most ideal Static Intersection Node position as well as the most effective number of Static Intersection Nodes.

Emerging as the effective strategy of intelligent transportation system (ITS), vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have the capacity of drastically improving the driving experience and road safety. In typical VANET scenarios, high mobility and volatility of vehicles result in dynamic topology of vehicular networks. That is, individual vehicle may pass through the effective domain of multiple neighboring road-side-units (RSUs) during a comparatively short time interval. Hence, efficient and low-latency cross-domain verification with all the successive RSUs is of significance. Recently, a lot of research on VANET authentication and key distribution was presented, while the critical cross-domain authentication (CDA) issue has not been properly addressed. Particularly, the existing CDA solutions mainly reply on the acquired confidential keying information from the neighboring entities (RSUs and vehicles), while too much trustworthiness is granted to the involved RSUs. Please note that the RSUs are distributively located and may be compromised or disabled by adversary, thus vital vehicle information may be revealed. Furthermore, frequent data interactions between RSUs and cloud server are always the major requisite so as to achieve mutual authentication with cross-domain vehicles, which leads to heavy bandwidth consumption and high latency. In this paper, we address the above VANET cross-domain authentication issue under the novel RSU edge networks assumption. Please note that RSUs are assumed to be semi-trustworthy entity in our design, where critical vehicular keying messages remain secrecy. Homomorphic encryption design is applied for all involved RSUs and vehicles. In this way, successive RSUs could efficiently verify the cross-domain vehicle with the transited certificate from the neighbor RSUs and vehicle itself, while the identity and secrets of each vehicle is hidden all the time. Afterwards, dynamic updating towards the anonymous vehicle identity is conducted upon validation, where conditional privacy preserving is available. Moreover, pairing-free mutual authentication method is used for efficiency consideration. Formal security analysis is given, proving that the HCDA mechanism yields desirable security properties on VANET cross domain authentication issue. Performance discussions demonstrate efficiency of the proposed HCDA scheme compared with the state-of-the-art.

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is an emerging technology for the future intelligent transportation systems (ITS). How to design an efficient routing protocol for VANET is a challenging task due to the high mobility and uneven distribution of vehicles in urban areas. This paper proposes a backbone-based approach to providing the optimal inner-street relaying strategy. The virtual backbone is created distributively in each road segment based on the newly introduced stability index, which considers the link stability between vehicles and the mobility of vehicles. We also deploy the roadside unit (RSU) at intersections to determine the next path for forwarding data. The RSU gathers a global view of backbone vehicles on each road connected to the junction and analyzes the performance of the backbone as a basis of routing path selection. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol outperforms the conventional protocols in terms of packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay.

A new concept such as smart city was introduced in the last years where the Intelligent Transportation system (ITS ) plays a critical role to provide road safety and manage Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) traffic. Nevertheless, VANETs have significant constraints like nodes high mobility, intermittent connectivity, variable network density and heterogeneity. However, the different types of traffic, the different Quality of Service requirements, the need to exchange mobile data, multi-services and data diversity leads mainly to load and time constraints in this specific and stringent type of networks. The main characteristic of this kind of networks is the very changing topology that poses supplementary constraints and makes achieving QoS constraints a very challenging task. In VANET network the vehicle generated traffic will be transferred to the data center from road side unit to the base station by using Long Term Evolution (LTE) in an urban area. Despite LTE has a larger system capacity and it provides a higher transmission speed, the network performance is affected by the implemented scheduling algorithm. In this context, we study the efficiency of LTE scheduler algorithms such as Proportional Fairness, Round Robin, Priority Set Scheduler, Maximum Throughput Scheduler and Throughput to Average Scheduler and Blind Equal Throughput mainly at the road side unit using Network Simulator 3(NS3) to determinate the most suitable scheduler for VANET traffic. Results demonstrate that the round robin algorithm is more effective for volumetric VANET traffic in terms of throughput, delay, packet loss rate and fairness.

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are a class of wireless networks built dynamically in an ad hoc network manner. VANET is a key technology for smart and Intelligent Transportation System. Efficient and intelligent algorithms for routing in VANETs are critically required for safety information propagation. Routing in highly dynamic VANET topology is important for the achievement of any vehicular safety applications. The routing mechanism in vehicular networks is critical because of VANETconstraints such as unpredictable network topology, frequent disconnections, varying network densities, etc. Multi agent scheme based routing scheme for VANETs is addressed in the paper. We address the challenge of how to route the data with short communication delay, overhead, and the complexity. Specifically, we consider the scenario for (V2V) vehicle-to-vehicle communication. Multi agent scheme consists of static agent and mobile agents. The scheme operates as follows: (1) establishing a connectivity pattern between the vehicles; (2) creating a set of beliefs; (3) desire development; (4) finalizing the intention. We validate the proposed scheme by simulation. Evaluated simulation results are packet delivery ratio, bandwidth utilization, and route identification delay.

According to car crash statistics, over sixmillionmotor vehicle crashes occur onU.S. highways each year. More than 42,000 people are killed in these accidents which injure three million others, and cost more than $230 billion each year. Astonishingly, five people die every hour in these crashes in the United States which is about one death every 12 minutes IVI (2001). In order to alleviate the threats of these crashes and improve the driving experience, car manufactures and the telecommunication industry have made great efforts to equip each vehicle with wireless devices that allow vehicles to communicate with each other as well as with the roadside infrastructure located in critical points of the road, such as intersections or construction sites. Misener (2005); VII (2011). Technologies built on 802.11p and IEEE 1609 standards, 5.9 GHz Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) protocols 1 DSRC (1999), are proposed to support these advanced vehicle safety applications such as secure and effective vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) (also known as Inter-Vehicle Communication (IVC)) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications, which are also known as Vehicle Safety Communications (VSC) technologies. As shown in Fig. 1, the wireless communication devices installed on vehicles, also known as onboard units (OBUs), and the roadside units (RSUs), form a self-organized Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) Lin (2008); Sun (2007). Furthermore, the RSUs are connected to the backbone network via the high speed network connections. In this way, VANETs inherently provide a way to collect traffic and road information from vehicles, and to deliver road services including warnings and traffic information to users in the vehicles. Thus, an increasing interest has been raised recently on the VANETs-based applications Bishop (2000), aiming to improve driving safety and traffic management by the method of providing drivers and passengers with Internet access.

As an important branch of mobile Ad Hoc network technology, Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) is a promising technology in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). It is required to evaluate any VANET design which the simulator with vehicular mobility model should be more realistic. In order to improve the authenticity of vehicular mobility model, the paper analyzed JE2013 lane-changing model in SUMO and proposes a new model based on the JE2013 model. The new model takes into account motorway scene, and analyzes the change of vehicle velocity and calculates the position coordinate after lane-changing which based on speed limitation per lane on motorway. By implementing the new model in SUMO platform and carrying out experiments for the two models under the same situation. Simulation experimental results indicate that the new model is more reality and has better performance on several parameters, such as travel time of vehicle and the lane-changing times, etc.

In Vehicular (Ad-hoc) Network (VANET), besides Vehicle-to-Vehicle communications (V2V), vehicles in VANET also exchange data with Road-Side-Units (RSUs) and Cellular Base Stations (Vehicle-to-Infrastructure communications (V2I)). With the introduction of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS), VANETs possess a great potential in enabling surveillance services. The rapid development of wireless communication technologies recently results in empowering data exchange among vehicles, RSUs and Cellular Base Stations, improving various types of applications and services such as safety driving, route planning, traffic alert, and context-aware infotainment. However, the benefits offered by VANETs and ITS cannot be fully realized unless there is a mechanism to effectively defend against fake and erroneous information exchange from malicious or dysfunctional nodes to other vehicles and RSUs for their own purposes. In this regards, trust appears as one of the solutions for VANETs to establish secure connectivity and reliable services. The conceptual idea to tackle down this challenges is that only data from trusted vehicles is taken into account. Thus, the aim is to evaluate trust of a vehicle in exchanging high quality of information. This paper presents the trust concept, key characteristics, a trust evaluation model, and a prototype for trusted data exchange activities in VANETs.

Message dissemination issue in Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) has been extensively studied both by computer simulations and experimental testbeds. Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) technology has been standardized and used extensively as the main mechanism to support the message dissemination in VANETs. Nevertheless, other alternatives such as 3G/4G and WLAN have also been proposed to further assist with the message dissemination in VANETs. Due to the ubiquity of the smartphones, in this paper, we propose to leverage the use of smartphone to disseminate message in VANETs. An android-based system that uses WLAN ad-hoc technology is proposed. The feasibility and performance of the proposed system are investigated by simulations and the evaluation results show that given the high penetration of smartphones, the message dissemination can be done via the smartphones. Although the delay performance of the proposed system is inferior to DSRC-based system, the proposed system could still be very useful especially during the deployment stage of the DSRC technology (when the penetration rate of the technology is low).

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) present an intriguing platform for several applications on e.g., intelligent transportation system (ITS) and infotainment applications aspire to be the main pattern of communication among vehicles while travelling. This can significantly impact on the amount of data exchanged by vehicles, increasing the contention on communication links and thus, degrading the quality of service of these applications. So, discrimination of data becomes imperative and forwarding critical information on suitable routes becomes decisive. Hence, a quality of service (QoS)-driven mechanism is needed to handle and assign network resources according to the stringent application data traffic demands. But, VANETs high node mobility and frequent link failure, stuck a big challenge in implementing an effective policy to meet and enforce these QoS requirements. A promising way to tackle this issue is to enforce QoS at the network layer, since it is the crucial point in VANETs’ communication. So, over the years, many QoS-aware routing protocols were specifically conceived for VANETs. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of QoS-aware routing protocols in VANETs’ literature. We examined the protocols based on their ability to support ITS infotainment services, their multi-constraint path problem (MCP), protocol’s functionality and weakness, objectives and design challenges. This way, we outline future directions for VANETs QoS-aware protocol research.