Performance analysis of android-based real-time message dissemination in VANETs

OF DISSERTATION Secure and Authenticated Message Dissemination in Vehicular ad hoc Networks and an Incentive-based Architecture for Vehicular Cloud Vehicular ad hoc Networks (VANETs) allow vehicles to form a self-organized network. VANETs are likely to be widely deployed in the future, given the interest shown by industry in self-driving cars and satisfying their customers various interests. Problems related to Mobile ad hoc Networks (MANETs) such as routing, security, etc. have been extensively studied. Even though VANETs are special type of MANETs, solutions proposed for MANETs cannot be directly applied to VANETs because all problems related to MANETs have been studied for small networks. Moreover, in MANETs, nodes can move randomly. On the other hand, movement of nodes in VANETs are constrained to roads and the number of nodes in VANETs is large and covers typically large area. The following are the contributions of the thesis. Secure, authenticated, privacy preserving message dissemination in VANETs: When vehicles in VANET observe phenomena such as accidents, icy road condition, etc., they need to disseminate this information to vehicles in appropriate areas so the drivers of those vehicles can take appropriate action. When such messages are disseminated, the authenticity of the vehicles disseminating such messages should be verified while at the same time the anonymity of the vehicles should be preserved. Moreover, to punish the vehicles spreading malicious messages, authorities should be able to trace such messages to their senders when necessary. For this, we present an efficient protocol for the dissemination of authenticated messages. Incentive-based architecture for vehicular cloud: Due to the advantages such as flexibility and availability, interest in cloud computing has gained lot of attention in recent years. Allowing vehicles in VANETs to store the collected information in the cloud would facilitate other vehicles to retrieve this information when they need. In this thesis, we present a secure incentive-based architecture for vehicular cloud. Our architecture allows vehicles to collect and store information in the cloud; it also provides a mechanism for rewarding vehicles that contributing to the cloud. Privacy preserving message dissemination in VANETs: Sometimes, it is sufficient to ensure the anonymity of the vehicles disseminating messages in VANETs. We present a privacy preserving message dissemination protocol for VANETs.

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are emerged technology where vehicles and roadside units (RSUs) communicate with each other. VANETs can be categorized as a subbranch of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). VANETs help to improve traffic efficiency and safety and provide infotainment facility as well. The dissemination of messages must be relayed through nodes in VANETs. However, it is possible that a node may propagate false information in a network due to its malicious behaviour or selfishness. False information in VANETs can change drivers’ behaviour and create disastrous consequences in the network. Therefore, sometimes false safety messages may endanger human life. To avoid any lass, it is more important to detect and avoid false messages. This paper has explained some important algorithms that can detect false messages in VANETs. The categorization of false message detection schemes based on local and cooperative behaviour has been presented in this article. The limitations and consequences of existing schemes as well as future work has been discussed.

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is the use of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in manufacturing. The vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a typical application of IIoT. Benefiting from Dedicated Short‐Range Communication (DSRC) technology, vehicles can communicate with each other through wireless manner. Therefore, road safety is able to be greatly improved by the broadcast of safety messages, which contain vehicle’s real‐time speed, position, direction, etc. In existing DSRC, safety messages are broadcasted at a fixed frequency by default. However, traffic conditions are dynamic. In this way, there are too many transmission collisions when vehicles are too dense and the wireless channel is underused when vehicles are too sparse. In this paper, we address broadcast congestion issue in DSRC and propose lightweight adaptive broadcast (LAB) control for DSRC safety message. The objectives of LAB are to make full use of DSRC channel and avoid congestion. LAB meets two key challenges. First, it is hard to adopt a centralized method to control the communication parameters of distributed vehicles. Furthermore, the vehicle cannot easily acquire the channel conditions of other vehicles. To overcome these challenges, channel condition is attached with safety messages in LAB and broadcast frequency is adapted according to neighboring vehicles’ channel conditions. To evaluate the performance of LAB, we conduct extensive simulations on different roads and different vehicle densities. Performance results demonstrate that LAB effectively adjusts the broadcast frequency and controls the congestion.

IEEE- and ASTM-adopted Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) vehicle safety-related communication services, which require reliable and fast message delivery, usually demand broadcast communications in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). In this paper, we propose and justify a distributive robust scheme for DSRC one-hop safety-critical services. The new scheme enhances broadcast reliability using dynamic receiver-oriented packet repetitions and mini-slot within DIFS in IEEE 802.11 for one-hop emergency warning message dissemination. In addition, we investigate the reliability and performance of the proposed broadcast scheme for DSRC VANET safety-related services on highway analytically and by simulations. The analytic model accounts for the impact of the beacon message broadcast and the fading channel conditions on the reliability and performance.

Vehicular ad hoc networks have many access points for communication, transmission, and collecting information of nodes and environment for organization traffic loads. In this paper, we study emergency messaging connectivity in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Intelligence transportation system applications include two types applications. Comfort applications providing information to the driver about weather, maps and directions, locations, and safety applications are crucial for safety of the driver. This includes such as emergency warning, lane-changing assistance, intersection coordination, which are provided by inter-vehicle communication. Higher No of road accidents demands an intelligent transportation system. Implanting smart sensors, communication capabilities, memory storage, and information processing units in vehicles help us to design an intelligent transportation systems. We are studying the effect of delay of emergency message dissemination. Broadcasting is the familiar way of emergency message dissemination in VANETs. To reduce the broadcasting storm problem and improve scalability of VANET networks, we use a double-head cluster-based broadcasting mechanism. In this research paper, we study the broadcasting delay emergency message of VANET network. The minimum cluster size that achieves acceptable message delivery latency is provided. The simulation results matched those of the analytical model, which showed the analytical model developed in this paper is effective and efficient.

In this paper, we illustrate the design of a cross-layered MAC and clustering solution for supporting the fast propagation of broadcast messages in a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET). A distributed dynamic clustering algorithm is proposed to create a dynamic virtual backbone in the vehicular network. The vehicle-members of the backbone are responsible for implementing an efficient messages propagation. The backbone creation and maintenance are proactively performed aiming to balance the stability of backbone connections as well as the cost/efficiency trade-off and the hops-reduction when forwarding broadcast messages. A fast multi-hop MAC forwarding mechanism is defined to exploit the role of backbone vehicles, under a cross-layered approach. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the mutual support of proactive clustering and MAC protocols for efficient dissemination of broadcast messages in VANETs.

Intelligent transportation system (ITS) is becoming an important part of our society. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), as one of the most fundamental technologies in ITS, have attracted great interests in both industry and academia. Due to ever-increasing data demands in VANETs, it is challenging to meet the requirements of ITS, especially for safety-critical applications. Fog computing is an emerging paradigm with the vision of supporting low communication latency, enhancing quality of service, and improving efficiency of network. Meanwhile, collision warning (CW) is critical for enhancing driving safety, which has stringent timing requirement. This work is dedicated to addressing safety issues in VANETs by designing and implementing a fog computing based collision warning system. Distinguishing from conventional cloud-based solutions, where vehicles have to communicate with servers resided in the backbone network via cellular network, the fog computing based system offloads communication and computation workloads to the infrastructures which are closer to end users (i.e., vehicles). In particular, the road-side unit (RSU) with dedicated short range communication (DSRC) interface and local computation unit is acted as the fog node, and it is installed at the road intersection. Then, vehicles approaching to the intersection will periodically report their status including positions, speed, driving direction and acceleration, to the RSU via DSRC. Based on the collected real-time status of surrounding vehicles, a collision prediction algorithm is designed and implemented in the computation unit of the fog node. The warning message will be triggered if potential collision is detected, and it will be transmitted to corresponding vehicles. For performance evaluation, we have implemented the system in realistic VANETs scenario. In addition, we have also implemented a cloud computing based CW system for performance comparison, where the LTE interface is adopted for transmitting messages to the cloud server, where the collision prediction algorithm is executed. Based on the field testing, we have demonstrated the superiority of the fog computing based CW system in terms of enhancing driving safety by providing real-time communication and distribute computation capabilities.

Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) employ Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) to increase road safety and decrease thenumber of accidents. VANET uses Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) to allow drivers to obtain reasonable awareness of surrounding vehicles. VANET reliability is affected by any degradation in the communication channel or any lack of exchanged information between vehicles. Moreover, it is vulnerable to a wide range of malicious attacks due to its nature. Such issues might cause a complete failure in VANET services and hence cause accidents, injuries, or death. Thus, VANET reliability and security are very critical. This paper discusses briefly different types of malicious attacks in VANET and some of their detection techniques. It gives more attention to position falsification attack as it has a severe impact on different VANET services. Furthermore, it explores previously proposed detection approaches for this attack using either traditional or machine learning techniques. Finally, attention will be drawn to unresolved challenges and potential future research directions.

The exploration is built upon Delphi’s, Nissan’s, Cohda Wireless’ and Savari’s experiences in Asia, Europe and U.S.A. It describes and derives lessons from all four companies’ contributions in projects such as SMARTWAY in Japan, Drive C2X and in Europe, as well as the Connected Vehicle Safety Pilot in the U.S.A. All the above programs were implemented by means of the Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) technology in the SHF spectrum based on the IEEE 802.11p/Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) standard. The study is supplemented with insights regarding complementary technologies such DSRC in the lower UHF frequency band (i.e. 700 MHz) as well as a V2X implementation through the 4G LTE (Long Term Evolution) cellular telecommunication technology. This paper addresses issues regarding the physical layer (PHY) of the DSRC system. The combination of the delay profile caused by multipath propagation along with the motion-based Doppler spread leads to time and frequency dispersion. This limits the number of bytes acceptable for reliable communication or requires a solution at the receiver end. The analysis of the Doppler spread shows that DSRC implemented at 700 MHz is more immune from data packet length issues as opposed to 5 GHz DSRC. On the other hand, 700 MHz DSRC exhibits a much longer delay spread. Thus, guard time interval specified in ASTM E2213-03 cannot be applied as is to 700 MHz DSRC. This paper refers to the German project CoCarX and the Japanese SKY for pedestrian for studying the feasibility a V2X system built on the 4G/LTE technology and its infrastructure. It provides on a vision for an accelerated V2X deployment based on a heterogeneous system. Last, we recommend the ITS stakeholders to carry out extensive research and validation works on DSRC capacity for ensuring a large scale deployment.

VANET (Vehicular Ad-hoc Network) are emerging as a prominent field of MANETs. VANET provides many lifesaving and commercial services. Scheduling of messages in VANET plays a very important role in case of emergency messages. According to message types is a mandate need Priority based Routing Protocol (PRP) in VANET. The main aim is focus on a safety messaging application for safe driving in distributed environment, i.e., ad hoc manner. Deadline based routing protocol (DBR) is proposed along with priority. Currently there is a lacuna in retrieval of various services provisioning in terms of message delivery on time due to frequently disconnectivity of topology in VANET. To mitigate this problem, proposed a hybrid VANET Cloud Fog computing using DBR (Deadline Based Reservation Strategy) for supporting reliable service provisioning. The requests are queued in different combinations of priorities to apply the scheduling algorithm. Once the combinations are applied, the request with the highest priority is served first.

According to car crash statistics, over sixmillionmotor vehicle crashes occur onU.S. highways each year. More than 42,000 people are killed in these accidents which injure three million others, and cost more than $230 billion each year. Astonishingly, five people die every hour in these crashes in the United States which is about one death every 12 minutes IVI (2001). In order to alleviate the threats of these crashes and improve the driving experience, car manufactures and the telecommunication industry have made great efforts to equip each vehicle with wireless devices that allow vehicles to communicate with each other as well as with the roadside infrastructure located in critical points of the road, such as intersections or construction sites. Misener (2005); VII (2011). Technologies built on 802.11p and IEEE 1609 standards, 5.9 GHz Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) protocols 1 DSRC (1999), are proposed to support these advanced vehicle safety applications such as secure and effective vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) (also known as Inter-Vehicle Communication (IVC)) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications, which are also known as Vehicle Safety Communications (VSC) technologies. As shown in Fig. 1, the wireless communication devices installed on vehicles, also known as onboard units (OBUs), and the roadside units (RSUs), form a self-organized Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) Lin (2008); Sun (2007). Furthermore, the RSUs are connected to the backbone network via the high speed network connections. In this way, VANETs inherently provide a way to collect traffic and road information from vehicles, and to deliver road services including warnings and traffic information to users in the vehicles. Thus, an increasing interest has been raised recently on the VANETs-based applications Bishop (2000), aiming to improve driving safety and traffic management by the method of providing drivers and passengers with Internet access.

Most safety-related applications targeting at Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) use Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) broadcast method to disseminate safety-related information to all surrounding vehicles. However, most broadcast schemes used the standard 802.11 CSMA/CA technique to avoid forwarding storm which will cause the delay from waiting timeout. This paper develops an efficient protocol in which the selected node will broadcast the emergency message immediately without the waiting time by looking for a partner for every source. Before broadcasting a message, the source selects a neighbor as its partner and adds the selected neighbor's identifier to the emergency message to tell its neighbors. Upon receiving of a broadcasting message, the partner will rebroadcast the message immediately. Specifically, we choose the partner by cross-layer optimizations and exploit cooperative forwarding mechanism to help the forwarding when the partner fail to transmit the message to increase reliability and real-time. With the realistic simulation studies, the protocol demonstrates better performance than previous contention-based schemes by reducing end-to-end delay and keeping high message reception rate.

Reliability is an important issue for safety-critical broadcast services in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). So far, most investigations of such broadcast networks focus on multihop connectivity, taking all one-hop links for granted. In this paper, four reliability metrics for one-hop broadcast communication in VANETs, including the packet reception rate (PRR), the packet delivery ratio (PDR), the node successful packet delivery probability (PDP), and the effective range (ER), are introduced and evaluated analytically and by simulations. Expressions of these reliability metrics for one-hop broadcast in IEEE-802.11-based 1-D VANETs are derived with consideration of the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function (DCF), the hidden terminal problem, and collisions caused by concurrent transmissions. The impacts of network parameters such as distinct transmission, carrier sensing, and interference ranges; the density of nodes in the networks; the distances of receivers to the senders; the message generation rates; the backoff window sizes; and the channel data rates on the reliability of the broadcast communication in VANETs are investigated and discussed. As an example, the proposed model is applied to the evaluation of the dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) safety-critical message propagation in a highway setting. As a result, some important observations to the design and analysis of such communication systems are provided.

Beacon or safety messages are broadcasted by Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) to disseminate network state or emergency incident information to other vehicles in the network. The freshness of information depends upon the frequent transmission of beacons. Similarly, to increase the awareness area or communicating with the distant nodes, beacons are transmitted with at high transmission power. However, increasing the beacon rate or transmission power has negative effects on information, communication efficiency because of the finite wireless link bandwidth. Therefore, different schemes have been proposed to individually control beacon's transmission power, transmission rate, or contention window at the MAC layer, or combination of those, to achieve quality beacon communication in VANETs. The latter case is called hybrid adaptive beaconing schemes. In literature, there are many hybrid adaptive beaconing schemes that control multiple communication parameters to efficiently broadcast beacon messages in VANETs. In this paper, we briefly summarize various and qualitatively compare various aspects of those schemes. The open and challenging issues are also highlighted in this paper.

This paper proposes a stable clustering algorithm based on Affinity Propagation (AP) for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). In VANETs, vehicles share information for the safe and efficient driving by Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC). We present a trajectory-based clustering algorithm for VANETs using AP clustering technique. Our proposed algorithm considers vehicle trajectories to form more stable clusters. Simulation results show the better presentation of our algorithm. The performance of proposed algorithm is measured via cluster life time by choosing appropriate cluster head.