Compact Microstrip Patch Antenna Array Design for 5G Wireless Communication

The 5G multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) microstrip antenna with isolation enhancement that is tiny and based on a BandPass metamaterial (BPM) is presented in this study. The expectation of higher data rates drove the development of fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication networks. The performance of a two-element microstrip antenna array with and without bandpass metamaterial is compared in this work. The antenna consists of two parts, with its radiators positioned to report the parallel direction. The array antenna's overall dimensions are small, measuring 40 × 72 × 1.6 mm3. The proposed isolated double patch parallel antenna produces bandwidth and mutual coupling equal to 11GHz and less than -30dB at a frequency range from 1.5 to 6GHz, respectively, while the rectangular microstrip patch antenna array produces these values at 14.80 GHz and -55.94dB. When compared to the double microstrip parallel antenna, the double microstrip parallel antenna with BPM is superior in terms of mutual coupling. This increasing demand for faster data speeds in the rapidly changing field of mobile communication technologies is met by this creative antenna.

In this letter, a compact and high-performance patch antenna array is developed for 60-GHz applications. The method to enhance both the gain and the frequency bandwidth of the antenna array simultaneously by using a parallel-series feed network together with the differential feeding technique is studied thoroughly. The tested antenna array achieves operation bandwidth ( ) from 55 to 68 GHz, which covers worldwide 60-GHz unlicensed band of 57-66 GHz, with peak gain of 12.8-15.6 dBi. The measured -3-dB beamwidths at 61.5 GHz are around ±13 ° in E-plane and ±15 ° in H-plane, respectively. The designed high-gain antenna array has a compact size of only 20 ×14 mm 2 excluding the connector footprint for test.

The x-pol antenna radiation pattern can be optimized by 180° out of phase excitation and mirroring the single fed antenna radiators inside the antenna array. In consequence the optimum phase excitation distribution for the Limited Field of View LFoV antenna arrays is investigated in this publication for maximum Cross Polarization Suppression (CPS), not only at broadside, but also for the complete angular e-scan range. Furthermore, different phase excitation distributions, for reducing the xpol radiation from microstrip patch antenna arrays, available from literature sources are reviewed and summarized. In (Vollbracht, 2014b, [2]) it is shown that the patch antenna element factor can be improved in CPS by the well-known "differential feeding technique". This differential feeding technique will now be further analyzed in array configurations and compared to different phase excitation distributions for single fed antenna arrays. With 3D Full Wave Simulation Results from CST MICROWAVE STUDIO (CST MWS), 1×4 and 2×4 linear antenna arrays are compared and the optimum phase excitation distribution for single fed antenna arrays is identified. Finally the best phase excitation distribution for single fed antennas will be applied for a 4×8 antenna subarray and compared to a differential fed 4×8 antenna subarray. Over the e-scan azimuth range of ±60°, common phase excitation distributions for single fed antenna arrays are establishing only very poor CPS. With the new and clever phase excitation distributions discovered in this publication, the CPS of single fed antennas can be improved significantly.

The main objective this work is to design and simulate different shaped (S, E, C and Combined S-E-C) compact and planar micro-strip patch antenna (MPA) array for multiband wireless applications. The proposed antennas have been designed and simulated using advanced design system (ADS). Each single element antenna has dimension of 40×30 mm2 and each array consists of corresponding three or four same dimensional single elements. Micro-strip line feed technique and dielectric substrate named quartz having dielectric constant of 4.2, tangent loss of 0.0013 & height of 1.6 mm have been considered in the proposed antennas. The results have been analyzed in terms of return loss, bandwidth, directivity, gain & radiation efficiency and finally compared with literature review.

Microstrip patch arrays are very popular for today's wireless communication system, especially when the signal propagates through different fading environment. It is very important today to design compact communication tool to fulfill multipurpose demand of communication world. In this paper, a double layered 2-element, patch antenna structure is proposed. A parametric study has been conducted to optimize the performances at different frequencies. This antenna array is applicable to Personal Communication System (PCS) and Wireless LAN. The EM-simulated return loss, radiation pattern, antenna efficiency and VSWR are presented for proposed antenna array.

The liver is a vital organ responsible for various functions supporting metabolism, immunity, digestion, detoxification, and vitamin storage in the human body. With hepatic cancer accounting for 20.7% of all cancers in Egypt in 2021, we studied the effect of nanoparticles (NPs)-induced hyperthermia (HT) treatment. We present a numerical analysis of specific absorption rate (SAR) and temperature distributions in a 3D liver model. Segmented MRI images from a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patient were constructed, simulated, and illuminated by a rectangular inset-fed microstrip patch antenna (IFMSPA) array. The model simulated the absence and presence of different NPs at 2.435 GHz. NPs produced adequate energy deposition and temperature increase to therapeutic levels (higher than 42 °C) in HCC without damaging surrounding healthy tissue. These findings might lead to developing clinical therapeutic prototype devices that can be used for HT treatment of HCC and other cancers in humans.

A new method and tool design for borehole compensated electromagnetic propagation resistivity logging while drilling (LWD) are presented. The method provides borehole compensated resistivity measurements at multiple depths of investigation using a shorter antenna array than existing compensation methods. The compact array is typically 40% shorter than conventional antenna arrays for borehole compensated measurements, resulting in a shorter, lower cost bottom hole assembly (BHA). This paper presents the theoretical basis of the compact array design, as well as electromagnetic modeling results demonstrating performance in downhole conditions of interest. Results from field tests of a downhole tool are also presented. The compact array design has been applied to create a shorter, lower cost resistivity logging while drilling collar. The three resistivity measurements enable determination of true resistivity (Rt), diameter of invasion, and flushed zone resistivity (Rxo) while drilling, geosteering, and formation evaluation in horizontal or deviated wells where application of wireline tools is difficult. The initial downhole antenna array design is some 44% shorter than equivalent conventional antenna arrays for borehole compensated measurements. Electromagnetic modeling results are presented for the three-receiver and two-transmitter antenna array to demonstrate performance of the shallow, medium, and deep resistivity outputs from phase-difference measurements. Modeling and field test data are used to show equivalent performance of the compact array to existing compensated antenna arrays in rugose boreholes and at bed boundaries. Modeling results are also presented which demonstrate the limitations and advantages of multi-frequency operation. Test data for a new method for compensation of electronics error are also shown. The paper presents a new approach to LWD borehole compensated resistivity methods that reduces the overall length of the antenna array and associated cost. The compact antenna array provides improved invasion profiling and determination of true resistivity when compared to existing borehole compensated array designs.

In this paper, a new defected ground structure is using to miniaturize microstrip patch antenna array for S-band at 2.45GHz. Initially, the novel structure of microstrip patch antenna designed at C-band resonates at 5.8GHz which operate in the Industrial Scientific Medical band (ISM). The proposed DGS is integrated in the ground plane of the patch antenna for size reduction. This structure has all favor to obtain a great gain and size reduction of microstrip patch antenna array. Finally, the resonance frequency of the novel structure of microstrip patch antenna shifts from 5.8GHz to 2.45GHz and with better performance miniaturization up to 85.53%. The antenna array presents a good performance in terms of gain 7.026dB and bandwidth 157.5MHz in the Industrial Scientific Medical band (ISM) centered at 2.45GHz. The design and simulation process is carried out by using two electromagnetic solvers CST-MW studio and HFSS.

In this paper, a compact two-port MIMO antenna array system is described. The antenna array spans the range from 27 to 40 GHz, whereas the impedance of the antenna element is matched at 50 Ω. The gain of the antenna element is between 5.5 and 8.5 dBi, and its radiation efficiency is between 65 and 90%. With high impedance matching for 5G MMW (Millimeter Wave), particularly at 28 GHz and 38 GHz, the 2-port antenna array operates in the frequency range of 27–40 GHz. The suggested MIMO array operates effectively with a gain of approximately 10 dBi and a radiation efficiency of approximately 95%. The antenna array's overall dimensions are a length of 55.27 mm, a width of 27.635 mm, and a depth of 1.6 mm with partial ground. A FR-4 substrate is used in the antenna's fabrication, greatly reducing the cost. In the antenna array, a decoupling surface is used between the antennas, with orthogonality being maintained between the ports to reduce mutual coupling. The results of the modelling show a reduction in the measured mutual coupling between array ports of less than − 35 dB. An envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of less than 1 × 10–4 is preferable. Additionally, the channel loss capacity is less than 0.3 bits/s/Hz, the mean effective gain is approximately − 6 dB, and the total active reflection coefficient is upgraded to be less than − 30 dB. Moreover, a diversity gain of approximately 10 dB is achieved. The proposed construction was created using CST Microwave Studio 2019. When the antennas are constructed and tested, the experimental outcomes surpass those of the simulation. Each antenna element is 27.635 mm long, 27.635 mm wide, and 1.6 mm thick. Slots in the radiating circular patch antenna element could be used to improve the radiation characteristics across the intended bands. The parametric study specifies that the distance between the antenna elements should be 0.5 λ, where λ is the operational wavelength.

The modern wireless communication desires high gain, wide bandwidth and minimal size antennas that are efficient to provide improved performance over a wide range of frequency spectrum. This requirement leads to the design of microstrip patch antenna. This paper presents the design of compact 1X2 microstrip patch antenna array which uses the corporate feed technique for excitation. The proposed antenna is designed on FR-4 substrate with dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness 1.6mm. Dielectric constant and parameters like Return Loss, Gain and Radiation pattern are calculated using high frequency simulation software. The fabricated antennas results are to be compared with Simulation results. The antenna has been designed for the range 2.4 GHz. Keywords: Microstrip antenna, corporate feed, FR-4 substrate, Microstrip antenna array

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the performance of dual-polarized Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems, compact in antenna array size and with reduced radio frequency complexity. We compare co-located antenna array structures with their spatial counterpart while deploying receive antenna selection. To this purpose, the performance in terms of MIMO maximum mutual information is presented. A simple norm based on instantaneous channels selects the best antennas. We derive explicit numerical expressions for the effective channel gains. These expressions are precise for small values of N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S</sub> and N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R</sub> , and approximately valid for higher values of N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S</sub> and N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R</sub> , N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S</sub> and N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R</sub> being the number of selected and total receive antennas, respectively. Further a comparison in terms of power imbalance between antenna elements is presented. We conclude that angularly separated compact antenna arrays with a few simple monopoles, if used with antenna selection can provide a better performance compared to a conventional Uniform Linear Array (ULA). We also show that co-located structures are robust to power imbalance and orientation variations compared to a ULA.

This work presents a wideband 60 GHz microstrip patch antenna (MPA) array based on low‐temperature co‐fired ceramic (LTCC) multilayer technology. Four parasitic patches are stacked above the driven MPA. An additional resonant mode is excited by the proposed parasitic surrounding stacked patches (PSSPs) to enhance the bandwidth of the MPA. The structure of the PSSPs increases the gain of the MPA due to its array configuration. The proposed PSSP structure can find many applications in designs for large‐scale antenna arrays because the PSSPs and the driven microstrip patch are distributed at different layers. This arrangement allows a direct feed network to the MPA without the blockage caused by the PSSPs. A 2 × 2 antenna array was designed and fabricated with the PSSPs to further increase its gain. The proposed array can achieve a gain of 10.5 dBi and a wide bandwidth of 27.3% at 60 GHz.

This paper investigates the design and implementation of a novel hybrid metamaterial unit cell to improve a beamforming Wi-Fi antenna’s performance. The proposed metamaterial unit cell is created on an FR-4 substrate (εγ = 4.4) and a thickness of 1.6 mm. The metallization height of the unit cell is maintained at 0.035 mm. The designed metamaterial unit cell is simulated using HFSS Ver. 18.2 to verify the double negative behaviour. The unit cell consists of five Split Ring Resonators (SRR’s) at the bottom and a hexagonal ring of six triangles. Initially, a conventional inset fed microstrip patch antenna is designed then an array of the proposed unit cell is created and used as a superstrate to study the performance. A Three Element Antenna Array (TEAA) is designed to operate at 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi band, and the superstrate created out of the proposed unit cell is used to study its effect. Metamaterial superstrate improved the conventional Single Element Antenna (SEA) gain by approximately 2 dB. Superstrate with TEAA exhibited an improved gain of 1 dB over TEAA.

This communication presents for the first time a 16-element planar X-band bidirectional antenna array for beamforming applications. The planar (2D) antenna array is comprised of planar polygon slot antenna elements that utilize a metamaterial inspired reactive coupling element. Simulation and measurement results are presented for both a single antenna element and a 16-element planar array, which resides on a Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) substrate. Successful comparison between measured and simulated results verifies that the single antenna element achieves a 10 dB return loss bandwidth of 17.5% and the planar antenna array achieves a 10 dB return loss bandwidth of 25% both at a center frequency of approximately 11 GHz. The measured gain of the planar antenna array is more than 14.5 dBi with an efficiency of 65%. The overall size of the planar antenna array is 3.3λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sub> × 3.6λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sub> × 0.0093λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sub> at 11 GHz.

Channel reciprocity is regarded as one of the most important advantages of TDD systems. However, the uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) channels are not actually reciprocal because of different characteristics of transmitters (TXs) and receivers (RXs). When the antenna elements are placed with large distance, the Radio Frequency (RF) gain mismatch of TXs and RXs is the dominant un-reciprocal factor, but if the antenna elements are placed close, such as compact antenna array, mutual coupling (MC) should be considered. In general, the MC effects for a transmitting and receiving array are different, even if the physical geometry of the array remains unchanged. Conventional reciprocity calibration methods mainly target at compensating RF gain mismatch and regard reciprocity error as diagonal matrix. However, the reciprocity error is no longer diagonal for compact antenna array due to the un-reciprocal MC of TXs and RXs, and thus the conventional calibration methods do not work in this scenario. In this paper, a comprehensive reciprocity error model is proposed firstly, and a combined MMSE and dot-division calibration scheme is then presented for calibrating MC and RF mismatch at the same time. Link level simulation results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed scheme. The calibration method can well calibrate the UL and DL channel reciprocity, and the performance can be boosted up to around 1dB~2dB less than the ideal reciprocal case.