Comparative analysis of proxy MIPv6 and fast MIPv6

Because of a MN's multi-interface sharing a unique network prefix, more resource shall be consumed owing to multiple copies of every packet being forwarded to a Mobile Node (MN) in a Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) domain. It may also result in network congestion and some security issues. To tackle the issues, a predictive binding mechanism is presented in this paper. It enables a Local Mobility Anchor (LMA) know the IP addresses of all or some interfaces belonging to a MN. The mechanism reuses and extended the existing register message to convey the learned IP address. Minimum extension of messages is defined and detailed message sequence charts are elaborated for the presented mechanism. Moreover, its technical features and performance analysis are provided. It does not change the BCE's matching principle of PMIPv6 and abides by the network prefix match. The mechanism can also suite the alternation of IP address and any possible radio access technologies and provide well expansibility.

According to the basic Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) specification, more resource shall be consumed because of multiple copies of every packet being forwarded to a Mobile Node (MN), which may result in network congestion and some security issues for a MN’s multi- interface sharing a unique network prefix. To tackle the issues and enhance reliability, an integrated binding mechanism is proposed. It can confirm the matching relation between an IF-ID and its IP address for all scenarios which are in lined with a MN’s multi-interface sharing with a unique prefix. The proposed mechanisms are future proof in that they can be used in conjunction with any possible radio access technologies and provide well expansibility. Generally, the time delay which the LMA spends forwarding the first packet to the exact MAG is rather short. Furthermore, the mechanism can apply to more interfaces described in this paper.

SPFP: Ticket-based secure handover for fast proxy mobile IPv6 in 5G networks

Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is proposed as a new network-based local mobility protocol which does not involve the Mobile Node (MN) in mobility management. PMIPv6, which uses link-layer attachment information, reduces the movement detection time and eliminates duplicate address detection procedures in order to provide faster handover than Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6). To eliminate packet loss during the handover period, the Local Mobility Anchor (LMA) buffering scheme is proposed. In this scheme, the LMA buffers lost packets of the Mobile Access Gateway (MAG) and the MN during the handover and recovers them after handover. A new Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) handler is defined which efficiently manages the LMA buffer. The ARQ handler relays ARQ result between the MAG and the MN to the LMA. The LMA removes any buffered packets which have been successfully delivered to the MN. The ARQ handler recovers the packet loss during the handover using buffered packets in the LMA. The ARQ information, between the MAG and LMA, is inserted in the outer header of IP-in-IP encapsulated packets of a standard PMIPv6 tunnel. Since the proposed scheme simply adds information to the standard operation of an IP-in-IP tunnel between the LMA and the MAG, it can be implemented seamlessly without modification to the original PMIPv6 messages and signaling sequence. Unlike other Fast Handovers for Mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6) based enhancement for PMIPv6, the proposed scheme does not require any handover related information before the actual handover.

The Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is a network localized mobility management protocol that is independent of global mobility management protocols. In a single mobility domain (LMD), the mobile node (MN) is not involved in any IP mobility-related signaling and uses only its PMIPv6 home address for all its communication. Subsequently, when the MN moves into another LMD, the MN must change its PMIPv6 home address. In such a circumstance, host-based mobility signaling is activated. Thus, the nature of the network-based mobility of the PMIPv6 cannot be retained. Additionally, if the MN does not support global mobility, it cannot maintain communication with its correspondent node (CN). In this paper, we propose a solution for global mobility support in PMIPv6 networks, called G-PMIPv6 that allows current communication sessions of a MN without mobility protocol stacks to be maintained, even when the MN moves into another LMD. Thus, G-PMIPv6 retains the advantages of the PMIPv6 for global mobility support. We then evaluate and compare network performance between our proposed solution and PMIPv6.

The commercial proliferation of cellular voice and data service has placed a new challenge for mobile communication systems. Next-generation wireless systems are envisioned to have an all-IP-based infrastructure with the support of heterogeneous access technologies (Akyildiz et al., 2004). Under the circumstance, the Internet Protocol (IP) is selected as the common interconnection protocol to integrate disparate wireless systems, so that mobile users can roam among multiple wireless networks, regardless of the underlying different radio access technologies (Akyildiz et al., 2005; Makaya & Pierre, 2008; Mohanty & Xie, 2007). However, with the advent of new value-added services (video-conference, multimedia streaming, etc.) and novel concepts introduced into Long Term Evolution (LTE) architecture of the 4th Generation (4G) networks, provisioning efficient mobilitymanagement with quality of service guarantees and seamless handoff feature become even more important for next-generation wireless network design. Generally, mobility management allows mobile communication systems to locate roaming terminals for voice/data delivery as well as maintaining network connectivity when the terminal moves into a new service area (Akyildiz et al., 1999). Typically, such process contains two aspects: location management and handoff management (Quintero et al., 2004; Zhang et al., 2010). Location management enables telecommunication systems to find out the network attachment points of roaming nodes for call/data delivery. It usually contains two components: location update and call delivery (or data delivery). The former requires mobile nodes to provide the system with their location information, while the latter indicates that the system is queried for the location information of specific mobile nodes, and then services are delivered to them while they are away from their home network (Zhang et al., 2010). Handoff management aims to maintain network connectivity when mobile nodes change their network attachment points or access points. Obviously, handoff protocols need to preservemobile users’ network connectivity as they move from one network to another, while simultaneously reducing disruption to the ongoing call/data sessions. Therefore, reducing handoff delay and maximizing session continuity are always the primary goals of handoff management (Dimopoulou et al., 2005). Generally, handoff seamlessness means lower packet Performance Analysis of Seamless Handover in Mobile IPv6-based Cellular Networks 13

Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) is a presentative protocol which supports global IP mobility. MIPv6 causes a long handover latency that a mobile node (MN) doesnpsilat send or receive packets. This latency can be reduced by using Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6). PMIPv6 is a protocol which network supports IP mobility without participation of the MN, and is studied in Network-based Localized Mobility Management (NETLMM) working group of IETF. There is much packet loss during handover in PMIPv6, although PMIPv6 reduces handover latency. In this paper, to reduce packet loss in PMIPv6 we propose Packet Lossless PMIPv6 (PL-PMIPv6) with authentication. In PL-PMIPv6 a previous mobile access gateway (pMAG) registers to a Local Mobility Anchor (LMA) on behalf of a new MAG (nMAG) during layer 2 handoff. Then, the nMAG buffers packets during handover after registration. Therefore, PL-PMIPv6 can reduce packet loss than them in MIPv6 and PMIPv6. Also, we use Authentication,Authorization and Accounting (AAA) infrastructure to authenticate the MN and to receive MNpsilas profiles securely. We shows performance of PL-PMIPv6 through comparison of packet loss during handover of MIPv6, PMIPv6 and PL-PMIPv6.

Vehicular communication networking is one of the most important building blocks of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). The vehicular communication network is a wireless communication system enabling vehicles to communicate with each other as well as with roadside base stations. Mobility management of vehicles which move at high speeds and occasionally make a long journey is an interesting research area of vehicular communication networks. Recently, The Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) protocol is proposed for network-based mobility management to reduce the overhead of mobile nodes. PMIPv6 shifts the burden of the mobility management from mobile nodes to network agents to decrease the overhead and latency for the mobility management. In this paper, we derive the scenario of deploying PMIPv6 in vehicular communication networks and propose a new LMA handover mechanism for realizing the scenario. By carrying out the ns-2 based simulations, we verify the operability of the proposed mechanism.

Network slicing is an architectural solution that enables the future 5G network to offer a high data traffic capacity and efficient network connectivity. Moreover, software defined network (SDN) and network functions virtualization (NFV) empower this architecture to visualize the physical network resources. The network slicing identified as a multiple logical network, where each network slice dedicates as an end-to-end network and works independently with other slices on a common physical network resources. Most user devices have more than one smart wireless interfaces to connect to different radio access technologies (RATs) such as WiFi and LTE, thereby network operators utilize this facility to offload mobile data traffic. Therefore, it is important to enable a network slicing to manage different RATs on the same logical network as a way to mitigate the spectrum scarcity problem and enables a slice to control its users' mobility across different access networks. In this paper, we propose a mobility management architecture based network slicing where each slice manages its users across heterogeneous radio access technologies such as WiFi, LTE and 5G networks. In this architecture, each slice has a different mobility demands and these demands are governed by a network slice configuration and service characteristics. Therefore, our mobility management architecture follows a modular approach where each slice has individual module to handle the mobility demands and enforce the slice policy for mobility management. The advantages of applying our proposed architecture include: i) Sharing network resources between different network slices; ii) creating logical platform to unify different RATs resources and allowing all slices to share them; iii) satisfying slice mobility demands.

Proxy mobile Internet protocol version 6 (PMIPv6) is a network-based mobility management protocol proposed by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), which allows nodes to remain service connectivity while moving around in the IPv6 Internet. PMIPv6 is different from the host-based mobility management protocols (mobile Internet protocol version (MIPv6), hierarchical mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6), fast handover for mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6), and fast handover in hierarchical mobile IPv6 (F-HMIPv6)), whose signaling are transferred among some network entities except mobile node (MN). This paper focuses on the analytical modeling of performance analysis for PMIPv6 and other protocols using IEEE802.16-based wireless metropolitan area networks as the wireless access network. The performances of these protocols are evaluated by some metrics like handover latency, service disruption time, and binding update cost. Numerical results show that PMIPv6 has better performance.

Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is a network-based mobility management protocol. Mobile node (MN) does not participate in mobility-related signaling in PMIPv6. PMIPv6 can support multi-homing hosts with the help of virtual interface to perform inter-technology handover or to support flow mobility. However, a single virtual interface has the problem of swapping link-layer identifier (LL-ID) when the neighbor discovery is performed after inter-technology handover. Whenever the single virtual interface receives an Neighbor Solicitation (NS) message, the virtual interface analyzes the NS message and it changes the LL-ID of virtual interface to the LL-ID of physical interface for keeping communication. This approach is not natural and is not recommended because it has a security problem. In this paper, the efficient inter-technology handover scheme with the multiple virtual interfaces are proposed to solve the problem of swapping LL-ID with Proxy Neighbor Advertisement message in Neighbor Discovery. This paper explains the difference based on the result of comparison with a single virtual interface. NS-3 simulation is performed to provide a clear and practical procedure of multiple virtual interfaces in PMIPv6 network.

This article presents discussion behind emerging need for the Unified Traffic Steering (UTS) approach in the evolving mobile networks to efficiently handle multitude of 3GPP radio access schemes and technologies. Considering the approaching 5G networks which will introduce yet another Radio Access Technology (RAT) to the equation, we need to think of tight radio level integration of all available RATs with the available spectrum resources and spectrum access schemes. That is a must to allow efficient radio resources utilization in mobile networks to cope with the booming mobile data demand in evolving mobile broadband use cases. For that purpose, analysis of traffic steering functionalities was performed based on the 3GPP standards, which lead to the formulation of UTS framework. UTS framework is considered as the enabler for unified 5G architecture, where UTS-logic plays as central entity, serving as engine to coordinate traffic steering mechanisms with respect to scenarios, feature groups, operator strategies and load conditions taking into account mobile demand and SON decisions.

In this paper, we propose an IP-based mobility management protocol named Fast handover Proxy Mobile IPv6 for Sensor networks (FPMIPv6-S). FPMIPv6-S provides network-based mobility support for 6LoWPAN WSN when a sensor node moves between two Personal Area Networks (PANs). It is an improved version of the Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) protocol proposed for mobility management in IPv6 networks. We compared via simulations FPMIPv6-S with other well-known mobility protocol namely Mobile IPv6. Performance results show that our proposed protocol achieves reduction of packet loss by as much 70% and improve the network throughput by over 25% compared to MIPv6. Further, we implemented our proposed protocol and MIPv6 with NS3 simulator and made extensive simulations runs to compare both protocols.

The continuous efforts made towards efficient mobility management in next-generation wireless networks are one of the major challenges for next-generation mobile systems. To track host mobility, the IETF has developed some mobility management protocols such as Mobile IP and Proxy Mobile IPv6. These protocols set up a tunnel to forward packets to the mobile node while the user is away from its home network. The tunneling method provided by Multi-Protocol Label Switching can be profitably used to take advantage of the Multi-Protocol Label Switching traffic engineering capability to achieve fast-reroute when a mobile node changes its point of attachment to the network. Moreover, service disruption during handoffs causes excessive packet loss that needs to be minimized to support quality of service requirements of emerging applications. We present a performance evaluation and numerical results of the most representative host-based and network-based mobility management approaches. We highlight the importance of the tunneling method with special attention to those protocols that have integrated Multi-Protocol Label Switching in its access network.

In Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), a new entity called Mobile Access Gateway (MAG) performs the mobility-related signaling with Local Mobility Anchor (LMA) on behalf of MNs (Mobile Nodes). However, a number of MNs must be associated with a MAG and hence, the MAG can be easily overloaded. Thus, in this paper, we propose a load balancing mechanism for the PMIPv6 network. We also discuss about using IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover (MIH) protocol in the load balancing to learn the load status at the candidate Point of Attachments (PoAs), in addition to the load status at the candidate MAGs. It is shown via numerical and simulation results that the proposed load balancing mechanism can realize lower queuing delay at the MAG and higher data transmission rate at the PoA in the PMIPv6 network.