Data-driven Anomaly Detection Model for The Fluid End Subsystem in Cementing Equipment

Factors Associated with Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Yield in Volunteer Donors Mobilized with Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factors: The Impact of Donor Characteristics and Procedural Settings

For decades, leak detection methods utilizing pressure variations (transient test-based technique: TTBT) have been recognized as convenient and accurate for pipeline leak detection. However, their effectiveness in long-distance complex structured field pipelines has not been fully demonstrated, presenting significant challenges for practical implementation. This study, for the first time, tested the effectiveness of inverse transient analysis (ITA), a type of TTBT, on detecting a single-point leak in the Ogura irrigation pipeline system in Sado, Niigata, Japan. The system spans approximately 18 km and features several branches and diameter changes. We proposed a new ITA method using the transient model and the comprehensive learning particle swarm optimization (CLPSO) as the optimization technique. In the verification experiments, pressure variations were induced by closing the downstream valve under two different initial downstream flow rates (approximately 0.032 and 0.093 m3/s) in scenarios without a leak, with a leak near the downstream end of the main pipeline, and with a leak on the branch pipeline. The calibration of the transient model with the wave speed distribution as parameters was conducted prior to leak detection, demonstrating pre-estimation of this wave speed distribution is essential for accurate leak detection. The application of the proposed ITA for measured pressure variations resulted in averaged estimated leak location errors along the total length of the pipeline system with the standard deviations as follows: 0.217 ± 0.038% near the downstream end of the main pipeline for a 0.032 m3/s downstream flow, 0.978 ± 0.456% for a 0.093 m3/s flow, 1.843 ± 1.815% on the branch pipeline for a 0.032 m3/s flow, and 0.880 ± 0.560% for a 0.093 m3/s flow. In cases of the leak near the downstream end of the main pipeline, smaller steady flow rate resulted in smaller variability and higher accuracy in the estimated leak location. Conversely, for the leak in the branch pipeline, larger steady flow rate was better for the estimated leak position. This suggests that the optimal steady flow rate for accurate leak detection varies depending on the leak location. The leak sizes can be expressed as ratios of the estimated leakage discharges to the actual average irrigation water flow rate, resulting in values ranging from 4.86% to 8.58%. From these results, the proposed leak detection method is expected to contribute to reducing the effort and cost for irrigation engineers to narrow down potential leak areas in pipeline systems.

To establish normal reference ranges of urinary flow rates in children. From a screening programme, 200 healthy children (96 girls and 104 boys, between 3 and 18 years old) with no renal, urological, psychological or neurological disorders were selected, and they provided 433 micturitions for analysis. The children were divided into those with body surface areas of < 0.92 m2, between 0.92 and 1.42 m2 and > 1.42 m2. The voided volume, maximum and average flow rates of urine were measured. Data were fitted by several mathematical functions and goodness-of-fit determined. The relationship between maximal or average flow rates and voided volume was best fitted by a logarithmic function. The maximal and average urine flow rate nomograms are given in centile form for each body surface area group in both girls and boys. Flow rates showed a close relationship with voided volumes in both sexes and for all body sizes. The average maximal and average flow rates were higher in girls than in boys. Normal nomograms of maximal and average urine flow rates of girls and boys at three different body surfaces are presented in centile form. These may be useful for diagnosing lower urinary tract disturbances in children over a wide range of body size and voided volumes.

Abstract.Food resources and water flow speeds vary on short‐temporal and small‐spatial scales important to feeding in natural populations of oysters (Crassostrea virginica). To better describe food availability to the oyster population, micro‐current meters were used to measure flow 1–3 cm above the bottom and frequent water sampling was used to determine the quantity and composition of the seston on Confederate Reef, Galveston Bay, Texas. The quantity and quality of food varied on time scales at least as short as 3 h and throughout the water column. Seston was high in detrital carbon, nitrogen poor, and had a high fraction of inorganic particles. The quantity of food at the bed was not predictable from samples taken near the surface. Water flow speeds were also highly variable. Whereas rapid flow speeds were measured, flow speed tended to cluster about a narrower range of slower speeds resulting in the mean speed being much higher than the median. Fluxes of food calculated from the quantity of food and water flow speeds were low and highly variable. Under most conditions, water flow speed was more important than food quantity in determining flux. Rapid flow rates could overcome low food quantity to result in relatively high fluxes, whereas slow flow resulted in small fluxes even if food was abundant. Changes in water flow rate associated with tidal changes and changes in speed are probably the primary agents controlling food availability on a daily basis. Decreased wind speed at night normally reduced flux in the early morning hours, for example. These results stress the importance of measuring food quantity and water flow speed on spatial and temporal scales important to oyster feeding. Model simulations of oyster populations at varying densities, flow rates and clump heights across the range of measured values show that flow rate is insufficient during most hours of the day and days of the year to prevent oysters from locally reducing food supply by their filtering efforts. Thus flow rate probably limits population density and adult size on Confederate Reef.

The collection efficiency is the major indicator for the evaluation of the pollution rate and the environmental performance of the aluminium electrolysis process. This efficiency is proportional to the flow rate of the released gases at the chimney. Since December 2009, the normal flow rate has being decreasing and fluctuating in the Alucam smelting factory. At the Analysis step of the DMAIC methodology, the fundamental causes of the variations and the decrease in the gas normal fume flow rate were identified in a previous study. We intend here to stabilize the flow rate, to Improve the efficiency and to put into place a reliable mechanism of Control in order to maintain target variables within Six Sigma limits. Therefore, we propose an appropriate model of the pipeline network which permits us to identify the causes of the process low capability by excluding the interpretation controversy of the relation between the stopping of pots and the decrease in the fume collection and treatment installation. Then, we choose to achieve the modulation of the suction fan to adapt to changes in system load, and the replacement of the fan impeller to reach the continuous regulation of the flow rate. Benefits cannot be over emphasized because the company may improve on its collection and treatment efficiency, hence an effective reduction of dangerous gaseous fluoride emissions.

ObjectivesPopulation-based health risk assessment and stratification are considered highly relevant for large-scale implementation of integrated care by facilitating services design and case identification. The principal objective of the study was...

The relevance of the study is due to the need to organize stable low-emission low-temperature combustion of a lean mixture in a single-zone uncooled combustion chamber, which is an integral part of a micro-gas turbine power plant. The stable position of the flame front in combustion chambers of this type mainly depends on the ratio between the average flow rate of the combustible-air mixture and the rate of turbulent combustion. This ratio depends on many factors, the main of which are the pressure and temperature of the components supply, the excess air ratio, the pulsating speed of the gas flow and autoturbulization of the flame, the consumption of the combustible-air mixture. In this work, we investigate the effect of external heating of the components on the expansion of the lower combustion limit and on the stable position of the flame front. The aim of the study is to obtain areas of breakthrough, stable position and flame blowout when organizing low-temperature lean combustion with large values of the excess air ratio; determination of the ranges of relative flow rate, at which a stable position of the flame front is observed, using experimental data and the results of numerical modeling; development of recommendations for determining the geometric appearance of a single-zone uncooled chamber of a micro-gas turbine power plant in the presence of air and fuel gas recuperators. As a result, the dependences of the normal combustion rate on the excess air ratio were obtained taking into account the lower combustion limit, the relationship between the average flow rate and the turbulent combustion rate in various combus-tion modes, and ranges for the relative flow rate in the region of low-temperature stable combustion. Based on the developed gas-dynamic model, the geometric and gas-dynamic parameters and characteristics of turbulent combustion in the flow in the combustion chambers of micro-gas turbine power plants with a capacity of 100 and 300 kW with external heating of air and fuel gas using a turbocompressor with a compression ratio of 3.0 are determined and analyzed.

The study and analysis of Urodynamics is helpful in diagnosing lower urinary tract diseases. Measurement of Urine Flow Rate is one of the important parts of Urodynamics. Uroflowmetry, part of Urodynamics, is a non-invasive test easy to implement. It involves measurement of urine flow rate and other associated parameters. This paper presents Urine Flow Rate measurement based on pressure measurement technique to examine the functioning and dysfunctioning of Lower Urinary Tract. For implementation of this technique special purpose probe is designed. Pressure sensor used is from MPX series. The output of the sensor is connected to Analog to Digital Converter and Microcontroller after signal conditioning and amplification. The main principle of measurement technique uses the air pressure in a closed tube above a column of water (urine). As flow rate changes, the level in container changes accordingly and the air pressure in the closed tube above the column will change proportionally. By measuring the air pressure and associated time the flow rate is calculated. Once flow rate is calculated the other parameters as decided by the International Continence Society like maximum flow rate, average flow rate, voided volume and total time for voiding, time for maximum flow rate are calculated and displayed on PC. The graphs of Volume (milliliters) versus time (second) and Flow rate (milliliters/second) versus time are plotted. These graphs have typical nature in normal functioning of lower urinary tract if, this nature gets changed then there might be some problem associated with this tract or patient may need further investigations. By observing this nature of graph Doctor used to do the diagnosis.

A single center, prospective study was performed to assess the efficacy and safety of Griflow(®) Dual a gravity-fed device for intravenous delivery of human immunoglobulin Flebogamma(®). A total of 2 infusions in 2 visits per patient were assessed using G2 and G3 Griflow(®) Dual models that provide different flow rates adjusted to the patient's weight. To follow the most common method of intravenous immunoglobulin administration, infusion through the two-way device commenced with the low flow rate capillary (clamp closed) for 30 minutes and continued with the high flow rate, opening both ways. Reliability of flow delivery (average flow rates), adverse events, as well as functionality in daily practice (questionnaire to nurses) were assessed. twenty-five valid infusions were evaluated on 13 subjects. Except for the G2 model with closed clamp in which 14.5% deviation was observed, actual average flow rate values fell well into the maximum 10% deviation permitted with respect to expected charted values (G2: 55 and 142 mL/h; G3: 76 and 189 mL/h). Discrepancies could be explained by patient's arm movements or posture change during infusion. No adverse events related to the study device occurred. In the functionality questionnaires, nurse's comfort and safety of infusion with Griflow(®) Dual were rated higher than without Griflow(®) Dual but lower than with infusion pumps. Although it may not be as precise as an infusion pump, Griflow(®) Dual proved to be a reliable and suitable device to administer Flebogamma(®) 5%. Correct safety should be confirmed in a larger sample.

In order to only use one piezoelectric micropump to simultaneously drive and control multi-channel flow fluids of complex microfluidic systems in biological, chemical and medical applications, and then improve the integration and reduce the size of systems, principle and structure of a multi-channel silicon-based piezoelectric micropump with active piezoelectric valve array are proposed and realized. The micropump is composed of one pumping unit and four active piezoelectric valves with annular boundaries, which form active piezoelectric valve array by uniformly distributing around pumping unit. All valves are connected to pumping unit by corresponding fluid channels and they can realize bidirectional fluid flowing. Therefore, pump can suck fluid from any one or more valves through pumping unit and can discharge fluid to the other one or more valves, which form its six working modes. Silicon-based pump body is processed by photoetching and the micropump is fabricated by fixing circular piezoelectric unimorph actuators on the silicon-based pump body. Flow rate model is established, the flow characteristics under each working mode are experimentally tested. Results show that the micropump can realize simultaneously multi-channel fluid input and output, when it works under three-in and single-out, it has the maximum flow rate and output pressure; the flow rate model can predict its flow rate, the maximum relative error between experimental test result and numerical simulation result is 9.99%; the micropump has high flow control accuracy, when amplitude of driving voltage varies from 35 V to 36 V with step of 0.1 V, it has the minimum change of flow rate of 1 μL min−1, the maximum flow rate deviation of 5 μL min−1 and the maximum relative standard deviation of flow rate control of 0.175%. Therefore, the micropump provide feasible scheme for piezoelectric micropumps to be applied in complex microfluidic systems with multi-channel flow fluids, such as lab-on-chip.

Joint state-of-health and remaining-useful-life prediction based on multi-level long short-term memory model prognostic framework considering cell voltage inconsistency reflected health indicators

Sediment accumulation in the drainage systems of mountain tunnels is a typical issue threatening operational safety. To explore the sedimentation behavior under the coupling of multiple factors, this study systematically analyzes the coupled effects of sediment content, flow rate, slope, and cross-sectional shape on sedimentation through full-scale experiments and numerical simulations. The results indicate that: (1) the sediment accumulation is linearly positively correlated with sediment concentration (fitting slope of 0.87) and exponentially negatively correlated with flow rate and slope (R2 &gt; 0.90); (2) for drainage trenches with different cross-sectional shapes under the same boundary conditions, the maximum flow velocity and anti-sedimentation capacity rank as narrow rectangular &gt; semi-circular ≈ inverted trapezoidal &gt; rectangular; (3) the study proposes engineering anti-sedimentation strategies, such as moderately increasing the slope and adopting a periodic concentrated discharge model to enhance sediment transport capacity using peak flow; (4) under the premise of meeting drainage and flood control standards, the inverted trapezoidal or semi-circular cross-sections are preferred. The bottom waterway width can be reduced to increase flow velocity, thereby achieving a synergistic optimization of drainage efficiency and operational reliability. This provides a quantitative basis for the structural selection and anti-sedimentation design of tunnel drainage systems.

The detection and diagnosis of faults is becoming necessary in ensuring energy savings in heat pump units. Faults can exist independently or simultaneously in heat pumps at the refrigerant side and secondary fluid flow loops. In this work, we discuss the effects that simultaneous refrigerant charge faults and faults associated with the flow rate of secondary fluids have on the performance of a heat pump operating in summer season and we developed a correlation to detect and diagnose these faults using multiple linear regression. The faults considered include simultaneous refrigerant charge and indoor heat exchanger secondary fluid flow rate faults (IFRFs), simultaneous refrigerant charge and outdoor heat exchanger secondary fluid flow rate faults (OFRFs) and simultaneous refrigerant charge, IFRF and OFRF. The occurrence of simultaneous refrigerant charge fault, IFRF and OFRF caused up to a 5.7% and 8% decrease in cooling capacity compared to simultaneous refrigerant charge and indoor heat exchanger secondary fluid flow rate faults, and simultaneous refrigerant charge and outdoor heat exchanger secondary fluid flow rate faults, respectively. Simultaneous refrigerant charge fault, IFRF and OFRF resulted in up to an 11.6% and 5.9% decrease in COP of the heat pump unit compared to simultaneous refrigerant charge fault and IFRF, and simultaneous refrigerant charge fault and OFRF, respectively. The developed FDD correlations accurately predicted the simultaneous refrigerant charge and faults in the flow rate of the secondary fluid within an error margin of 7.7%.

This article proposes a technique for assessing risks related to operational reliability levels of systems of electric interlocking of track switches and signals at railroad stations. The assessment relies on the mathematical model of such random processes as failures and recoveries of the system of electric interlocking of track switches and signals and on using this system to fulfill train traffic control functions at a given station. The risk related to the operational safety of the electric interlocking system is calculated for the railroad station in general, not for a specific scenario of events. The statistics of safety violation events is based on a small sample. The risk related to the operational reliability of the electric interlocking system is assessed using risk matrices in the form of tables, where the likelihood of occurrence and the number of train delays at the station due to failures in the electric interlocking system are used together. The train delay likelihood found from the matrix is used as the frequency of events to assess operational reliability level risks. The number of trains delayed per calculated period and the average time of train delay at the considered station are used as event aftereffects. The assessment results can be used to make valid managerial decisions.

Low-flow solar hot water heating systems employ flow rates on the order of 1/5 to 1/10 of the conventional flow. Low-flow systems are of interest because the reduced flow rate allows smaller diameter tubing, which is less costly to install. Further, low-flow systems result in increased tank stratification. Lower collector inlet temperatures are achieved through stratification and the useful energy produced by the collector is increased. The disadvantage of low-flow systems is the collector heat removal factor decreases with decreasing flow rate. Many solar domestic hot water systems require an auxiliary electric source to operate a pump in order to circulate fluid through the solar collector. A photovoltaic driven pump can be used to replace the standard electrical pump. PV driven pumps provide an ideal means of controlling the flow rate, as pumps will only circulate fluid when there is sufficient radiation. Peak performance was always found to occur when the heat exchanger tank-side flow rate was approximately equal to the average load flow rate. For low collector-side flow rates, a small deviation from the optimum flow rate will dramatically effect system performance.