Deep Learning Based Recognition of Turkish Sign Language Letters with Unique Data Set

Deep learning algorithms can be used to design systems that report data on patients and deliver warnings to medical applications or electronic health information if there are changes in the patient's health. These systems could be created using deep Learning. This helps verify that patients get the proper effective care at the proper time for each specific patient. A healthcare decision support system was presented using the Internet of Things and deep learning methods. In the proposed system, we examined the capability of integrating deep learning technology into automatic diagnosis and IoT capabilities for faster message exchange over the Internet. We have selected the suitable Neural Network structure (number of best-hidden layers and activation function classes) to construct the e-health system. In addition, the e-health system relied on data from doctors to understand the Neural Network. In the validation method, the total evaluation of the proposed healthcare system for diagnostics provides dependability under various patient conditions. Based on evaluation and simulation findings, a dual hidden layer of feed-forward NN and its neurons store the tanh function more effectively than other NN. To overcome challenges, this study will integrate artificial intelligence with IoT. This study aims to determine the NN's optimal layer counts and activation function variations.

Historically, individuals with hearing impairments have faced neglect, lacking the necessary tools to facilitate effective communication. However, advancements in modern technology have paved the way for the development of various tools and software aimed at improving the quality of life for hearing-disabled individuals. This research paper presents a comprehensive study employing five distinct deep learning models to recognize hand gestures for the American Sign Language (ASL) alphabet. The primary objective of this study was to leverage contemporary technology to bridge the communication gap between hearing-impaired individuals and individuals with no hearing impairment. The models utilized in this research include AlexNet, ConvNeXt, EfficientNet, ResNet-50, and VisionTransformer were trained and tested using an extensive dataset comprising over 87,000 images of the ASL alphabet hand gestures. Numerous experiments were conducted, involving modifications to the architectural design parameters of the models to obtain maximum recognition accuracy. The experimental results of our study revealed that ResNet-50 achieved an exceptional accuracy rate of 99.98%, the highest among all models. EfficientNet attained an accuracy rate of 99.95%, ConvNeXt achieved 99.51% accuracy, AlexNet attained 99.50% accuracy, while VisionTransformer yielded the lowest accuracy of 88.59%.

Speech impairment affects an individual’s ability to communicate. People affected by this problem, suffer by the communication barrier with the normal people. Hence, to express their emotions and thoughts people will use sign language for their communication and. Although sign language is common in world, there may be a difficulty for people who do not have knowledge about sign language to communicate with speech impaired people who knows the sign language. Now there is a prominent growth in the field of computer vision and deep learning, which has been tremendous development in the fields of sign and motion recognition. The proposed model focusses on overcoming the challenges in verbal communication between non-sign language speakers and sign language speakers by building a deep learning model to recognize alphabets of American sign language. The model was trained on the dataset collected from Kaggle website which consisted of 26 American Sign Language alphabets. The model achieved 99.3% mean average precision in recognition of sign and average probability value for test image achieved was 0.99. The deep learning method used to build the model achieved more accuracy than the previous solutions.

The use of computer vision along with machine learning techniques resulted in a breakthrough in medical and social fields. One such intervention is the sign language detection, enabling communication for differently-abled people. Hand gestures are the common method used for this. This paper deals with using image processing techniques like RGB to binary image conversion, skin detection, edge detection to extract the important features of the gesture and provide them as inputs to Convolution Neural Networks (CNN) to improve the accuracy in predicting American Sign Language alphabets (ASL). Using the preprocessed image data set of the hand gesture in our proposed mechanism has predicted the alphabets with higher accuracy up to 99% as compared to the model trained with original data set of images. KeywordsImage processingEdge detectionConvolution neural netsAmerican sign language

Artificial intelligence (AI)-based approaches are crucial in computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) for various medical applications. Their ability to quickly and accurately learn from complex data is remarkable. Deep learning (DL) models have shown promising results in accurately classifying Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its related cognitive states, Early Mild Cognitive Impairment (EMCI) and Late Mild Cognitive Impairment (LMCI), along with the healthy conditions known as Cognitively Normal (CN). This offers valuable insights into disease progression and diagnosis. However, certain traditional machine learning (ML) classifiers perform equally well or even better than DL models, requiring less training data. This is particularly valuable in CAD in situations with limited labeled datasets. In this paper, we propose an ensemble classifier based on ML models for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data, which achieved an impressive accuracy of 96.52%. This represents a 3-5% improvement over the best individual classifier. We evaluated popular ML classifiers for AD classification under both data-scarce and data-rich conditions using the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative and Open Access Series of Imaging Studies datasets. By comparing the results to state-of-the-art CNN-centric DL algorithms, we gain insights into the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. This work will help users to select the most suitable algorithm for AD classification based on data availability.

Background Artificial intelligence (AI) has revolutionized diagnostic radiology by improving accuracy, efficiency, and clinical decision-making. While numerous systematic reviews and meta-analyses have evaluated the performance of AI-based techniques, particularly traditional machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) models, a comprehensive synthesis of this evidence is lacking. An umbrella review is necessary to integrate and compare findings across various imaging applications, offering the highest level of evidence to inform clinical practice and policy. Objective This umbrella review aims to compare the diagnostic performance of traditional machine learning and deep learning methods in radiology by synthesizing evidence from existing systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library for systematic reviews and meta-analyses published between 2018 and 2024. Only peer-reviewed reviews evaluating diagnostic applications of AI in radiology were included. Methodological quality was assessed using the AMSTAR 2 tool, and risk of bias was evaluated using ROBIS. Results Seven systematic reviews and meta-analyses were included. Across multiple imaging domains—such as breast cancer screening, spinal stenosis, and tumor grading—deep learning consistently outperformed traditional ML in diagnostic accuracy and sensitivity. Evidence quality was rated moderate to high, though variability in reporting and a lack of external validation were noted. Explainability features in DL models were underutilized and poorly evaluated. Conclusion This umbrella review confirms the superior diagnostic performance of deep learning methods over traditional ML in radiology. Future research should prioritize model transparency, real-world validation, and standardization in clinical implementation.

To develop and evaluate static ultrasound images of ovaries-based radiomics and deep learning models for predicting antral follicle count (AFC) and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH). A retrospective analysis was performed on 395 infertility patients who completed AFC through transvaginal ultrasonography and AMH test in two branches of the hospital. The data set was divided into training cohort (n = 210, Branch A), internal test cohort (n = 91, Branch A), and external test cohort (n = 94, Branch B). The AFC results of static ultrasound images (AFCstatic) and dynamic scan (AFCdynamic) were analysed for correlation and consistency. The radiomics, deep learning and combined models (Rad-DL model) were developed to quantitatively predict AFC and AMH respectively, and the ordered 3-class classification (AFCdynamic≤5,6≤AFCdynamic≤19 and 20≤AFCdynamic) prediction was further carried out. There was a high degree of correlation and consistency between AFCstatic and AFCdynamic in both branches. In the quantitative prediction of AFCdynamic, the R2 of the radiomics, deep learning and Rad-DL models in the external test cohort were 0.572, 0.541, 0.583, respectively. In the quantitative prediction of AMH, the R2 of the radiomics, deep learning and Rad-DL models in the external test cohort were 0.420, 0.352, 0.509, respectively. For the ordered 3-class classification prediction, the radiomics, deep learning and Rad-DL models demonstrated a good discrimination performance with overall AUCs of 0.816 (95%CI, 0.747–0.887), 0.843 (95%CI, 0.772–0.901), and 0.881 (95%CI, 0.816–0.931) in the external test cohort, respectively. Radiomics and deep learning models developed by using static ultrasound images of ovaries may quantitatively predict AFCdynamic to a certain extent, and accurately screen infertility patients with different ovarian reserve levels. This study lays the foundation for further break through the rigid antral follicle count and explore an intelligent non-invasive ovarian reserve evaluation method.

Advances in computer technology and growing expectations from computer-aided systems have led to the evolution of artificial intelligence into subsets, such as deep learning and radiomics, and the use of these systems is revolutionizing modern radiological diagnosis. In this review, artificial intelligence applications developed with radiomics and deep learning methods in the differential diagnosis of parotid gland tumors (PGTs) will be overviewed. The development of artificial intelligence models has opened new scenarios owing to the possibility of assessing features of medical images that usually are not evaluated by physicians. Radiomics and deep learning models come to the forefront in computer-aided diagnosis of medical images, even though their applications in the differential diagnosis of PGTs have been limited because of the scarcity of data sets related to these rare neoplasms. Nevertheless, recent studies have shown that artificial intelligence tools can classify common PGTs with reasonable accuracy. All studies aimed at the differential diagnosis of benign vs. malignant PGTs or the identification of the commonest PGT subtypes were identified, and five studies were found that focused on deep learning-based differential diagnosis of PGTs. Data sets were created in three of these studies with MRI and in two with computed tomography (CT). Additional seven studies were related to radiomics. Of these, four were on MRI-based radiomics, two on CT-based radiomics, and one compared MRI and CT-based radiomics in the same patients.

Sign Language Recognition (SLR) systems have gained significant popularity in recent years. Despite the existence of various Deep Learning (DL) models to classify sign languages, the deployment of these models on resource-constrained devices remains a challenge. Majority of the research on SLR focuses on popular sign languages, such as American Sign Language (ASL), German Sign Language (GSL) etc., while Kannada Sign Language (KSL) remains significantly underexplored. This study focuses on creating a word-level custom dataset of 33 classes consisting of 2319 videos and training three DL models, namely, LSTM, BiLSTM, and Encoder-only Transformer for dynamic KSL recognition. Trained models were then optimized with quantization techniques and converted to .tflite format, for efficient deployment on resource-constrained devices like smartphones. Dynamic Post Training Quantization (PTQ) model, for the BiLSTM model achieved the highest accuracy of 95.71%, followed by the LSTM model with 94.7%, and the Transformer-based architecture achieved 94.19%. Transformer model deployed on smartphone achieved the smallest inference time of 16.2 ms with a model size of 1097.77 KB, followed by LSTM recording 19.6 ms as inference time with a model size of 1254.49 KB and BiLSTM recording the highest inference time of 27.8 ms with a model size of 3862.01 KB.

This research article proposes a deep learning framework that addresses two major hurdles in adopting deep learning techniques for solving physics-based problems. One is the requirement of a large data set for training the deep learning (DL) model and another is the consistency of a DL model with the physics of a phenomenon. The framework is generic that can be applied to model a phenomenon in physics if its behavior is known. A semi-supervised physics guided neural network (SPGNN) has been developed based on our framework to demonstrate the concept. SPGNN models the I–V characteristics of gallium nitride based high electron mobility transistors (GaN HEMTs). A two-stage method has been proposed to train a DL model. In the first stage, the DL model is trained via an unsupervised learning method using the analytical physics-based model of a field-effect transistor (FET) as a loss function of the DL model that incorporates the physics of the FET in the DL model. Later, the DL model is fine-tuned with a small set of experimental data in the second stage. Performance of SPGNN has been assessed on various sizes of the data set with 100, 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 samples. SPGNN significantly reduces the training data requirement by more than 80% and provides better performance than a traditionally trained neural network (TTNN), even for the unseen test data set. SPGNN predicts 32.4% of the unseen test data with less than 1% of error and only 0.4% of the unseen test data with more than 10% of error.

PurposeTo conduct a head-to-head comparison between deep learning (DL) and radiomics models across institutions for predicting microvascular invasion (MVI) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to investigate the model robustness and generalizability through rigorous internal and external validation.MethodsThis retrospective study included 2304 preoperative images of 576 HCC lesions from two centers, with MVI status determined by postoperative histopathology. We developed DL and radiomics models for predicting the presence of MVI using B-mode ultrasound, contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) at the arterial, portal, and delayed phases, and a combined modality (B + CEUS). For radiomics, we constructed models with enlarged vs. original regions of interest (ROIs). A cross-validation approach was performed by training models on one center’s dataset and validating the other, and vice versa. This allowed assessment of the validity of different ultrasound modalities and the cross-center robustness of the models. The optimal model combined with alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was also validated. The head-to-head comparison was based on the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).ResultsThirteen DL models and 25 radiomics models using different ultrasound modalities were constructed and compared. B + CEUS was the optimal modality for both DL and radiomics models. The DL model achieved AUCs of 0.802–0.818 internally and 0.667–0.688 externally across the two centers, whereas radiomics achieved AUCs of 0.749–0.869 internally and 0.646–0.697 externally. The radiomics models showed overall improvement with enlarged ROIs (P < 0.05 for both CEUS and B + CEUS modalities). The DL models showed good cross-institutional robustness (P > 0.05 for all modalities, 1.6–2.1% differences in AUC for the optimal modality), whereas the radiomics models had relatively limited robustness across the two centers (12% drop-off in AUC for the optimal modality). Adding AFP improved the DL models (P < 0.05 externally) and well maintained the robustness, but did not benefit the radiomics model (P > 0.05).ConclusionCross-institutional validation indicated that DL demonstrated better robustness than radiomics for preoperative MVI prediction in patients with HCC, representing a promising solution to non-standardized ultrasound examination procedures.

Detection of metastasis of mediastinal lymph nodes in lung cancer patients with an artificial intelligence model.

Electricity load forecasting is a crucial undertaking within all the deregulated markets globally. Among the research challenges on a global scale, the investigation of deep transfer learning (DTL) in the field of electricity load forecasting represents a fundamental effort that can inform artificial intelligence applications in general. In this paper, a comprehensive study is reported regarding day-ahead electricity load forecasting. For this purpose, three sequence-to-sequence (Seq2seq) deep learning (DL) models are used, namely the multilayer perceptron (MLP), the convolutional neural network (CNN) and the ensemble learning model (ELM), which consists of the weighted combination of the outputs of MLP and CNN models. Also, the study focuses on the development of different forecasting strategies based on DTL, emphasizing the way the datasets are trained and fine-tuned for higher forecasting accuracy. In order to implement the forecasting strategies using deep learning models, load datasets from three Greek islands, Rhodes, Lesvos, and Chios, are used. The main purpose is to apply DTL for day-ahead predictions (1–24 h) for each month of the year for the Chios dataset after training and fine-tuning the models using the datasets of the three islands in various combinations. Four DTL strategies are illustrated. In the first strategy (DTL Case 1), each of the three DL models is trained using only the Lesvos dataset, while fine-tuning is performed on the dataset of Chios island, in order to create day-ahead predictions for the Chios load. In the second strategy (DTL Case 2), data from both Lesvos and Rhodes concurrently are used for the DL model training period, and fine-tuning is performed on the data from Chios. The third DTL strategy (DTL Case 3) involves the training of the DL models using the Lesvos dataset, and the testing period is performed directly on the Chios dataset without fine-tuning. The fourth strategy is a multi-task deep learning (MTDL) approach, which has been extensively studied in recent years. In MTDL, the three DL models are trained simultaneously on all three datasets and the final predictions are made on the unknown part of the dataset of Chios. The results obtained demonstrate that DTL can be applied with high efficiency for day-ahead load forecasting. Specifically, DTL Case 1 and 2 outperformed MTDL in terms of load prediction accuracy. Regarding the DL models, all three exhibit very high prediction accuracy, especially in the two cases with fine-tuning. The ELM excels compared to the single models. More specifically, for conducting day-ahead predictions, it is concluded that the MLP model presents the best monthly forecasts with MAPE values of 6.24% and 6.01% for the first two cases, the CNN model presents the best monthly forecasts with MAPE values of 5.57% and 5.60%, respectively, and the ELM model achieves the best monthly forecasts with MAPE values of 5.29% and 5.31%, respectively, indicating the very high accuracy it can achieve.

Although the existing traditional image classification methods have been widely applied in practical problems, there are some problems in the application process, such as unsatisfactory effects, low classification accuracy, and weak adaptive ability. This method separates image feature extraction and classification into two steps for classification operation. The deep learning model has a powerful learning ability, which integrates the feature extraction and classification process into a whole to complete the image classification test, which can effectively improve the image classification accuracy. However, this method has the following problems in the application process: first, it is impossible to effectively approximate the complex functions in the deep learning model. Second, the deep learning model comes with a low classifier with low accuracy. So, this paper introduces the idea of sparse representation into the architecture of the deep learning network and comprehensively utilizes the sparse representation of well multidimensional data linear decomposition ability and the deep structural advantages of multilayer nonlinear mapping to complete the complex function approximation in the deep learning model. And a sparse representation classification method based on the optimized kernel function is proposed to replace the classifier in the deep learning model, thereby improving the image classification effect. Therefore, this paper proposes an image classification algorithm based on the stacked sparse coding depth learning model-optimized kernel function nonnegative sparse representation. The experimental results show that the proposed method not only has a higher average accuracy than other mainstream methods but also can be good adapted to various image databases. Compared with other deep learning methods, it can better solve the problems of complex function approximation and poor classifier effect, thus further improving image classification accuracy.

Early detection dramatically increases the survival rate of oral cancer (OC). Artificial intelligence (AI) technology has garnered more attention in the field of diagnostic medicine in present periods. This study set out to assess the available data regarding AI's efficacy in OC diagnosis critically. Artificial intelligence diagnostic accuracy and capacity to detect early phases of OC were highlighted. In this project, performance indicators will be measured and oral cancer will be divided and classified using intelligent computing techniques. The role of oral cancer classification and detection to achieve a high recognition rate while leveraging the best theoretical components of oral cancer images, a newly established region-based Convolutional Neural Network (RCNN-COA) and the Chimp Optimization Algorithm were used to improve a Deep Learning Method. Then, using the recommended Chimp Optimization Algorithm (COA), a region-based convolutional neural network (R-CNN) classifier was trained using the acquired theoretical properties and the innovative image. A comparison of many deep learning and machine learning models' performances has been reported in a study. The findings imply that the deep learning model is capable of managing the problematic task of early oral malignant tumor detection.