Design Smart City Based on 3S, Internet of Things, Grid Computing and Cloud Computing Technology

The smart city development has been growing over years, with the concept highly debated in all over countries. The concept of smart city gives attention to every country around the world as to provide their community a better quality of life. The smart city concept has been drawing people into it globally for the past decades. The explosive growth of information, communication and technologies (ICTs) has led to integrating applications and systems to produce a better outcome. IOT (Internet of Thing) has become a centre attraction in establishing a smart city as it can send data in real-time and provide data regularly throughout the day. Thus, this paper presents the development of the architecture of smart city in Malaysia by utilizing Internet of Things (IOTs). In this paper, the relationships between IOTs and smart city elements are reviewed and compared. Then, the comparison of smart city components between Putrajaya, Dubai and Brisbane are established. The comparison is based on infrastructure, environment, IOTs and culture. Finally, the architecture for smart city is formed.

Almost every country around the world is moving towards achieving their vision of making their cities smart. The accelerated growth in the density of population in metropolitan cities is demanding improved infrastructure to supply better services to its citizens. ICT and Internet of Things together are playing a critical role in enhancing the energy distribution, transportation, weather monitoring, and water metering and surveillance services in the urban areas. The goal of this chapter is to highlight the notion of the smart city likewise discussing about the benefits, applications, and objections of using Internet-equipped smart devices. In addition, numerous viable and available IoT technologies are reviewed, and their capacities to blend into and cover distinct elements of smart cities are also explained. The potential utilization of developments in technology for framing and designing smart cities in the future contributes to further valuable analysis in the chapter.KeywordsInternet of Things (IoT)Smart cityRFIDZigBeeWLANsSmart homeBluetoothInformation and communication technology (ICT)

Since the Internet of Things (IoT) will be entwined with everything we use in our daily life, the consequence of security flaws escalates. Smart objects will govern most of the home appliances and car engines yielding potential disaster scenarios. In this context, successful attacks could lead to chaos and scary scenarios (www.darkreading.com). Unprotected personal information may expose sensitive and embarrassing data to the public and attacks may threaten not only our computers and smart devices, but our intimacy and perhaps our lives too. Because persons and objects will be bonded with each other, user consent becomes critical. Therefore, thing, object, and user Identity will be the focus of future IoT security solutions, yielding a Trust, Security, and Privacy (TSP) paradigm, which may constitute the Achilles' heel of IoT. While security issues are quite straightforward, mainly from background knowledge, privacy issues are far more complex. Privacy constitutes a rather challenging task, even for the m...

Smart city can be taken as the biggest implementation of Internet of things (IoT) applications. Smart city technologies promote cloud-based and IoT-based services in which real-world user interfaces use smart phones, sensors, RFIDs, etc. The IoT ecosystems cannot properly communicate between them. So it needs a bridge between them to fill the global common approach. Implementation of this can be done with the help of information and communication technologies (ICT) which may result in enhancing quality, interconnection, and the performance of various urban services. It highlights the need for cloud computing and IoT technologies and both have a major impact on how we build and deploy smart applications for it. There are still numerous difficulties that remain with regard to its deployment due to its varying requirements. In this paper, authors tried to converge the two domains that are cloud computing and IoT for smart city application deployment and also present the identified security threat types and their countermeasures in the context of smart city.

The concept of "smart cities" The Internet of Things (IoT) is a multi-layered framework that allows cities to employ urban networks to enhance economic performance, generate innovative technological solutions, and more. Smart Cities are the result of a new age in information technology and smart economy growth, based on Internet mesh networks, communication networks, transmission networks, wireless networks, and other end-to-end sensor networks. The Internet of Things (IoT) is at the heart of it. The Internet of Things incorporates sensors into common things and links them through particular protocols for sharing data and communications over the Internet. Smart detection leads, location, monitoring, and administration are all provided by this modular architecture. A smart city of excellence must overcome three main factors: instrumented, linked, and intelligent, with the help of IoT technology. At this point of IoT development, smart cities can only arise through the interconnectedness of all of these smart elements. The goal of this essay is to learn how the Internet and sensors may assist in the development of smart cities.
 The study's main goal is to figure out how the Internet of Things, or IoT, is being used in smart cities. We also want to establish the necessity for IoT systems in these smart cities, as well as the issues that they may pose to individuals and society, via the research.
 Review secondary research papers, reviews, dissertations, and online documents from the EBSCO, Scopus, and Emerald databases to analyse and comprehend the usage of IoT in smart cities and the possible problems that its implementation may provide in order to accomplish the following goals.
 Municipal requirements are getting more complicated, necessitating the adoption of new technology like the Internet of Things to ensure that all of these cities' duties are completed. Although more cities are becoming smart via the usage of IoT in a number of businesses, the study shows that this IoT system is also creating worries about the security of citizens' data.

Based on the traditional city, smart city is a new city that is constructed by Internet of things, mobile Internet, cloud computing, big data and other information technologies. Smart city can change interaction way of people, improve the real-time processing capability of information and response speed; promote comprehensive and sustainable development of various social works of smart city. But because Internet of things connected the real world and cyber space, in the smart city operation, not only include the traditional security problems, for example, the related equipment and building destruction, also include through software and instruction to damage network information, city construction and so on, which will bring a big challenge to smart city operation. To solve the security problem of smart city should put forward a system security mode from the view of system engineering. Through analyzing smart city architecture and security risk, put forward smart city security platform, studied the physical equipment protection, information security technologies, effective management, laws, personal information security literacy of smart city.

Chapter 5 - Blockchain-based energy-efficient smart green city in IoT environments

Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data have played a significant role in the development and sustainability of Smart Cities. They are the backbones of Smart Cities' efforts to connect human resources, social capital, and ICT infrastructure to address public challenges, achieve sustainable development and improve people's standard of life. It helps Smart Cities improve public services, such as water management, healthcare, education, security issues, transportation, energy usage, and other community to achieve a better life. Big Data helps to analyze, store and back-ups a massive amount of data generated in smart cities in seconds day by day. For this matter, different analytical tools are employed, such as data analytics, machine learning, statistics, and data mining. Even though there are many benefits offered to smart cities; the Smart Cities encounters challenges that need to be addressed. Many of these challenges focus on security and privacy, infrastructures and operational and handling massive data. This paper describes the overview of IoT, Big Data, and Smart Cities. The Applications of IoT and Smart Cities were also discussed; the features of Smart Cities and Big Data; Different challenges of IoT, Big Data, and Smart Cities are described. Also, the proposed research work has presented the relationship between IoT and Big Data to Smart Cities; the role of IoT and Big Data in smart cities was identified; finally, the future directions for IoT and Big Data regarding Smart Cities are discussed.

Currently, the utilization of aritificial intelligence (AI) in smart cities is considered a novel further urban advancement pattern that is being given more consideration by governments, is never again to be bound to the virtual idea frameworks, and is presently acknowledged and proved effective in various domains, particularly in economic management. Resource allocation (RA) is one of the key technologies in cloud computing, and a Modified Fish Swarm Algorithm (MFSA) is proposed in this chapter. Cloud resources are allocated based on the machine priority, and a great number of customers are utilizing the cloud. This RA in smart city considers multi-objectives, including time, energy utilization, and cost of resources and machines, these objectives are solved using known optimization techniques. Previously mentioned process analysis information is gathered through the Internet of Things (IoT); finally, the test results are analyzed and contrasted with other existing optimization techniques.

Internet of Things (IoT) "The smart city concept has become a dream that big cities in Indonesia want to achieve, basically the smart city concept focuses on developing the human element using technology. IoT opens up many opportunities for new services by connecting the physical world and the virtual world to various electronic devices. IoT aims to leverage cutting-edge technology to support sustainable services for governments and their citizens. Systematic Literature Review (SLR) is one method in conducting an overview of previous interrelated researchers. The purpose of the literature study in this research is to understand trending research topics, methods, and architecture in the development of smart cities with IoT. In this study, various interesting information was found in various research journals regarding the role of IoT in building a smart city that has a role to serve smart city infrastructure, identify and analyze trends, develop smart cities and become innovations for IoT. Based on the research, there are things that need to be done to improve the study to focus more on the role of IoT that can be more utilized. IoT is also one of the technologies that are widely used in several countries in the development of IoT in the future. IoT in smart cities will become an inseparable technology because humans will increasingly depend on IoT in their daily lives

The Internet of Things (IoT) is defined as interconnected digital and mechanical devices with intelligent and interactive data transmission features over a defined network. The ability of the IoT to collect, analyze and mine data into information and knowledge motivates the integration of IoT with grid and cloud computing. New job scheduling techniques are crucial for the effective integration and management of IoT with grid computing as they provide optimal computational solutions. The computational grid is a modern technology that enables distributed computing to take advantage of a organization’s resources in order to handle complex computational problems. However, the scheduling process is considered an NP-hard problem due to the heterogeneity of resources and management systems in the IoT grid. This paper proposed a Greedy Firefly Algorithm (GFA) for jobs scheduling in the grid environment. In the proposed greedy firefly algorithm, a greedy method is utilized as a local search mechanism to enhance the rate of convergence and efficiency of schedules produced by the standard firefly algorithm. Several experiments were conducted using the GridSim toolkit to evaluate the proposed greedy firefly algorithm’s performance. The study measured several sizes of real grid computing workload traces, starting with lightweight traces with only 500 jobs, then typical with 3000 to 7000 jobs, and finally heavy load containing 8000 to 10,000 jobs. The experiment results revealed that the greedy firefly algorithm could insignificantly reduce the makespan makespan and execution times of the IoT grid scheduling process as compared to other evaluated scheduling methods. Furthermore, the proposed greedy firefly algorithm converges on large search spacefaster , making it suitable for large-scale IoT grid environments.

Big data and artificial intelligence based early risk warning system of fire hazard for smart cities

Smart City and IoT

Smart cities have recently become the mainstream approaches for urbanisation. Environmental, social and economic sustainability, digital inclusion and high quality of life are considered important elements in smart cities design. Emergency response system and resilience are among the most crucial dimensions of smart and future cities design due to the increase in various disruptions caused by frequent manmade and natural disasters such as September 2001 and Philippines Typhoon Haiyan 2013. Disasters cause great economic and human losses each year throughout the world. Transportations and Telecommunications play a crucial role in disaster response and management. Our research is focused on developing emergency response systems for disasters of various scales with a focus on transportation systems. We have proposed and evaluated a disaster management system that uses Intelligent Transportation Systems including Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs), mobile and Cloud Computing technologies. In this paper, we report our recent work on two major evacuation strategies, Demand Strategies (DS) and Speed Strategies (SS), which provide better evacuation results in smart cities settings.

The large deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) is actually enabling Smart City projects and initiatives all over the world. Objects used in daily life are being equipped with electronic devices and protocol suites in order to make them interconnected and connected to the Internet. According to a recent Gartner study, 50 billion connected objects have been deployed in smart cities by 2020. These connected objects will make our cities smart. However, they will also open up risks and privacy issues. As various smart city initiatives and projects have been launched in recent years, we have witnessed not only the expected benefits but the risks introduced. The current and future trends of smart city with respect to IoT have been described. It also discussed the interaction between smart cities and IoT. The drivers behind the evolution & development of IoT and smart cities have been explained. Finally, the IoT weaknesses and how they can be addressed when used for smart cities has been discussed