Detection parking Spaces by using the ResNet50 Algorithm

The development of private vehicle ownership is very rapid, but it is not balanced by adequate supporting infrastructure such as roads and parking lots. Especially for parking lots, parking horizontally will be difficult to develop because of the limited land availability. The addition of parking lots can be done vertically by building a multi-storey parking building. So far, the existence of multi-storey parking buildings has not provided an information system on the availability of parking spaces. The form of multi-storey parking lots often makes the driver have to go around few times to find an empty space. This situations wasting of energy and time. This study aims to design an information system as application models in human-computer interaction, that will inform someone there is empty or already filled parking space, so that it can save time and make it easier for drivers to find parking spaces to park their cars. This information system prototype design consists of three main parts, called sensors, controllers, and displays. Car parking control system that works with an automatic portal (parking gate) along with a display screen for information on the location of empty parking spaces and those that have been filled. The portal will open if information states the parking lot is still available, and the portal will not open if information states the parking lot is full.

With the increase in population and economic development of modern society of world, more and more people have cars of their own. The result is that traffic jam is more often than ever before. What is worse, in the increasingly crowded cities is the possibility of not finding safe parking lot especially in such crowded areas which could be a frustrating experiment. As parking facilities grow large, drivers need advanced methods of parking to reduce inefficiencies in finding spaces. A solution to reduce the drivers' searching time for vacant car-park lots will greatly save time, reduce cost and improve the traffic flow in the car park areas. To this end, the researchers has created a web-based application (including PHP and MySQl server) which aims at providing its users (the drivers) several benefits-when they utilise it – such as provide real-time parking spot availability information in order to book a safe parking space any time and from any place, save them time and efforts, subscribe and pay electronically. In addition, the system allows parking owners and/or mangers to manage their own parking spaces bookings and subscriptions more efficiently.

With the continuous acceleration of China’s modernization process, the number of private cars has increased sharply, and the traffic flow of various parking lots is increasing. The parking management of motor vehicles has become a problem of great concern to the society. In view of the shortage of parking spaces, the long time of manual fee collection, low efficiency and the inability to quickly find the reserved parking spaces in urban parking lots in China. At the same time, in large shopping malls, there is a common phenomenon that the parking range is single or the parking space is difficult to find, which makes the vehicles stay in the parking lot in a short time and cause congestion. For parking lot managers, it is difficult to timely regulate the parking lot through the existing traffic flow information of the parking lot, and it is impossible to determine the number of vacant parking spaces in the parking lot in real time. At the same time, The existing management system has problems such as low efficiency, poor scalability and less service content, which is difficult to solve in the face of emerging problems. Therefore, based on the above problems, this project designs an urban intelligent parking cloud platform based on wechat applet, which can distinguish users and administrators, select spare parking spaces, route navigation and time payment of parking fees for parking users, and the parking lot managers can understand the spare parking spaces and vehicle payment of the parking lot they manage, At the same time, it can detect the traffic flow through the traffic flow in a period of time and give early warning to prevent the accumulation of vehicles in the parking lot. Users and administrators can obtain more convenient and real-time information only through mobile phones, which solves the difficult problem of parking management in intelligent parking lot.

Parking space is becoming a serious problem due to the day-by-day increase in number of vehicles on the road. Particularly, in cities with large population, or in places where sports or artistic events are scheduled, looking for parking space is a major problem and finding a parking spot can be a frustrating experience. In order to combat this problem, some parking lots have introduced sensors to detect when a car enters or leaves a parking lot in order to track capacity and alert drivers if they are full. This is a partial solution that allows drivers to determine if a parking lot has open parking spots, but not the exact location of those spots. In this paper, we present a prototype of smart parking system using wireless sensor technology and networks. Using a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), parking spot statuses (occupied or idle) are detected and transmitted to a database. This information then be accessed by users through website or mobile app (application) to receive real-time updates. This system should provide users with near instantaneous updates of available parking spots while the WSN allows for flexibility of sensor placement. With the successful implementation of smart parking, the economical and time costs associated with traffic jams, cost associated with wasted gas fuel, and time looking for an empty parking space that are caused by inefficient parking will be significant reduced.

This paper aims to present an intelligent system for parking space detection based on image processing technique. The proposed system captures and processes the rounded image drawn at parking lot and produces the information of the empty car parking spaces. In this work, a camera is used as a sensor to take photos to show the occupancy of car parks. The reason why a camera is used is because with an image it can detect the presence of many cars at once. Also, the camera can be easily moved to detect different car parking lots. By having this image, the particular car parks vacant can be known and then the processed information was used to guide a driver to an available car park rather than wasting time to find one. The proposed system has been developed in both software and hardware platform. An automatic parking system is used to make the whole process of parking cars more efficient and less complex for both drivers and administrators.

Although a substantial body of research concurs that most urban areas have a challenge in providing adequate car parking space, there is a scarcity in the literature on how conformity to planning standards that regulates the provision of car parking spaces may be analyzed. This study, therefore, examines the extent to which the planning standards that regulate compliance with the provision of car parking spaces in the residential areas are enforced in Kenya, a case study of Kisii Town. It is anchored in the theory of regulatory compliance with a sample size of 364 residential developments proportionately drawn from the seven neighborhoods. Data were collected using questionnaires and analyzed using means, standard deviation, paired sample t-test and Pearson’s bivariate correlation. Research findings showed that although the recommended standard for car parking in Kenya is a ratio of one parking space for every two dwelling units, most developers disregarded the requirement. Hypothesis testing confirmed a significant difference between the recommended planning standards on the minimum number of parking spaces and the extent of conformity by developers, t (289) = 20.261, p=.000), thus, compliance declined by a mean of four. The study concludes that developers rarely comply with planning standard owing to insufficient development control. It is recommended that when approving building plans, it should be mandatory to make provision for adequate parking space followed by monitoring to ensure compliance. The study benefits the international readers by validating how conformity to the standards that regulate car parking space may be statistically analyzed.

The parking space is one of the crucial problems in the urban city. Most buildings have parking facilities for residents and visitors. The common parking patterns are parallel parking, perpendicular parking and angular parking. Parallel parking is a common design for street side parking whereas perpendicular parking and angular parking are a common design for garages. Angular parking is easy to park than other types. A typical parking space for a personal car is 3 meters in width and 6 meters in length. The parking space have limitation but the number of car increasing along with the economic growth [7]. So the parking space should accommodate the maximum number of car. Normally, the parking space configuration is designed by architects or construction engineers because it's required technical knowledge to calculate a number of car and parking pattern. In parking area, there must be an alleyway for cars to enter and exits. This study is to design and implement a calculation model for number of car and parking pattern in the specified parking area. In the calculation, the dimension and the specific condition of parking area is require. The model calculate the maximum number of car and also calculate the parking pattern for the parking area. This model is use to support non-technical user during the parking area design and can be as engine to develop mobile application for general user in the future.

Increased use of cars that are not balanced with the provision of adequate parking areas and many drivers who park in any place. The existing parking system only utilizes the parking area and the parking attendant who controls it. Motorists also have to find a place that is free of parking officers or drivers do not pay attention to the parking area, the vehicle owner will look for must get out if you do not get a parking space. To overcome this, make a parking system by using a microcontroller system that facilitates vehicle users to understand the number and arrange an empty parking space. The design of this parking system discusses the available parking system which will be notified via LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) and LED (Light Emitting Diode) at the entrance of the parking lot, and also so that it can be used for the total vehicles in the parking lot with LED indicators ( Light Emitting Diode). This design uses the Arduino Nano as a processor to process data. The servo that translates the bar will be driven. When the parking lot is full, the LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) gives information that there is no vacant land, so the parking user goes up to the next floor. From the Arduino test results, Nano can adjust the circuit well, and Ultrasonic sensors can connect vehicles in each parking area, and the servo bars can be opened and closed again.

Finding a vacant parking space in outdoor parking lots is a daily concern of most vehicle drivers during rush hours, especially in the urban context. In this paper, an outdoor parking space vacancy detection system is proposed, using mobile devices to improve parking space searching experience for vehicle drivers by providing them with the location and occupancy information of parking spaces. The system uses state-of-the-art image recognition algorithm, namely Convolutional Neural Network with a Raspberry Pi to identify vacant parking spaces from a parking lot image retrieved in real time via an IP camera. A university parking lot has been chosen as the test bed to deploy the proposed system for real time parking space vacancy detection. An Android smartphone application called Driver App is developed to enable ubiquitous visualization of real time outdoor parking spaces occupancy information for vehicle drivers. Evaluation outcomes based on the responses to System Usability Scale (SUS) questionnaire revealed high usability of the Driver App as a tool that provides smart parking service to assist vehicle drivers in searching for a vacant parking space.

<p>How is emptiness made and what historical purpose does it serve? What cultural, material and natural work goes into maintaining ‘nothingness’? Why have a variety of historical actors, from colonial powers to artists and urban dwellers, sought to construct, control and maintain (physically and discursively) empty space, and by which processes is emptiness discovered, visualised and reimagined?</p><p>This volume draws together contributions from authors working on landscapes and rurality, along with national and imperial narratives, from Brazil to Russia and Ireland. It considers the visual, including the art of Edward Hopper and the work of the British Empire Marketing Board, while concluding with a section that examines constructions of emptiness in relation to capitalism, development and the (re)appropriation of urban space. In doing so, it foregrounds the importance of emptiness as a productive prism through which to interrogate a variety of imperial, national, cultural and urban history. </p>

Parking is defined as an activity to put or store vehicles in a certain place whose duration depends on the completion of the needs of the driver, so a parking space is needed. This research was conducted to plan the index of parking area processing needs in the market B Lawang Tigo Balai, Matur District, Kab. religion. The data or information used is in the form of primary data obtained from field observations and secondary data obtained from Market B Lawang Tigo Balai. So, it is necessary to plan the processing of parking spaces at Pasar B Lawang Tigo Balai which can increase the need for a more optimal parking area and manage a comfortable parking space. From the results of the calculation analysis, it is found that the maximum accumulation of parking in the wali nagari office area occurs on Friday as many as 200 vehicles, the maximum accumulation of parking in the Jami' mosque area occurs on Friday as many as 320 vehicles and the maximum accumulation of parking in the parking area behind the market occurs on Friday as many as 40 vehicles. From the results of the calculation analysis, it is found that the parking duration at the motorbike parking turnover rate in the Wali Nagari Office area is high on Friday at 2.19 SRP. The duration of parking at the motorcycle parking turnover rate at the Jami' Mosque occurred on Friday at 1.08 SRP.The duration of parking at the car park turnover rate behind the market occurred on Friday at 2.53 SRP. From the results of the calculation analysis, it was found that the average motorcycle parking index at the Wali Nagari office was 116.33%, a parking index greater than 100%. shows that the capacity of the parking space at the wali nagari office is no longer able to accommodate the demand for motorcycle parking. The average motorcycle parking index at the Jami' Mosque office is 51.33%, a parking index that is greater than 100% indicates that the parking space capacity at the Jami' Mosque is no longer able to accommodate vehicle parking requests. The average behind-the-market car parking index is 127.43%, a parking index greater than 100% indicates that the parking space capacity behind the market is no longer able to accommodate the demand for motorcycle parking.Keywords: Parking Area Planning, Parking Accumulation, Parking Duration and Parking Index.

Parking lot occupation detection using vision systems is a very important task. Many systems use different sensors and their combinations to find out whether the parking lot or space is occupied or not. Using CCTV systems makes it possible to monitor great areas without a need of many sensors. In this paper, we present a method that uses the boosting algorithm for car detection on particular parking spaces and shifting the image to obtain a probability function of car appearance. Using the model of parking lot, we achieve occupancy of each parking space. We also experimented with the detector that is based on the histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) with a support vector machine (SVM). Nevertheless, we found some drawbacks of this detector that we describe in experiments. On the grounds of these drawbacks, we decided to use the AdaBoost based detector.

The current parking system still uses a manual parking system, vehicle owners still have difficulty finding an empty parking space because they have to go around the parking area so it is less efficient and takes a long time. This study aims to help car drivers save time in finding parking locations and knowing the availability of parking spaces. In this study, there are two types of input used: infrared sensors, which function to measure the capacity of the parking space, and RFID sensors, which are used to detect cards. The data processing process is carried out using Arduino Uno, while the LCD is used to display the number of available parking slots and the location of the slot. In addition, the servo motor functions to open the barrier. This system operates in a way, when a car enters and attaches a registered card, the servo motor will open, and the number of parking slots will decrease. The driver then selects a parking slot, which will be automatically marked as "full" on the LCD screen. When the infrared sensor detects a car that wants to exit, the servo motor will open again, and the number of parking slots on the LCD will increase.

To alleviate the problem between parking demand and supply, as well as improving urban traffic environment, shared parking has attracted great interest among researchers, policymakers, and entrepreneurs. Naturally, it is a prerequisite of sharing private parking spaces with public users (P-users) that all of the owners (O-users) providing parking spaces have space to park whenever they come back, with a unified management of all parking resources. However, it remains a challenge both in theory and practice. To solve this problem, firstly, we introduced a management framework of shared parking resource in terms of time and spatial dimension. Under this framework, to control the access to parking spaces of P-users, four phases (preparatory phase, open phase, releasing phase, and reconstructive phase) are divided in time dimension, and two types of parking spaces (the prestored parking spaces, and the shared parking spaces) are classified in spatial dimension. Then, based on the proposed management framework, an intelligent parking management system (IPMS) was developed to simulate the operation of shared parking considering the uncertainties of P-users’ and O-users’ arrival and departure. Furthermore, detailed sensitivity analysis, based on real-world data and simulations, evaluated the proposed framework and the developed IPMS in a case study concerning parking lots in Beijing, China. The results show that the IPMS can not only realize that there will always be enough available parking spaces satisfying O-users’ parking demand, but also bring about vast improvements in both utilization and turnover rate of parking spaces, comparing with the non-shared management strategy.

The change in approaches to the organization of parking space in the conditions of modern urban development of cities is considered. The domestic and foreign practice of designing parking lots oriented to residential development is analyzed. The trend of changes in the design, construction and organization of parking lots in highly developed cities has been revealed, in the direction of moving away from meeting the needs of all car owners in parking spaces to integrating parking spaces into the residential and transport infrastructure of cities. Modern parking lots are adaptive, integrated, functionally changing urban spaces over time, which allow regulating the number of cars on city streets. In Ukraine, the design of parking lots still gravitates towards the level of car mobility and the radius of accessibility to parking lots. The article examines the types, distribution, types by purpose and placement of parking spaces in the city of Vinnytsia. The problem of parking space organization in the city of Vinnytsia has been determined. The peculiarities of the formation of the existing parking space in the city of Vinnytsia, depending on the formation of the existing development of the city districts, functional purpose and the way of using the territory, were studied. The main typology of the city's parking lots and their condition have been determined. The main trends in the organization of parking space in the city of Vinnytsia are presented and rational directions for its further development are proposed, which allow to reduce the use of personal vehicles when moving around the city and free the city spaces from excessive overloading with cars.