Intelligent Parking Management System Based on Image Processing

An automatic parking system has been proposed to make the car parking process more efficient in terms of time and cost. The absence of information on the position of the parking lot makes the car driver take longer to find it. In multi-story parking lots, officers cannot constantly monitor the available parking conditions directly, so prospective parking users do not know the position of the open parking space. In addition, many parking lots use automatic door latch, but no parking space information display. Parking system automation can be based on hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. To the best of our knowledge, no software-based framework is entirely used on this system. Therefore, this study proposes an automatic parking system based on camera sensors and software, which is combined into an information system. The proposed method uses simple morphological operations. Based on the test results, the detection accuracy achieved is 100% with a light intensity of 3 lux, 15 lux, 30 lux, 60 lux, 120 lux, and 250 lux. The average processing time is 1.59 seconds. From this study, it is hoped that this prototype can be tested on relevant environmental conditions so that the prototype can be implemented in parking lots.

Finding an empty parking space in a crowded area is very stressful due to congestion. The absence of empty space leads to fatigue before the main activity, increased fuel consumption, which leads to increased pollution, and increased traffic due to the search for empty space. Therefore, it was necessary to have a system that would help drivers know the condition of each parking space. Empty or occupied with a vehicle. Where empty and occupied spaces are calculated and determined. The system displays on the screen at a convenient location in the parking lot a map to guide the driver to vacant positions and a warning if all positions are occupied. All this is done through images taken from the surveillance cameras in the parking lot. We find that the advantages of using vision-based systems over other existing systems are threefold. First There is no need to update the infrastructure of the parking lot, provided that the place is equipped with CCTV cameras that monitor the parking spaces covering the entire place. Secondly, camera-based systems give the exact location i.e. a detailed map of the vacant car parks which are good and necessary vacant lots. Third, camera-based methods are highly applicable in street parking spaces and residential areas.

The development of private vehicle ownership is very rapid, but it is not balanced by adequate supporting infrastructure such as roads and parking lots. Especially for parking lots, parking horizontally will be difficult to develop because of the limited land availability. The addition of parking lots can be done vertically by building a multi-storey parking building. So far, the existence of multi-storey parking buildings has not provided an information system on the availability of parking spaces. The form of multi-storey parking lots often makes the driver have to go around few times to find an empty space. This situations wasting of energy and time. This study aims to design an information system as application models in human-computer interaction, that will inform someone there is empty or already filled parking space, so that it can save time and make it easier for drivers to find parking spaces to park their cars. This information system prototype design consists of three main parts, called sensors, controllers, and displays. Car parking control system that works with an automatic portal (parking gate) along with a display screen for information on the location of empty parking spaces and those that have been filled. The portal will open if information states the parking lot is still available, and the portal will not open if information states the parking lot is full.

Parking an automobile is a troublesome act as it requires a certain amount of driving skill. In recent years, a parking assist system has been partially implemented. This conventional system mainly recognizes a parking space surrounded by a lane. However, this conventional system is merely a driving support system and supports safe driving based on the driving technique of a driver. An automatic parking system has been studied previously. However, this system depends on the development of infrastructure, such as cameras and sensors or communication technology, in parking lots to detect parking space. This paper suggests a novel automatic parking system in which drivers indicate a parking space from the outside of a vehicle and assist the vehicle in recognizing its environment so that the vehicle can park semi-automatically. This novel system is another approach to park an automobile with human cooperation. Specifically, the driver parks by using an onboard camera and an indication device that indicates a parking space. An onboard camera detects the indication device; therefore, a vehicle detects the parking space. The method to detect the indication device is based on HSV-colored conversion and Hough transformation. The distance between the parking space and the vehicle is calculated based on the onboard camera. Assuming real parking spaces, we evaluated the detection of a parking space by a vehicle by using the proposed method. These results show sufficient detection to make parking possible and to implement the proposed system.

Parking slot detection is the basic part of environment perception in automatic parking system. How to detect parking slot accurately and effectively is a key problem that has not been solved in automatic parking system. In order to make up for the defects of parking slot detection based on ultrasonic radar and solve the problems of low recognition rate, sensitivity to environmental changes and weak generalization ability brought by vision-based parking slot detection method. In this paper, a method based on the deep convolution neural network is proposed to detect parking slot. The algorithm takes the fisheye image collected by the four-way fisheye camera mounted on the car body as the input and adopts the improved YoloV3 network structure to detect parking slot directly in the fisheye image. The experimental results show that the recall ratio of the method is 98.72% and the accuracy is 99.14% on the self-made parking data set. The algorithm has achieved good results in real vehicle vehicle environment and can achieve real-time detection.

With the continuous acceleration of China’s modernization process, the number of private cars has increased sharply, and the traffic flow of various parking lots is increasing. The parking management of motor vehicles has become a problem of great concern to the society. In view of the shortage of parking spaces, the long time of manual fee collection, low efficiency and the inability to quickly find the reserved parking spaces in urban parking lots in China. At the same time, in large shopping malls, there is a common phenomenon that the parking range is single or the parking space is difficult to find, which makes the vehicles stay in the parking lot in a short time and cause congestion. For parking lot managers, it is difficult to timely regulate the parking lot through the existing traffic flow information of the parking lot, and it is impossible to determine the number of vacant parking spaces in the parking lot in real time. At the same time, The existing management system has problems such as low efficiency, poor scalability and less service content, which is difficult to solve in the face of emerging problems. Therefore, based on the above problems, this project designs an urban intelligent parking cloud platform based on wechat applet, which can distinguish users and administrators, select spare parking spaces, route navigation and time payment of parking fees for parking users, and the parking lot managers can understand the spare parking spaces and vehicle payment of the parking lot they manage, At the same time, it can detect the traffic flow through the traffic flow in a period of time and give early warning to prevent the accumulation of vehicles in the parking lot. Users and administrators can obtain more convenient and real-time information only through mobile phones, which solves the difficult problem of parking management in intelligent parking lot.

Visual sensors are widely used in automatic parking systems, so this paper proposes an algorithm for the visual detection of available parking slots. The proposed system consists of two stages: parking slot recognition and slot occupancy classification. The parking slot recognition stage generates parking slots using the corner features of parking slot markings. The slot occupancy classification stage verifies the availability of the parking slot using the features of detected slots. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method effectively detects available parking slots in AVM images.

<p>As the population of world is growing day by day, there is a rapid increment in the vehicle production. With the increase in number of the vehicles, more parking spaces and efficient ways of parking are required. In the proposed system, a new and cost efficient way of finding the free spaces in parking lot is proposed and also different space detection technologies are compared. This system will be helpful for the drivers in finding the vacant spaces in the car parking lots using a simple technology in which a balloon will be used to determine the vacant parking spaces. Since this technology is cost efficient and effective,this system is termed as smart parking system.</p>

Advances in technology today require humans to increase their effectiveness and efficiency in various ways. Basically the purpose of creating a tool is to help human work to be more effective and efficient. Thus, humans are expected to function in a relatively short time, especially when it comes to safety. The parking lot is a medium that is used as a way of getting in and out of vehicles. Anticipating some problems in the parking lot, for example: losing parking papers, losing cars in parking lots, and preventing illegal parking at high levels. Then we need an automatic parking door system. This final project aims to build a prototype of an IoT-based automated parking system.
 This project is a simple parking simulator with a microcontroller device programmed to use the Arduino idea. Hardware integrated with mysql database and run by simple web. The automated parking system is designed using nodemcu lolin, expansion board, 16x2 + i2c LCD adapter, mini mp3 dfplayer, 0.5 watt ohm earbuds, infrared sensor, rfid rc522 and SG90 servo motor. Infrared sensor detects vehicle, rfid receives input by tapping card and then gives output to i2c and web. Furthermore, the output from the LCD goes to the service motor which opens and closes the parking door, and the dfmp3 player, as well as the speaker which makes a sound when the card is tapped. This prototype automatic parking system can provide access and close automatic parking doors which saves time and effort. It can be concluded that the prototype of this IoT automatic parking system can be used as a guide for the development of a better technology.

Finding a vacant parking space in outdoor parking lots is a daily concern of most vehicle drivers during rush hours, especially in the urban context. In this paper, an outdoor parking space vacancy detection system is proposed, using mobile devices to improve parking space searching experience for vehicle drivers by providing them with the location and occupancy information of parking spaces. The system uses state-of-the-art image recognition algorithm, namely Convolutional Neural Network with a Raspberry Pi to identify vacant parking spaces from a parking lot image retrieved in real time via an IP camera. A university parking lot has been chosen as the test bed to deploy the proposed system for real time parking space vacancy detection. An Android smartphone application called Driver App is developed to enable ubiquitous visualization of real time outdoor parking spaces occupancy information for vehicle drivers. Evaluation outcomes based on the responses to System Usability Scale (SUS) questionnaire revealed high usability of the Driver App as a tool that provides smart parking service to assist vehicle drivers in searching for a vacant parking space.

With the increase in population and economic development of modern society of world, more and more people have cars of their own. The result is that traffic jam is more often than ever before. What is worse, in the increasingly crowded cities is the possibility of not finding safe parking lot especially in such crowded areas which could be a frustrating experiment. As parking facilities grow large, drivers need advanced methods of parking to reduce inefficiencies in finding spaces. A solution to reduce the drivers' searching time for vacant car-park lots will greatly save time, reduce cost and improve the traffic flow in the car park areas. To this end, the researchers has created a web-based application (including PHP and MySQl server) which aims at providing its users (the drivers) several benefits-when they utilise it – such as provide real-time parking spot availability information in order to book a safe parking space any time and from any place, save them time and efforts, subscribe and pay electronically. In addition, the system allows parking owners and/or mangers to manage their own parking spaces bookings and subscriptions more efficiently.

This article is devoted to the study of the most urgent problem of large megacities such as acute shortage of free areas and an acute shortage of parking spaces. Modern methods of solving this problem are considered, foreign experience is learned and practical examples of mechanized multi-level parking in different countries. Currently, most of the residential property, as well as hotels and business centers are being built with standard parking spaces. During the operation of such parking lots, the developer understands that the number of parking spaces provided is significantly less than the number of cars that want to leave their car in the parking lot. The shortage of free parking spaces and parking spaces for parking lots significantly increases the importance of building and arranging multi-level parking lots. The system of high-altitude automatic parking lots offers a serious alternative to the generally accepted ideas about parking of vehicles.

Model free Reinforcement Learning to determine pricing policy for car parking lots

Finding a vacant place to park cars in the rush hour is time-consuming and even may be frustrating for the drivers. In some studies, vehicles are equipped with communicative tools called On Board Units (OBUs), which come along with roadside devices known as Roadside Units (RSUs), which allow the drivers to communicate each other and trace a vacant parking place easily. Previous systems work with connection of sensors all over the road and parking space and may result in spending much time to find a parking place, occupancy of the empty parking place until the car gets to the desired location, requirement for an additional hardware, wired network communication, and security issues. In this paper, we propose an exponential smoothing and multi-objective decision-making by using cloud-based methods to find the best parking place, taking into consideration of the park-cost for the driver. The proposed system uses the cellular base stations to eliminate the cost of the RSUs and the sensors. The results of our simulations via NS-2 network simulator confirm the efficiency of the proposed model.

The parking space is one of the crucial problems in the urban city. Most buildings have parking facilities for residents and visitors. The common parking patterns are parallel parking, perpendicular parking and angular parking. Parallel parking is a common design for street side parking whereas perpendicular parking and angular parking are a common design for garages. Angular parking is easy to park than other types. A typical parking space for a personal car is 3 meters in width and 6 meters in length. The parking space have limitation but the number of car increasing along with the economic growth [7]. So the parking space should accommodate the maximum number of car. Normally, the parking space configuration is designed by architects or construction engineers because it's required technical knowledge to calculate a number of car and parking pattern. In parking area, there must be an alleyway for cars to enter and exits. This study is to design and implement a calculation model for number of car and parking pattern in the specified parking area. In the calculation, the dimension and the specific condition of parking area is require. The model calculate the maximum number of car and also calculate the parking pattern for the parking area. This model is use to support non-technical user during the parking area design and can be as engine to develop mobile application for general user in the future.