Deterministic Propagation Approach for Millimeter-Wave Outdoor Smart Parking Solution Deployment

In the past few years, the cellular telecommunication world advanced with new promised underlying technologies that enable robust communication networks with cellular communication-based approaches. Techniques such as the 4G/LTE and beyond could foster the development of the autonomous vehicle industry, and vehicular communication applications could also provide significant reliability in realistic road situations. The fourth-generation (4G) of mobile cellular telecommunication systems can be applied in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) environments in terms of providing intelligent traffic solutions with an enhancement of the performance of Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication and known as Cellular V2X (C-V2X). To highlight the efforts of 4G/LTE-based cellular communication in V2X technology evolution, this paper presents a comprehensive survey about the simulation evaluation papers of 4G/LTE technology in C-V2X or hybrid V2X communications.

This article presents a novel reconfigurable aperture coupled fed antenna with a defected ground plane for an intelligent transportation system (ITS). The antenna design with aperture coupled feed line. The defected ground plane allows variation in reactance of the proposed antenna around the center frequency and coupling of energy. This antenna is multiband and works at resonant frequencies of 2.45, 5.9, and 24 GHz allowing measurable reconfigurability with the help of PIN diode. From the measurement, one can infer that the bandwidth is 0.8, 1, and 8.5 GHz, and gain obtained are 11.7, 4.04, and 4.4 dBi at 2.45, 5.9, and 24 GHz frequencies, respectively. It is circularly polarized with a broadside radiation pattern. The advantage of this design is that it covers all the three bands allocated by the Federal Communications Commission for ITS and vehicular communication applications. It is an electrically small, low profile antenna and has a simple structure thus gives large bandwidth.

Vehicular communication ad hoc routing protocols: A survey

Vehicular communication networks is a powerful tool that enables numerous vehicular data services and applications. The rapid growth in vehicles has also resulted in the vehicular network becoming heterogeneous, dynamic, and large-scale, making it hard to meet the strict requirements, such as extremely latency, high mobility, top security, and enormous connections of the fifth-generation network. Previous studies have shown that with the increase in the application of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) on Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) in industries, researchers have exerted considerable efforts to improve vehicular communications. This study presents an exhaustive review of previous works by classifying them based on based on wireless communication, particularly VANET. First, a concise summary of the VANET structure and SDN controller with layers and details of their infrastructure is provided. Second, a description of SDN-VANET applications in different wireless communications, such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and VANET is provided with concentration on the examination and comparison of SDN-VANET works on several parameters. This paper also provides a detailed analysis of the open issues and research directions accomplished while integrating the VANET with SDN. It also highlights the current and emerging technologies with use cases in vehicular networks to address the several challenges in the VANET infrastructure. This survey acts as a catalyst in raising the emergent robustness routing protocol, latency, connectivity and security issues of future SDN-VANET architectures.

In recent years, vehicular named data networking (VNDN) has quickly ascended to the spotlight and gained enormous popularity, which has emerged as a candidate to support various applications of vehicular communications. VNDN has the potential improve the data dissemination efficiency by mitigating the performance degradation from Internet Protocol (IP) addressing, unstable connectivity and diversified service requirements. With the number of connected vehicles increasing rapidly, the traffic burden of the base station (BS) also grows. As an effective edge computing paradigm, in-vehicle caching can significantly relieve the pressure of the BS. However, the design of a fair caching strategy is still challenging due to the selfish nature of individuals. In this paper, to address the above issues, a popularity-incentive caching scheme (PICS) is proposed in VNDN, where the BS will reward vehicles who execute cache offloading and content sharing with others. To balance the conflict of interest between the BS and vehicles, a Stackelberg game is modeled with rational utilities envisioned. Next, we propose the solution of this game model and evaluate the influence of different weight parameters. Finally, simulation results validate the effectiveness of PICS.

This paper addresses the issues related to the Visible Light Communication (VLC) usage in vehicular communication applications. We propose a Visible Light Communication system based on Vehicle-to-Vehicle, Vehicle-to-Infrastructure and Infrastructure-to-Vehicle communications able to safely manage vehicles crossing through an intersection leveraging Edge of Things facilities. By using the streetlamps, street lights and traffic signaling to broadcast information, the connected vehicles interact with one another and with the infrastructure. By using joint transmission, mobile optical receivers collect data at high frame rates, calculate their location for positioning and, concomitantly, read the transmitted data from each transmitter. In parallel with this, an intersection manager coordinates traffic flow and interacts with the vehicles via Driver Agents embedded in them. A communication scenario is stablished and a “mesh/cellular” hybrid network configuration proposed. Data is encoded, modulated and converted into light signals emitted by the transmitters. As receivers and decoders, optical sensors with light filtering properties, are used. Bidirectional communication between the infrastructure and the vehicles is tested. To command the passage of vehicles crossing the intersection safely queue/request/response mechanisms and temporal/space relative pose concepts are used. Results show that the shortrange mesh network ensures a secure communication from street lamp controllers to the edge computer through the neighbor traffic light controller with active cellular connection and enables peer-to-peer communication, to exchange information between V-VLC ready connected cars. The innovative treatments for the congested intersections are related with the introduction of the split intersection. In the split intersection a congested two-way-two-way traffic light controlled intersection was transformed into two lighter intersections which facilitate a smoother flow with less driver delay by reducing the number of vehicle signal phases. Based on the results, the V-VLC system provides direct monitoring of critical points including queue formation and dissipation, relative speed thresholds and inter-vehicle spacing, increasing safety.

The field of vehicular communication technology is rapidly developing. vehicular communication technologies provide great social benefits such as reduced road accident and increased road efficiency. To improve traffic safety and provide drivers with the best end-to-end transportation experience, vehicles need to be more automated which is the most important goals of modern vehicular communication technologies. Utilizing Vehicle-to- Infrastructure communication (V2I) may be a keystone to enhance and promote the various vehicular communications applications. By the exchange of information between vehicles and road infrastructures, drivers will have more ability to predict and avoid various road hazard and thus make driving experience much safer. In this paper, we will focus on the study of the main requirement and component in V2I systems and present a review of the major V2I benefits related to safety and mobility applications.

Vehicular communication is regarded as a backbone for the development of intelligent transportation system (ITS). Recently vehicular communication has attracted researchers from both academia and industry all over the world, notably, in the United States of America, Japan and European Union. The rapid advances in wireless technologies provide opportunities to utilize them in vehicular communication in advanced road safety applications. The most important feature of vehicular communication is to improve the road traffic safety, efficiency, comfort and quality of everyday road travel. Networking in particular and communication in general are important rudiments in the development of ITS. Generally, in vehicular communication, the information exchange occurs among vehicles not only in an ad-hoc based vehicle-to-vehicle networking but also in a vehicle-to-infrastructure with possible intermediate infrastructure-to-infrastructure networking. Therefore, the infrastructure plays major role in order to realize the full potential of vehicular communications. This chapter provides an in-depth survey of the infrastructures and technologies that are recently proposed as part of future ITS developments as well as tested for vehicular communications in mobile environment. Specifically, we provide an in-depth analysis of wireless technology-applications such as ad-hoc networking and wireless local area network (WLAN), dedicated short-range communication (DSRC), cellular technology and NOTICE Architecture, and compare their characteristics in terms of their abilities to support vehicular communications for development of ITS.

In this paper, we present the pervasive vehicular healthcare monitoring (VHM) system whose automobile hosts (AHs) by heterogeneous cloud resources and planar super wideband (SWB) antenna for multimode broadband vehicular healthcare communication (BVHC) applications. The novel VHM scenario uses a cloud computing for promising driving safety applications (DSAs). The VHM system with the wider operating bandwidth will availably extend cloud resources exceeding many times than the conventional narrowband communication system. The proposed cloud AH can widely offer radio cloud resources whose impedance bandwidths at least cover 1.69~20 GHz. This broadband cloud AH not only offers an efficiently and economically cloud resources to construct the roadside units (RSUs) with a cost-effective way for ubiquitous mobile authentication but also one by utilizing cloud computing gives emerging real-time safety monitoring. It is suitable for drivers toward pervasive BVHC applications.

Research efforts carried out on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) for improving safety and efficiency of road transportation have been focused on cars, where vehicular communications have demonstrated to enhance the driver awareness with active services that improve fatality statistics. Although common vehicles accidents have been reduced in the last years, those involving vulnerable road users remain. Cyclists and motorcyclists cover a whole area where ITS and telematics should be embedded with no doubt, given the incremental popularity of bikes and motorbikes in urban mobility and short interurban routes. For this reason, this work takes the key objective of integrating two-wheelers within the future cooperative ITS network. Hence, a novel communication device especially adapted to cyclists and motorcyclists has been designed, by integrating vehicular wireless communications (i.e. IEEE 802.11p) and considering interface limitations. From the protocols perspective the work is focused on IPv6, and considers two-wheelers as part of the Future Internet. In fact, a great success of the proposal is exploiting the synergy between IETF (Internet) and ITS-specific protocols coming from ISO and ETSI, creating a novel active system to improve two-wheel transport safety through Cooperative Awareness Messaging (CAM) over IPv6. The embedded communication node for two-wheelers includes the proper software to warn the driver about the approaching of a regular vehicle through audio and visual notifications. Moreover, its counterpart for common cars has also been developed, but using an Android application running on a handheld device connected to a regular IPv6 in-vehicle network.

Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) provides a safe and reliable means of transferring data between vehicles. The document describes the transmission systems, protocols, networks, taxonomy, and applications of Intelligent Systems. Detailed analysis of the existing transmission flow systems is required, including classification, standards, coverage, applications, as well as their advantages and disadvantages. The adaptability of transmission networks, such as ad hoc, hybrid, mobile ad hoc networks (MANET), and Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), has a significant advantage. Described protocols for a variety of communication types, including routing techniques, platforms, structures, and the use of information areas as well. The use of intelligent technology can determine reliable, comfortable, safe, and trustworthy vehicular communication. This paper analyzes the current vehicular communication (VC) research flow and their deployments with indicated areas where further development is necessary. This paper examines how emerging technologies in the upcoming markets will enable the development of high-featured VC technologies. The challenges of improving upon existing VC systems in the development of future systems are discussed in this paper, including medium selection, link and service quality, security, channel characteristics, and mobility. The purpose of this study is to identify the need for the development of improved VC technologies, networks, and protocols for a wide range of applications in the future.

As vehicular communications for beyond fifth‐generation (B5G) and sixth‐generation (6G) is picking up interests from academia and industry recently, more and more research and development have been devoted towards the establishment of vehicular communications for B5G and 6G that is capable of supporting the ever more intelligent transportation systems. One key facilitating the design and improvement of vehicular communications for B5G and 6G is channel modelling, which is widely regarded as the foundation of all communication and networking systems. In this paper, the authors focus on the research and analysis of B5G and 6G vehicular channel measurements and modelling. By emphasising the new requirements and challenges that the emerging B5G and 6G technologies and frequency bands bring to vehicular communication channel measurements and modelling, they present an overview of the existing work and identify the limitations therein, and provide guidelines on the channel model development and adoption for various system development and verification objectives. Finally, future challenges related to vehicular channel measurements, modelling, and their application for B5G and 6G are addressed.

In this paper, a complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) loaded compact CPW-fed circular shaped monopole UWB antenna with dual band notch characteristics is designed on an FR-4 substrate. The propounded band-notched UWB antenna is integrated with two frequency selective surface layers referred as bandpass frequency selective surface (FSS-1) and reflector (FSS-2) to offer enhanced radiation performance. Bandpass FSS-1 enhances the gain of the antenna by improving directivity and reflector FSS-2 reflects back the backside radiation of the proposed antenna towards the forward direction thereby increasing gain and directivity of the proposed antenna. Furthermore, a two-element orthogonal MIMO antenna is proposed with improved gain using two FSS layers. The complete configuration of the proposed two-element MIMO antenna consists of CSRR-based radiating patches, monopole ground planes and two integrated FSS layers. The proposed MIMO antenna operates in UWB range from 3.46[Formula: see text]GHz to 16.02[Formula: see text]GHz with dual notches at 3.9[Formula: see text]GHz and 7.2[Formula: see text]GHz. Isolation between MIMO elements is greater than 23 dB. Both antennas are fabricated and investigated at 5.9[Formula: see text]GHz for vehicular communications. Maximum gain improvements of 8 dB and 6.4 dB are observed in case of the presented single element and MIMO antenna within the entire operating band due to the integration of dual FSS layers. The diversity performance of the suggested MIMO antenna is investigated by analyzing mean effective gain, envelope correlation coefficient, channel capacity loss and diversity gain parameters. The proposed MIMO antenna is a suitable candidate for vehicular and UWB wireless communication applications.

Vehicular communication networking is one of the most important building blocks of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). The vehicular communication network is a wireless communication system enabling vehicles to communicate with each other as well as with roadside base stations. Mobility management of vehicles which move at high speeds and occasionally make a long journey is an interesting research area of vehicular communication networks. Recently, The Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) protocol is proposed for network-based mobility management to reduce the overhead of mobile nodes. PMIPv6 shifts the burden of the mobility management from mobile nodes to network agents to decrease the overhead and latency for the mobility management. In this paper, we derive the scenario of deploying PMIPv6 in vehicular communication networks and propose a new LMA handover mechanism for realizing the scenario. By carrying out the ns-2 based simulations, we verify the operability of the proposed mechanism.

SummaryIn smart cities, a large number of vehicles are connected into an intelligent transportation system and share information via the vehicular communication network (VCN). Accurate, fine‐grained, and comprehensive traffic measurements are very crucial for the controller's decision making in software‐defined networking (SDN) in VCN. Fine‐grained traffic measurements can accurately portray network behaviors for VCN. However, this will increase a large amount of measurement overhead. Therefore, how to effectively obtain accurate and fine‐grained traffic is a huge challenge for VCN. To the end, this paper proposes a novel accurate and SDN‐based fine‐grained traffic measurement approach to obtain comprehensive traffic in VCN. Firstly, based on SDN architecture, we exploit the pull‐based sampling mechanism to quickly obtain coarse‐grained traffic measurement values. Secondly, based on the matrix completion theory, we use both interpolation and optimization methods to obtain fine‐grained traffic measurements. Thirdly, the optimization model and detailed algorithm are proposed to attain accurate traffic. Finally, we conduct a larger number of simulations to validate the measurement approach proposed in this paper. Simulation results show that our approach exhibits better performance and is promising.