Infrastructures in Vehicular Communications

Transport plays a fundamental role in the economic development for big cities. Quito, the capital of Ecuador, presents serious mobility problems, with a significant amount of traffic both in the city center and in its main access roads. The detailed proposal in this article aims to link Quito with several new generation technologies such as Internet of Things (Iot), Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) standard for heterogeneous sensor communication, and a system of real-time notifications using the communications protocol Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT). These technologies will be used for the development of an Intelligent Transport System (ITS) that takes advantage of the massive deployment of smartphones in the society as main sources of information, including Arduino and Raspberry modules to check efficient communication. This ITS bases its operation on the paradigm of the Crowdsensing, which allows to reflect more accurately the reality of the object of study when more collaborators use the system; reaching up to 30% improvement in the situational consciousness of the environment variable, the traffic.

Aim. Threats of a non-physical nature have a significant effect on the security of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). They may have the form of unlawful interference in the development and implementation of ITS. The creation of a trusted framework for the development and implementation of ITS is examined as in the case of intelligent water transportation systems (IWTS). Problems. By decree of the President of the Russian Federation, ITS, telecommunications and security of information processing are among the priority areas of scientific and technological development. ITS technologies, as well as those involved in the creation of trusted, secure system and application software are among the most important critical high technologies. The operation of ITS involves wide use of computerised systems that implement the latest information and telecommunication technologies, automated and automatic control technologies, artificial intelligence that can pose security threats. ITS are to be developed and operated in a trusted environment. Methods. The paper used the methodology for ensuring the security of IWTS, development of secure hardware and software platforms for secure automated systems, methods of system analysis, dependability theory, information protection, and law. Results. The paper defines the problem of creating a trusted framework for the development and implementation of IWTS, the applicable terminology is developed. The author examined the effect of IWTS on the security of critical information infrastructure (CII) and national security, developed a model of relationships between the IWTS security domains taking into account threats of physical and non-physical origin. Examples of computer incidents within IWTS that caused consequences at the national and international levels are given. The composition of the IWTS facilities attributed to CII is defined, critical processes implemented by standard CII facilities as part of the IWTS are set forth. The author lists conceptual problems of IWTS security, defines the principles of creating a trusted framework for the development and implementation of IWTS. Conclusion. Ensuring the security of IWTS against modern threats requires solving a number of problems associated with the creation of a trusted framework for the development and implementation of IWTS. For the purpose of improving the timeliness and quality of their solution, the paper proposes an intuitive terminology that reflects the subject area and helps finding a common understanding of the security domain by experts from various industries. IWTS facilities have an effect on CII security and national security in general. That is taken into account in the model of relationships between IWTS security domains, demonstrated using cases of computer incidents within IWTS that caused consequences at the national and international level. Given the above, the paper lists IWTS facilities attributed to CII and sets forth examples of critical processes implemented by standard CII facilities as part of the IWTS. The defined list of conceptual IWTS security problems take into account the growing landscape of IWTS security threats that includes insecure software, hardware and software platforms, software and hardware systems and emerging technologies. When developing the principles for the creation of a trusted IWTS development and implementation framework, the author took into account the best practice of implementing the methodology for creating national secure hardware and software platforms of CII facilities that enables the creation of secure automated systems for various applications that are based on domestically-developed solutions. The examined matters are of a systemic nature, which allows using the findings in the development and implementation of ITS in other modes of transportation.

With the rapid development of intelligent transportation systems (ITS), mission-critical vehicular services such as vehicle platooning, safety alarming, and remote driving play a vital role in the blueprint of the future ITS. In order to support these services, the high reliability and low latency are of great importance. In the 4G LTE/5G NR, it is difficult to satisfy these requirements since multiple OFDM symbols are processed as a bundle. In this paper, we propose a novel low latency packet transmission scheme, referred to as partial sample transmission (PST). Key idea of the proposed scheme is to transform the transmit information into subcarrier positions and then decode it using a small amount of time-domain received samples. In particular, in the PST decoding, we put forth an entirely different approach based on a deep neural network (DNN). From the numerical evaluations on realistic channel models, we demonstrate that the PST scheme outperforms the conventional transmission schemes in terms of the block error rate (BLER) and transmission latency.

With the rapid development of intelligent transportation systems (ITS), mission-critical vehicular services such as vehicle platooning, safety alarming, and remote driving play a key role in the future ITS. In order to support these emerging services, low-latency and high reliability transmission should be ensured. In the 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) and 5G New Radio (NR) vehicle-to-everything (V2X) systems, it is very difficult to meet the latency requirement since group of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols are processed in a form of the resource block. In this paper, we propose a novel low-latency packet transmission scheme for V2X systems, referred to as partial sample transmission (PST). In PST, we map the transmit information into subcarrier positions and then decode it using a small fraction of received samples at the receiver. To perform the efficient decoding, we propose a deep learning (DL)-based PST decoding. From the numerical evaluations on the V2X system, we demonstrate that the proposed PST technique outperforms conventional transmission schemes in terms of the block error rate (BLER) and the signaling latency.

The main problems in transportation are accidents, increasingly slow traffic flow, and pollution. An intelligent transportation system (ITS) using roadside infrastructure can overcome these problems. For this reason, the number of such systems is increasing dramatically, and therefore requires an adequate overview. To the best of our knowledge, no current systematic review of existing ITS solutions exists. To fill this knowledge gap, our paper provides an overview of existing ITS that use roadside infrastructure worldwide. Accordingly, this paper addresses current questions and challenges. For this purpose, we performed a literature review of documents that describe existing ITS solutions from 2009 until today. We categorized the results according to technology levels and analyzed its hardware system setup and value-added contributions. In doing so, we made the ITS solutions comparable and highlighted past development alongside current trends. We analyzed more than 400 papers, including 53 test bed projects. In summary, current ITSs can deliver accurate information about individuals in traffic situations in real-time. However, further research into ITS should focus on more reliable perception of the traffic using modern sensors, plug-and-play mechanisms, and secure real-time distribution of the digital twins in a decentralized manner. By addressing these topics, the development of intelligent transportation systems will be able to take a step towards its comprehensive roll-out.

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) have been developed for more than 2 decades in China. Furthermore, a new generation Intelligent Transportation Systems should be launched to meet the requirement of improving road network capacity, improving traffic safety, ameliorating the road congestion, and reducing vehicle emission. This paper reviews the development of Intelligent Transport Systems in China including its development histories, investment mode and applications. Secondly, this paper introduces the current main research areas about ITS in China. Finally, the prospect of ITS is described, and the issues and challenges about ITS in China and its proposed solution schemes are also discussed. It was found that ITS has made significant progresses in the areas of research and applications. ITS in China has a promising future despite the rapid urbanization and motorization.

Topicality. The scientific article is devoted to the research analysis of the peculiarities of legal regulation and the construction of the architecture of the intellectualization of transport systems. Transport communications unite companies around the world and are a necessary prerequisite for the integrity of the country and its integration into the world economy through foreign economic activity. In this regard, the transport system is directly related to the economy and the social sphere. The transport policy of any state is characterized by national priorities at the micro and macro levels. A competitive transport system must have the following characteristics: be economically, ecologically and socially sustainable; to be able to recover effectively after natural disasters; have a developed and reliable IT infrastructure.The use of information systems in traffic management is associated with the rapid development of modern cities, an increase in the number of rolling stocks on the streets, new routes and other features. As a result, the amount of information needed for analysis and making operational decisions has increased significantly. The information component will become an integral part of city life. And for more effective use of all the possibilities of intelligent transport systems (ITS), legal regulation is necessary, which includes data protection, standardization, rules for the application of ITS achievements and their further development.Aim and tasks. The purpose of the research is to study the legal foundations of the concept of transport and logistics systems sustainable development.Materials and Methods. The research methodology is based on the analysis of legislative and legal methods of ensuring transport and logistics flows, economic and legal analysis using the general legal framework and special legal acts that regulate the activity of transport and logistics systems. The problem of intellectualization of environmental protection activities is considered both through structural changes in the international economy, through modern processes of development of national transport and logistics systems, as well as through the study of the complex network structure of global logistics chains, where both approaches complement each other.Research results. The rapid development of modern cities, the increase of vehicles on the streets, the development of new routes increases the amount of information necessary for analysis and making operational decisions. This, in turn, stimulates the active use of intelligent information technologies. And the creation of legal incentives for the development of the intellectualization of the transport and logistics system is one of the factors of strengthening the economy and improving the welfare of the population.Conclusion. The conducted research made it possible to conduct an analysis of legal regulation and stimulation of the development of intelligent transport systems (ITS). In particular, at the international and regional levels. The main necessary elements of the comprehensive application of intelligent transport systems are standardization at the international level, in order to be able to create a global system for more efficient use of transport and achieving global goals in the safety of movement and reducing the impact of transport on the environment.

Research efforts carried out on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) for improving safety and efficiency of road transportation have been focused on cars, where vehicular communications have demonstrated to enhance the driver awareness with active services that improve fatality statistics. Although common vehicles accidents have been reduced in the last years, those involving vulnerable road users remain. Cyclists and motorcyclists cover a whole area where ITS and telematics should be embedded with no doubt, given the incremental popularity of bikes and motorbikes in urban mobility and short interurban routes. For this reason, this work takes the key objective of integrating two-wheelers within the future cooperative ITS network. Hence, a novel communication device especially adapted to cyclists and motorcyclists has been designed, by integrating vehicular wireless communications (i.e. IEEE 802.11p) and considering interface limitations. From the protocols perspective the work is focused on IPv6, and considers two-wheelers as part of the Future Internet. In fact, a great success of the proposal is exploiting the synergy between IETF (Internet) and ITS-specific protocols coming from ISO and ETSI, creating a novel active system to improve two-wheel transport safety through Cooperative Awareness Messaging (CAM) over IPv6. The embedded communication node for two-wheelers includes the proper software to warn the driver about the approaching of a regular vehicle through audio and visual notifications. Moreover, its counterpart for common cars has also been developed, but using an Android application running on a handheld device connected to a regular IPv6 in-vehicle network.

With the rapid pace of urbanization and the growing complexity of traffic networks, the development of intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) has become increasingly vital for improving traffic efficiency, safety, and management. The You Only Look Once (YOLO) algorithm, a real‐time object detection model known for its high computational efficiency and detection accuracy, has emerged as a prominent tool within ITS applications. This survey presents a comprehensive review of recent advancements in the application of the YOLO algorithm across various ITS domains, including traffic monitoring, vehicle and pedestrian detection, and traffic sign recognition. The paper first outlines the methodology employed for literature selection and categorization, followed by an overview of the YOLO algorithm’s evolution and core technical components. Subsequently, it explores the algorithm’s practical implementations within different ITS scenarios. The review concludes with a synthesis of key findings and proposes future research directions, highlighting emerging trends and potential challenges. This work is aimed at providing researchers and practitioners with a structured understanding of YOLO’s current applications in ITS and at fostering further innovation in this interdisciplinary field.

VANET (Vehicular Ad-hoc Network) is an ad-hoc wireless network which nodes are composed by mostly moving vehicles and infrastructure communications or access points along the road. It integrates adhoc networking, cellular technology, wireless LAN and other technologies, which include GPS(Global Positioning System), digital mapping, sensing technologies and advanced information processing tools to support Intelligent Traffic Systems (ITS). VANET is developed mainly to improve road safety and to increase the traffic efficiency. It is designed to support the exchange of warning messages among the vehicles to increase the passenger safety and other information related to VANET applications and services . To achieve these goals, there are several issues that should be addressed. One of these challenges is designing reliable and efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for VANET. Due to VANET’s distinguishing characteristics, such as high mobility of the nodes, dynamic network topology, enough battery power, high processing power, etc, the MAC protocols designed for MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Network) are not suitable for VANET. The research community has been working to develop MAC protocols appropriate for this ad-hoc network by proposing new design or modifying the existing one.In this paper, the VANET’s architecture, characteristics, applications and standard are discussed and then a comprehensive study of several MAC protocols available in the literature is presented.

With increasingly stringent environmental constraints and the rapid growth of urban logistics demand, electric vehicles (EVs) have become an important component of urban delivery systems due to their low-carbon, energy-efficient, and low-noise characteristics. However, limited driving range, charging requirements, and the uneven spatial distribution of charging infrastructure make the electric vehicle routing problem (EVRP) significantly more complex than conventional vehicle routing problems, posing new challenges to logistics operations and traffic management. In recent years, extensive research has been conducted on EV routing optimization, covering route planning, charging strategy coordination, mixed fleet operations, and charging infrastructure deployment. Meanwhile, the rapid development of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) has provided new technical support for EV routing optimization. By leveraging real-time traffic information, data sharing, and intelligent dispatching, ITS enhances the adaptability and responsiveness of routing decisions, thereby improving delivery efficiency and reducing energy consumption and emissions. This paper presents a comprehensive review of EV routing optimization oriented to ITS, systematically summarizing key research issues and application scenarios. Future development trends related to technological integration, infrastructure planning, and system-level coordination are also discussed, providing insights for the development of efficient, low-carbon, and sustainable urban logistics and transportation systems.

Transportation research is dynamic and essential engineering prospect of all nations across the globe. Recent developments in intelligent transport systems (ITS) have established software system-enabled transportation infrastructure to the public using which traveller information service and hassle free transport have become the prime objective of the transport industry. At present, innovation in technology driven infrastructure planning in transportation management is highly demanded research prospect in the area of intelligent transportation systems and services. Research effort towards development of ITS with statistical and machine learning (ML) approaches applied in time series analysis for traffic forecasting is enormous. But, the outcome of such researches is still under refinement considering various practical difficulties. Hence, the objective of this survey is to present a detailed insight on evolution of traffic time series forecasting with broad classification of methods and detailed summary of their results. Finally, comprehensive review results are presented with directions to address the research challenges.

Due to the rapid development of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), application scenarios such as autonomous valet parking, convoy arrangement, vehicle–road cooperative control and vehicle emergency hedging have been realized. On the other hand, users need data application services with low latency, high quality and large data volume. So, communication and networking in the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) become the key to improve ITS system in the future. This chapter elaborates some different communication model in IoV. Then, each communication and networking model are proposed based on system model and confronting problems. In addition, this chapter introduces Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I), Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P), Vehicle-to-Network/Cloud (V2N/C), and trajectory-based communication modes. Finally, some use cases are discussed to list related work.KeywordsMessageCommunicationNetworkingIoVV2VV2IV2PV2N/CTrajectory-Based

A vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) plays an important role in the development of intelligent transportation systems; named data networking (NDN) has been considered one of the promising paradigms for next-generation Internet owing to its content-centric attributes. Thus, NDN-based VANET is emerging as a technique used in intelligent transportation system (ITS). In this study, a vehicle-tracking-based data packet forwarding (VTDF) strategy is proposed to solve the data-packet-forwarding problem in a continuously changing network topology environment caused by the mobility of the vehicle. Simulation results show that VTDF outperforms other related strategies in terms of average delay, handover delay, and delivery ratio.

This paper mainly studies the planning of intelligent transportation system in the era of artificial intelligence. The research content mainly includes: intelligent transportation system implementation mechanism, system application and empirical research. The research conclusion is as follows: First of all, the implementation mechanism and system application of China's intelligent transportation system are constantly improving in both technology and process. Second, Yunnan is the province with the highest public satisfaction of intelligent transportation system. Finally, relevant departments should strengthen the main role of construction, improve the traffic information platform, strengthen data management and enhance technological innovation, and strive to make China's intelligent transportation system development in the forefront of the world.