Developing Dynamic Balanced Scorecards

The aim of this study is to elaborate comparative portraits of Korean and Japanese beauty in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Six portraits of beauty in the Korean Joseon Dynasty (early 19th century) and 5 in Japanese Edo Dynasty (late 18th century) were analyzed. Twenty anthropometric items were applied to the measure of the features on each portrait and 18 proportional indices of the face were calculated. Among the 18 indices, Korean and Japanese beauty did not show any significant differences in 13, but in 5: 1) the ratio of eye fissure to intercanthal distance was greater in Japanese beauty; 2) eye inclination was greater in Japanese beauty; 3) the ratio of nasal width to intercanthal distance was greater in Japanese beauty; 4) the ratio of nasal and facial width was greater in Korean beauty; and 5) the ratio of vermilion size to mouth width was greater in Japanese beauty. It is assumed that Korean had narrower eye fissure, lower eye inclination, wider nasal ala, and thinner lip than what Japanese craved during that era.

19세기 후반 이래 활발히 진행된 러시아 여성자선단체들의 활동은 당시 러시아 여성들이 처한 어려운 사회경제적 환경을 배경으로 그들에게 물질적 지원과 사회활동의 기회를 제공해 주는 것을 일차적인 목표로 설정하고, 우선 어려움에 처한 여성들을 구제하는데 적극 나섰다. 이들은 도시 여성 빈곤층에게 음식과 주거 등 생활필수품을 제공하고, 어린 아이들을 돌보았으며, 질병 예방 및 치료 등 시급한 의료 서비스 제공에도 나섰다. 또한 反알콜, 매춘척결, 순결운동 등 다양 한 사회계몽 운동도 벌였다. 나아가 이들 여성자선단체들은 교육지원 활동을 통 해 빈곤층 여성들에게 지식과 새로운 관념을 심어주고, 직업적 선택권의 폭을 넓혀 안정적 생활수준을 유지하게 하며, 그들에게 격하된 도덕ㆍ윤리적 수준을 높이려 하였다. 이러한 여성자선단체를 설립하고 주도적 역할을 한 것은 황후를 비롯 귀부인, 기업가 내지 대상인들의 부인들이었다. 19세기 후반 ‘여성자선활동’을 고무시킨 요인 중에 하나는 새로운 입법개혁을 통해 자선활동에 대한 법률적 제한이 완화되어 여성들도 합법적으로 여성자선단체를 조직하고 활동할 수 있는 법적 근거가 마련된 것이다. 여성자선단체들의 다양한 활동에도 불구하고, 황실가의 후원을 받는 일부 단체들을 제외하고는 대부분의 단체들은 기금의 부족과 체계적인 조직 그리고 운영의 미숙 등으로 어려움을 겪었다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 19세기 후반~20세기 초 여성 자선단체들의 활동은 사회 엘리트 상류계층의 사회적ㆍ도덕적 의무가 어떻게 현실 사회에 구현되었는가를 보여준 선례로서 충분히 가치가 있다 하겠다.The activities of Russian women charities, which have been active since the late 19th century, set the primary goal of providing them with material support and opportunities for social activities considering the difficult socioeconomic environment faced by Russian women at that time, and actively sought to save women in need. They provided necessities such as food and housing to the poor women in urban areas, took care of their young children, and provided urgent medical services such as disease prevention and treatment. They also launched various social enlightenment campaigns, such as ‘temperance movement,’ ‘prostitution eradication’ and ‘chastity movement’. In addition, these women’s charities tried to instill knowledge and new ideas to poor women, expand the scope of career options to maintain a stable living standard, and raise the moral and ethical standards lowered by them through educational support activities. It was the empress, ladies, businessmen and the wives of wealthy merchants who founded and played a leading role in the organizations. They tried to actively implement the traditional emotional or religious beliefs that emphasized the social responsibility of individuals or the rich as universal values in Russian society. One of the factors that inspired “female charity” in the late 19th century was the legal basis for women to legally organize and operate women’s charities through new legislative reforms. Despite the various activities of women’s charities, with the exception of some organizations sponsored by the imperial family, most organizations have suffered from a lack of funds, systematic organization and operation. There was also a limit that their activities were not extended to rural areas where the majority of Russian women lived. Nevertheless, the activities of women’s charities in the late 19th and early 20th centuries are valuable as a precedent of how social and moral obligations of the social elite were embodied in society.

This research paper aims to provide a systematic literature review on the integration of the BSC with other performance measurement frameworks in evaluating local government performance. Effective performance measurement is crucial for local governments to evaluate their performance and drive continuous improvement. This systematic literature review explores the integration of two prominent performance measurement approaches, the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) and Performance Measurement Framework (PMF), in evaluating local government performance. The review examines existing studies, frameworks, and practical implementations to uncover the benefits, challenges, and best practices associated with this integration. The data obtained from 36 most relevant articles to “balanced scorecard implementation”, performance measurement framework”, and “local government” or “municipalities”. The findings highlight that the integration of the BSC and PMF provides a comprehensive and strategic approach to performance measurement in local government. It enhances performance measurement practices by incorporating financial and non-financial indicators, aligns with organizational strategies, and promotes accountability and transparency. However, challenges such as defining relevant indicators, data availability, organizational buy-in, and resource constraints need to be addressed for successful implementation. The integrated model has practical implications, including the need for strong leadership support, stakeholder engagement, continuous monitoring, and capacity building. Future research should focus on empirical evaluations of the model’s effectiveness, contextual factors influencing its implementation, and long-term impacts on local government performance and governance. Policymakers can use the integrated model to develop evidence-based policies, allocate resources strategically, and foster a culture of continuous improvement. Ultimately, the integrated performance measurement model has the potential to drive positive change and enhance service delivery in local government, contributing to better governance outcomes.

This essay provides an intellectual history for the cultural turn that transformed the human sciences in the mid-20th century and led to the creation of cultural sociology in the late 20th century. It does so by conceptualizing and contextualizing the limitations of the binary primitive/modernity. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, leading thinkers – among them Marx, Weber, Durkheim, and Freud – confined thinking and feeling styles like ritual, symbolism, totem, and devotional practice to a primitivism that would be transformed by the rationality and universalism of modernity. While the barbarisms of the 20th century cast doubt on such predictions, only an intellectual revolution could provide the foundations for an alternative social theory. The cultural turn in philosophy, aesthetics, and anthropology erased the division between primitive and modern; in sociology, the classical writings of Durkheim were recentered around his later, religious sociology. These intellectual currents fed into a cultural sociology that challenged the sociology of culture, creating radically new research programs in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.

The article is devoted to the analysis of statistical data on Moldovans and Romanians living on Belarus’ lands in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. According to the census of the Russian Empire in 1897, 215 Moldovans and Romanians lived in the Belarusian and Lithuanian lands. In the data used in this census, the concepts of “Moldovan language” and “Romanian language” were generally understood as identical. According to the Polish census of 1921, 12 Romanians lived on the territory of western Belarus. The data used in this census includes ethnic identity and the native language of the population. According to the Soviet census of 1926, 63 Moldovans and 54 Romanians lived in the Belarusian SSR. The gradual formation of the Moldovan diaspora began in the Belarusian lands at the end of the 19th century.

Following medieval political traditions, the conquest of America led by the Spanish crown was a highly urbanized enterprise. Cities defined the spaces of colonial America in terms of organization of the territory, control of the population, and the negotiation of political sovereignty on the ground. Early city foundation in the Antilles after 1492 was followed by the major occupation of continental America, when more than two hundred cities were founded over the 16th century. In the 17th and 18th centuries, cities in Spanish America became the hub of social integration, moving from ‘Spanish cities’ to what has been labeled ‘creole metropolises.’ During the age of revolution and independence, the late 18th and early 19th centuries, cities played a major role as the seats of national sovereignty. Typically struggles for independence would start with the rising of creole elites in the capital cities of each viceroyalty. Historiography on Spanish American cities has evolved in the last decades from an institutionally driven or urban growth approach to urban experiences, to an exploration of the multiple facets of urban life: commercial, economic, political, social, and cultural. In the renewal of urban history, the study of port cities has gained significance especially—although not exclusively—in connection to their commercial role, contributing thus to the development of new trends on Atlantic, global, and connected histories. Ports were also spaces for scientific development with shipyards and arsenals as main centers of technological innovation. Studies on port cities, however, have not been systematic and are notably disproportionate among regions and periods within the Spanish Atlantic. There are a considerably greater number of studies related to the first half of the 16th century and late 18th century and to the Caribbean and River Plate regions. Acknowledging this imbalance, this article will prioritize a geographical approach by focusing on particular cities within four main regions in the Atlantic—the Greater Antilles, Northern Mainland Caribbean, Southern Mainland Caribbean and the Southern Atlantic and River Plate Region—as a way to address the complexity of port experiences within those regions during different chronologies. A section on Pacific Connections ports is included to underline the connected nature of Spanish American port cities and their global outreach. Although local examples of port cities will be the core of this article, it opens with an updated review on the main urban history literature, with a section on primary sources following, and a general overview of regional or thematic works on ports, to move then to the geographical sections.

The academic focus on multiculturalism in the late 20th century gives the impression that society was homogeneous until very recently. In particular, and despite the efforts of numerous scholars, the myth persists that the Appalachian region is a static and uniform society made up of poor white mountaineers. But the social and cultural make-up of the region is much more complicated than some are willing to admit, and its history is replete with examples of multicultural encounters and incidences of cooperation. One of the most ecumenical and complex of those was undertaken by the 19th-century religious and social reformers who established the Salem School and Orphanage in Elk Park, North Carolina. In this relatively isolated mountain community, Presbyterian, Congregationalist, and Mennonite missionaries identified and attempted to address the needs of an African­ American community. The Salem School and Orphanage was an anomaly in the mountain reform movements of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Mission work on behalf of blacks in Appalachia was rare because of entrenched racism, because of the relatively low percentage of African Americans in the region, but more importantly because of a general perception that the greater need was to uplift poverty-stricken mountain whites. James Klotter has argued that the poverty among white mountaineers "allowed some reformers to turn with clear conscience away from blacks" to aid an Appalachia that was characterized by its "whiteness." Klotter's thesis does not account for the Salem School and Orphanage. Its story is all but forgotten and provides a counterpoint to those dominant white-oriented missionary trends. The story of the Salem School can be best understood in the context of the broader missionary educational reform movements of the late 19th century and the unique contribution of the Mennonite Brethren Church.

Cirque du Soleil and Its Roots in Illegitimate Circus

o. manoliadis · labour productivity benchmarking in greek projects... · pp 221-226 IntRoDUCtIon The need for better productivity measurement, materials and equipment utilization arises from the relatively new concept of sustainable development especially in areas in Greece such as West Macedonia. If this is the case performance monitoring seeing as an adaptive approach to more closely link sustainability with project productivity is a crucial factor. Performance measurement is the activity of checking actual performance against targets throughout the life of the project, during construction and through the operational life of the completed facility. It includes: ▶ external benchmarking – assessing the client’s performance against other major purchasers of construction through participation in a number of benchmarking initiatives ▶ a framework for performance measurement – including primary core performance measures that compare performance of the client’s projects with that of the construction industry as a whole ▶ Secondary measures that compare different projects in the client organisation, including the number of changes to project requirements, final cost against initial estimate and end-user satisfaction. labour productivity, benchmarking, performance, construction

This study examines how performance measurement frameworks, including the Balanced Scorecard (BSC), Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), Strategic Performance Management (SPM), Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E), and the European Public Sector Award (EPSA), have been discussed and applied in public education. The research problem addressed is the challenge of understanding the impact and integration of these frameworks in educational management. To address this problem, we conducted a bibliometric analysis of 2626 academic publications from 2020 to 2025 (WOS), mapping the literature quantitatively and qualitatively. Three major themes emerged from a network of keyword co-occurrences: (1) performance measurement frameworks and methods, (2) technical/engineering performance indicators, and (3) strategic management and organizational performance in education. The findings indicate that the successful implementation of performance measurements in education requires the selection of relevant and balanced indicators and the promotion of an organizational culture of continuous improvement. These insights highlight prevailing trends (such as the prominence of the BSC and the widespread use of KPIs) and provide lessons from international practice to guide decision-makers to improve education. Highlighting the link between the theoretical definition of indicators and their practical application provides policymakers and educational managers with an overview of research in the field of performance management in public education.

616 Рецензии/Reviews The opening problem of the book, therefore, is the following: in order to understand the interconnectedness of Freud’s racial, gender, and professional identities, as well as what impact they had on his theory of psychoanalysis, one needs to reconstruct “the meaning of ‘race’ and its relationship to constructions of ideas of ‘gender’ at the turn of the [20th ] century” (p. xiii). Gilman embarks upon this task through a profound and fascinating analysis of the history of medical scholarship in the era of fin de siècle and in particular its appeal to the theory of the distinctiveness of races. In this context he traces the process in which the socio-medical representation of the male Jew became gradually singularized , feminized, alienated, and eventually securitized. The focus of three subsequent chapters is placed on, inter alia, the racial dimension attached to mental illness (primarily hysteria and neurosis), congenital syphilis, and cancer. The argument is not only that Jews were, for a variety of reasons, represented as more vulnerable to these diseases than other ethnic groups in Europe (p. 113), but also that associating these frightful, almost mythical ailments with a Semitic origin signified a certain disturbing racial distinctiveness, a state of disorder they brought about, or a stigmatic curse. This socio-medical image of the male Jew made him therefore an Magdalena ŻÓŁKOŚ Sander L. Gilman, Freud, Race, and Gender (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993). 277 p. Index. ISBN: 0-691-02586-X. In his recent book Freud, Race, and Gender (1993), Sander L. Gilman sets off to interpret Freudian gender conceptualizations in the context of anti-Semitic inclinations in biology, medicine, and psychiatry in the late 19th and early 20th century . Having published previously on cultural and literary history, and holding positions of professor of Germanic studies and professor of psychiatry (University of Chicago), Gilman seems both professionally and linguistically competent to undertake this ambitious crossdisciplinary task. His analysis is informed by numerous other studies on Freud and his psychoanalytic theory in the fields of cultural and medical history, literary criticism, gender studies, and psychoanalysis itself. In this context, however, Gilman’s study claims to be innovative by refuting many of the common scholarly assumptions about Freudian work (especially what it regards as simplified connections between Freud’s Jewish origin and his ideas), and, more precisely, by identifying the importance of analyzing Freudian conceptualizations of gender and race in close relation to each other. 617 Ab Imperio, 3/2004 “exclusionary category” and an antithesis to theAryan race.As Gilman asserts “the Jew defined what the Aryan was not. It was that which the Aryan neither was nor ever would be. The Jew became the projection of all the anxieties about control present within the Aryan” (p. 9, emphasis in the original). One of the most interesting aspects of Gilman’s analysis here is that he presents that Semitic image-creation as an integral element of the broader transformation of modernity, namely from a religious Jewish identification to a secular one. These dichotomous racial categories, which began to dominate not only medicine and biology, but also social and political relations in Europe in the late 19th century, have important parallels in how the Church defined itself in opposition to the Jewish community as both its continuation and fulfillment. In other words, Christian identity was synonymous with accomplished (and discontinued) Jewishness, within which it was nevertheless deeply rooted both historically and spiritually. The difference is that the secularized, modern image of the Jew obliterated this intimate relationship and sense of interdependence – thus enabling the social othering of the Jew. In addition, Gilman’s book focuses in detail on different sociomedical representations of the Jewish practice of infant male circumcision , in which two elements are of crucial importance: that (i) circumcision “marked the Jewish body as unequal to that of the Aryan” and that (ii) it presented “the male Jew as the exemplary Jew” (p. 49, emphasis added). Very different meanings were attached to circumcision : symbolic, identity-giving, phallic (as an object of a ritual sacrifice ), and prophylactic (pp. 56-60); but their common denominator was the dominating social perception of stigmatic inferiority. This medical and ethno-psychological fascination...

One of the oldest and most standardized procedures in assessing regional impact is the calculation of the number of jobs expected to result from the funding of a proposed project. Procedures for estimating expected job expansion date back to the early 20th Century. Before then, evaluation, especially of publicly funded or sponsored projects, was seen essentially as a political process; evaluation with implicit net benefits determined by legislative debate. The role for explicit economic analysis was limited. The pre-cursor of modern welfare economics began in the 18th Century (Bentham 1789). The essential principle involved viewed outlays by individuals as moving along a “hill of pleasure” to achieve the greatest utility, subject to their income. The aim of policy was to distribute income and or identify public projects so as to achieve “the greatest good for the greatest number”. By late 19th Century, this principle came to be less ambiguously formulated (Edgeworth 1881) when it came to be viewed as an overall allocation of resources so as to maximize aggregate satisfaction by equalizing marginal utilities of income over all individuals. Realizing that not everyone gained from government intervention, Vilfredo Pareto added the condition that the “gains to the gainers” exceed the “losses of the losers” (Pareto 1906). Finally, in A. C. Pigou (1920), Marshall (1928), and Nicholas Kaldor (1939) these changes in aggregate welfare would depend on whether or not the gainers from any initiative could, in principle, compensate the losses to the losers. These theoretical developments laid out the possibilities of constructing an actual “calculus of welfare maximization”. Dramatic floods in eastern U.S. in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries resulted in thousands of deaths and extensive property damage, leading to widespread interest in the Federal government assuming some responsibility for flood control, along with their historic interest in

Background: It is generally accepted that height distribution in modern populations is nearly symmetrical. However, it may deviate from symmetry when nutritional status is inadequate.Aim and subjects: This study provides an analysis of changes in the shape of the height distributions among Swiss conscripts (n = 267 829) over the past 130 years based on a highly representative, standardized and unchanged data source.Results: The analysed distributions from the 1870s–1890s conscription years are markedly left-skewed (−0.76 to −0.82), with short and very short men significantly over-represented. Standard deviation is 7.7 cm. In particular, the left tails of the late-19th- and early-20th-century distributions are very heavy. In the first half of the 20th century the first signs of a diminution of the heavy left tail are observable, by the 1970s the phenomenon disappears and height distribution becomes symmetrical; standard deviation is now 6.5 cm.Conclusion: The relatively strong left-skewness during the late 19th and early 20th centuries may have been due to the interaction of a number of causes, chiefly malnutrition, a wider range in physical development at age 19 and widespread iodine deficiency.

Being colonized by France, Cocochina (the South of Vietnam) was the region where Western literature was introduced into earlier than the North. Truong Minh Ky was considered the first translator of Western literature in Vietnam. His earliest works of translation appeared in 1884. By the early 20th century, introduced to Vietnamese readers were Western literary works not only of French origin but also of British, American and Russian origins; not only poetry, prose but also drama. In the late 19th century, many writers such as Truong Vinh Ky, Huynh Tinh Cua were interested in Chinese literature. In the first decade of the 20th century, a wide variety of Chinese novels were translated into Vietnamese, forming a strong movement of translating "truyen Tau” (Chinese fictions). The remarkable characteristics of the translation of Western literature in Cochinchina were as follows - The newspapers and magazines in “Quoc Ngu” (Vietnamese language written in Latin characters) where the first works of translation were published played very important role. - The translators were greatly diverse, coming from different social and cultural backgrounds. - More translation was made on prose. Novels of martial arts, historical stories, novels of heroic deeds attracted the attention of the translators and the publishers. Therefore, they were translated much more than romance novels were, because of their compatibility with popular audience. - By translating the works of Western literature, the writers tried to express new concepts of humanism, such as women rights, or gender issues. Translated literature in Cocochina in the late 19th and early 20th centuries reflects a paradox: Western influences started to leave their marks but the Chinese influence was still strongly engraved. However, this was a remarkable step in the journey of modernization of national literature. Through these early translated works, new literary genres were introduced and Vietnamese readers gradually became familiar with them. Translation experiences were the first steps for Cocochina writers to achieve thorough understanding, to learn Western writing techniques and styles, which helped them become the pioneers of new literature in Vietnam.

Statement of the problem. Cimbalom performance has entered a new phase of development, marked by the expansion of traditional techniques and the emergence of new ones. While isolated examples appeared in the late 20th century, the 21st century brought a surge in innovation and the development of notational methods. These extended techniques often result from close collaboration between composers and performers. However, the boundary between standard and extended techniques remains unclear, complicating their classification. This issue is further exacerbated by the lack of precise terminology in Ukrainian cimbalom studies, particularly for techniques such as pizzicato and glissando. This calls for deeper analysis and clarification of their function in contemporary repertoire. Objectives, methods, and novelty of the research. The purpose of the research іs to differentiate between standard and extended glissando techniques within the contemporary cimbalom repertoire. These techniques are vividly represented in the works of Marti Epstein, Misha Salkind-Pearl, Darcy Copeland, Golnaz Shariatzaden, Bahar Royaee, and Niloufar Shiri, and are analyzed in this article for the first time. The study employs historical method to analyze the specifics of the development of the cimbalom repertoire in the late 20th and early 21st centuries performance-based method to identify innovative playing techniques in cimbalom works and the peculiarities of sound production comparative method to compare different compositions in terms of the application of various techniques semantic method to determine the expressive meaning of performance techniques and their role in realizing programmatic intent and organological method to explore the methods of executing glissando on the cimbalom in relation to its structural features. The novelty of this research lies in the comprehensive classification of new types of glissando. Research results and conclusion. This article examines traditional glissando performance techniques and develops their typology based on several categories, reflecting current trends in contemporary cimbalom repertoire. The typology was developed according to the following criteria: the playing implement or body part used, the location on the instrument (register / zone), and the direction of the glissando (horizontal, vertical, lateral, multidirectional, converging). This analysis made it possible to identify about thirty types of glissando types, underscoring the significance of this technique in modern repertoire. It not only illustrates the active exploration of cimbalom sound possibilities but also highlights the pursuit of nuanced articulation of the composer’s intent.