Development of HDTV Receiving Equipment Based on Band Compression Technique (MUSE)

Three-dimensional vision with improved depth perception and spatial orientation has already proved its superiority to the two-dimensional vision in endoscopic surgery. However, those benefits remain unidentified in cardiac surgery. For the first time, we compare performance of a three-dimensional high-definition video system with a two-dimensional high-definition video system in patients undergoing totally endoscopic mitral valve replacement. We enrolled 90 patients with mitral valve disease in a single institution, from June 2013 to June 2016. Totally endoscopic mitral valve replacement was performed by the same surgeon using either a three-dimensional high-definition (n=43) or a two-dimensional high-definition (n=47) video system with the same surgical technique. Short-term outcomes were compared between the two groups. All medical records were retrieved from a prospectively maintained database of minimally invasive cardiac surgery. All surgeries were successfully completed under totally endoscopic guidance. There were no intraoperative complications in either group. The use of three-dimensional video system reduced aortic cross-clamp time by approximately 10% (3D vs. 2D: 65.74±14.32 vs. 72.67±14.67 min, P=0.027). No significant differences were observed in cardiopulmonary bypass time, postoperative ventilation duration, length of surgical intensive care unit stay, length of hospital stay, and major complications between the two groups. There were no perioperative deaths in either group. Compared with the two-dimensional video system, the three-dimensional high-definition video system provided a better surgical experience with the same operative safety for totally endoscopic mitral valve replacement.

The high definition television (HDTV) system is introduced to microneurosurgery. Five cases with intracranial lesions: three cerebral aneurysms (giant aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery and internal carotid artery, aneurysm of the basilar artery), one acoustic neurinoma and one skull base meningioma, were operated on under the microscope using the HDTV system. The surgical procedures of each case were relayed and recorded by the system. In two of the five cases, we used two sets of HDTV system to produce stereoscopic projection. The HDTV system provided us with images of superior quality with a distinctly greater resolution than ordinary video systems.

The High-Definition television (HDTV) system onboard the Japanese lunar explorer Kaguya (SELENE) consists of a telephotographic camera and a wide-angle camera that each have 2.2 M-pixel IT-CCDs (interline transfer charge-coupled devices) and LSIs (large-scale integrated circuits) of the several-million-gates class. One minute-long motion pictures acquired by the HDTV system at 30 fps (frames per second) are recorded in a 1 GB semiconductor memory after compression, and then transmitted to a ground station. In the development of the space-going HDTV system, a commercial ground-model HDTV system was extensively modified and evaluated for its suitability to withstand the harsh environment of space through environmental tests. The HDTV acquired a total of 6.3 TB of movies and still images of the Earth and the Moon over the mission period that started on September 29, 2007, and ended on June 11, 2009. Footage of an “Earth-rise” and an “Earth-set” on the lunar horizon were captured for the first time by the HDTV system. During a lunar eclipse, images of the Earth’s “diamond ring” were acquired for the first time. The CCDs and the instruments used in the system remained in good working order throughout the mission period, despite the harsh space environment, which suggests a potential new approach to the development of instruments for use in space.

Terrestrial broadcast television in the United States has remained essentially unchanged in the last fifty years except for the addition of color and stereo sound. Today, personal computers are addressing the need for random access of high resolution images and CD quality audio. Furthermore, advances in digital video compression and digital communication technology have cleared the way toward offering high resolution video and audio services to consumers using traditional analog communications channels. In 1987, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) chartered an advisory committee to recommend an advanced television system for the United States. From 1990 to 1992, the Advanced Television Test Center (ATTC) tested four all-digital systems, one analog High Definition Television (HDTV) system, and one enhancement NTSC system using broadcast and cable television environment simulators. The formation of the HDTV Grand Alliance in May of 1993 resulted from the withdrawal of the only analog HDTV system from the competition and a stalemate between the other four all-digital systems. The HDTV Grand Alliance system is composed of the best components from previously competing digital systems demonstrated to the FCC. Moving Pictures Experts Group (MPEG-2) syntax is used with novel encoding techniques to deliver a set of video scanning formats for a variety of applications. This paper describes the important features and concepts embodied in the HDTV Grand Alliance system.

High-definition television (HDTV) systems are designed to be free of many of the artifacts that appear in NTSC transmissions. HDTV and enhanced-definition television (EDTV) systems that are compatible with NTSC can also be designed to be free of these artifacts. Signal processing used to maintain constant luminance and to eliminate cross color, cross luminance, interline flicker, and objectionable line structure is discussed.

A copy protection (CP) system is proposed for transmission of high-definition (HD) baseband video signals among consumer electronic (CE) products in the home. An encryption technique adds fluctuating pseudo-random amplitude-offsets to the components of the video signal to be protected, thereby disrupting the entertainment value of intercepted signals. The decryption technique subtracts equivalent offsets regenerated by legitimate receiving devices, thereby restoring the signal. The value of each offset remains constant for the duration of each horizontal scan line so that simple analog voltage summing/differencing circuits can be used for encryption/decryption of analog video signals. The same simple encryption/decryption algorithms can be used for digital implementations to protect digital transmission. Arguments are presented regarding why a CP system for baseband HD video is needed to ensure forward compatible access to premium content by emerging categories of HD-capable CE products. Prototype hardware implementing the analog encryption/decryption techniques has been successfully demonstrated.

The transmission of HDTV (high-definition television) signals on available digital networks and satellites requires the adoption of sophisticated compression techniques to limit the bit-rate requirements and to provide a high-quality and reliable service. A hybrid predictive/transform system has been devised and implemented. The main parameters of this system are in accordance with those being recommended by CMTT for the transmission of conventional component TV. The basic algorithms, the codec architecture, the developed VLSI, and the equipment are described. The codec is designed to operate with the currently envisaged TV and HDTV formats and with a wide range of transmission rates. The optimization of the system and the evaluation of its performance have been carried out on the basis of a large number of subjective tests in accordance with the user requirements specified by the standardization bodies. The codecs have been extensively tested on-field during experimental point-to-multipoint satellite transmission of HDTV signals. >

In the paper the features of protocols and the basic methods of organization of multimedia information transfer in telecommunication networks and distributed corporate safety networks are represented. The analysis of formats of basic elements of signals used in standards of multimedia information transfer is given.

Efficient baseband analog processing proven in hardware for a 525-line progressively scanned HDTV (high-definition TV) image is described. The processing steps are also suitable for 1050-line interlaced HDTV images. Specific terrestrial and cable HDTV packaging formats for baseband processing are presented which exploit efficient NTSC (National Television System Committee) compatibility for program delivery in North America. Analog augmentation formats requiring 4 MHz or 3 MHz of spectrum in addition to the NTSC signal are disclosed that may be suitable for taboo channel utilization. All signal components are readily transcodable from a MAC (multiplexed analog component) satellite format utilizing the same generic baseband analog processing method. Augmentation implementation issues associated with an actual hardware prototype are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

The arrival of digital television (DTV) has created a curious maelstrom of tentative engineering excitement, business anxiety, creative skepticism, and spotty consumer anticipation. In light of the imminent debut of new DTV services, lingering technical debates on DTV formats are no longer helpful, and, in the larger scheme of things, they are already anachronistic. In the context of the front end of the new television system, DTV image acquisition, technical debate certainly still swirls unchecked. This paper will attempt some perspectives intended to urge a move to the next and most important phase of this inter-industry DTV movement, namely, proactive implementation by the creative program production community. The present technical status of DTV image acquisition will prove to be better than many believe. It is suggested that the rigorous implementation of Standards should be subservient to the paced and incremental march of Technology, and that it is the Creative community that best drives the pace of advance of the latter. At some point, it becomes essential for the realities and subjectivity of digital program creation to supplant misguided engineering rigor. Resolution will be central to much that is examined here. There is surely no technical performance parameter that is so carelessly bandied, and so grossly misunderstood, particularly when it comes to the realities of widescreen standard-definition television (SDTV) and high-definition television (HDTV) picture acquisition.

The advent of satellite communications brought a new era to the TV industry. In the early years, however, the use of satellites was quite costly and limited by the modest capacity of the first commercial communications satellites. However, the evolution of satellite technology and the development of satellite aggregators, such as Brightstar, Wold Communications, Bonneville, IDB, Keystone, and Globecast, led to a sharp reduction in the cost of satellite television. The development of full-time, annualized satellite transponder charges – as opposed to per-minute fees – was also critical to the development of much lower satellite television fees. P. Marshall (*) Royal Television Society, London, UK e-mail: pmsatellites@btinternet.com # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015 J.N. Pelton et al. (eds.), Handbook of Satellite Applications, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-6423-5_85-2 1 The evolution of digital television services was another important breakthrough. Instead of the one or two television channels per transponder with analog systems, it became possible to derive up to 18 channels per transponder. Digital transmission speeded up the evolution of domestic television satellite systems and played a key role in the growth of direct-to-home satellite broadcasting. The development of satellite-based video systems was not seamless and encountered periods of major market difficulties. One of the most prominent market development issues was the failure of early direct broadcast satellite systems (or BSS in the terminology of the ITU). However, DBS (or BSS) satellite markets are now well established in international, regional, and domestic markets. They are not only highly successful but represent by far the largest single satellite market in terms of revenues. Most recently, there has been a rapid growth of high-definition television (HDTV) service via satellite. These satellite services compete with coaxial cable and fiber-optic-based CATV systems. The economics of satellite television are quite different from terrestrial networks because once a direct broadcast satellite system is launched and operational there is very little incremental cost beyond the consumer terminal needed to receive service. The advent of new digital interface standards known as digital video broadcast with return channel service (DVB-RCS) and Digital Over Cable Service Interface Standard (DOCSIS) have allowed the rapid development of digital television over satellite and cable systems. DOCSIS is now widely used for both satellite and cable television systems. These digital standards, together with high-power fixed satellite systems and broadcast satellite systems – that by definition have high power – allow not only the distribution of a large number of video channels to consumers but also low-cost distribution of high-speed digital data service to both home consumers and businesses. These digital satellite video systems can be – and indeed are – used to provide broader band digital services to the “edge” of digital networks at low cost. Thus DBS and higher powered FSS satellite systems are now being used to provide commercial broadband data services to business as well as broader band digital services to remotely located consumers.

All digital television broadcast schemes require some form of forward error correction. Trellis coded modulation and Reed-Solomon (RS) codes are two of the most commonly used error correction strategies. While RS codes have been used for a fairly long time in various applications and are well understood, use of trellis coded modulation has been restricted mostly to telephone modems. We explain the principles of trellis coded modulation and how trellis codes can be chosen as part of the error correction strategy for digital television broadcasting. A variety of coding and interleaving schemes that can be used to obtain the desired performance for compressed TV signal transmission is discussed. The nature of the terrestrial channel and the system performance requirements for a high definition television (HDTV) system are described, including a coding strategy called concatenated coding. >

Genetically modified hyperlipidemic mice provide important information on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, but most experimental designs are limited to in vitro or ex vivo examinations. The present study was designed to detect atherosclerotic lesions in situ in apolipoprotein E-knockout (apoE-KO) mice using a newly developed angiography system, synchrotron radiation (SR) microangiography, which uses monochromatic SR as an X-ray source and a high definition camera or video system as a detector. Digital microangiography with 7 mm pixel sizes was carried out and atherosclerotic lesion in small arteries less than 500 microm in diameter were detected. Moreover, the coronary artery stenotic lesion of an apoE-KO mouse was detected in situ with the angiography system. The new SR microangiography system is a powerful tool for investigating atherosclerotic lesions in situ in genetically engineered mice and will promote the basic study of atherosclerotic disease.

The present telecommunication evolution is driven by a very complex relationship between market forces and new advanced technologies. This process is accelerated, among other things, by regulation actions and, more important, by the availability for end users of competing alternative solutions. Aim of the paper is first to discuss some of the major requirements/opportunities ‐ from standard to business user needs, from intelligence to decentralization, from mobile to image communications. This allows setting a rationale and an overall consistent framework for the three‐year Subproject 1: Structure of Broadband Communication Network. After a brief introduction about the innovation process in complex systems, the paper clarifies the role and the time scale for the service offering of broadband structures in telecommunication networks. The main research topics are then summarized thereby giving an introduction to the three more focused Conference papers, which consider specific relevant issues, broadband network evolution, metropolitan area networks, and satellite systems for high‐definition television (HDTV). Finally, the subproject organization, work progress and major achievements obtained in the first‐year activity are outlined.

The development of television system standards in the CIR (International Radio Consultative Committee) is reviewed. Background and results of the extraordinary meeting on high-definition television (HDTV) of CCIR Study Group II are presented. The arguments for a global studio standard for HDTV are examined as are the proposals for achieving this objective. The evolution toward digital systems and the preparation of emission/transmission standards is summarized. Cost, size, weight, and time frame are seen to be major constraints.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>