Grand alliance HDTV

Three-dimensional vision with improved depth perception and spatial orientation has already proved its superiority to the two-dimensional vision in endoscopic surgery. However, those benefits remain unidentified in cardiac surgery. For the first time, we compare performance of a three-dimensional high-definition video system with a two-dimensional high-definition video system in patients undergoing totally endoscopic mitral valve replacement. We enrolled 90 patients with mitral valve disease in a single institution, from June 2013 to June 2016. Totally endoscopic mitral valve replacement was performed by the same surgeon using either a three-dimensional high-definition (n=43) or a two-dimensional high-definition (n=47) video system with the same surgical technique. Short-term outcomes were compared between the two groups. All medical records were retrieved from a prospectively maintained database of minimally invasive cardiac surgery. All surgeries were successfully completed under totally endoscopic guidance. There were no intraoperative complications in either group. The use of three-dimensional video system reduced aortic cross-clamp time by approximately 10% (3D vs. 2D: 65.74±14.32 vs. 72.67±14.67 min, P=0.027). No significant differences were observed in cardiopulmonary bypass time, postoperative ventilation duration, length of surgical intensive care unit stay, length of hospital stay, and major complications between the two groups. There were no perioperative deaths in either group. Compared with the two-dimensional video system, the three-dimensional high-definition video system provided a better surgical experience with the same operative safety for totally endoscopic mitral valve replacement.

The high definition television (HDTV) system is introduced to microneurosurgery. Five cases with intracranial lesions: three cerebral aneurysms (giant aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery and internal carotid artery, aneurysm of the basilar artery), one acoustic neurinoma and one skull base meningioma, were operated on under the microscope using the HDTV system. The surgical procedures of each case were relayed and recorded by the system. In two of the five cases, we used two sets of HDTV system to produce stereoscopic projection. The HDTV system provided us with images of superior quality with a distinctly greater resolution than ordinary video systems.

The High-Definition television (HDTV) system onboard the Japanese lunar explorer Kaguya (SELENE) consists of a telephotographic camera and a wide-angle camera that each have 2.2 M-pixel IT-CCDs (interline transfer charge-coupled devices) and LSIs (large-scale integrated circuits) of the several-million-gates class. One minute-long motion pictures acquired by the HDTV system at 30 fps (frames per second) are recorded in a 1 GB semiconductor memory after compression, and then transmitted to a ground station. In the development of the space-going HDTV system, a commercial ground-model HDTV system was extensively modified and evaluated for its suitability to withstand the harsh environment of space through environmental tests. The HDTV acquired a total of 6.3 TB of movies and still images of the Earth and the Moon over the mission period that started on September 29, 2007, and ended on June 11, 2009. Footage of an “Earth-rise” and an “Earth-set” on the lunar horizon were captured for the first time by the HDTV system. During a lunar eclipse, images of the Earth’s “diamond ring” were acquired for the first time. The CCDs and the instruments used in the system remained in good working order throughout the mission period, despite the harsh space environment, which suggests a potential new approach to the development of instruments for use in space.

The Indecency of Indecency: How Technology Affects the Constitutionality of Content-Based Broadcast Regulation

The popular, business, and scientific media are full of predictions and promises for the national and global information infrastructures. However, one key problem is enabling interoperability in an open communications environment. In digital communications, simple examination does not reveal what a stream of bits represents-bits are bits. Headers and descriptors, a labeling mechanism, provide important identification for bit streams and thereby enable interoperability. Our work on headers and descriptors is part of a continuing effort to understand and foster the convergence and interplay of computing, communications, and interactive media. The header/descriptor concept, as represented here, began with US based efforts to define an advanced television system, high definition television (HDTV). Cross industry harmonization objectives, especially interoperability with digital computer and telecommunications systems, became formal selection criteria for the Federal Communications Commission's advanced television selection process. We explain the objectives and rationale underlying our work on headers and descriptors, and propose specific design concepts for achieving a truly universal header. An attractive, accessible, and sustainable information infrastructure depends on easy data sharing and preservation across varying systems. This larger goal, not simply the market needs of advanced television, drives our efforts.

An HDTV broadcasting system that uses low-power repeaters arranged in a cellular fashion to extend the service area of a primary advanced TV (ATV) system is described. Examples of ATV extended coverage contours based on DigiCipher high-definition TV (HDTV) measured performance parameters and Federal Communications Commission (FCC) propagation tables are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Efficient content-based search and retrieval of video databases has become an important industrial and consumer application due to rapid proliferation of compressed digital video data on the Internet and corporate Intranets, and due to the launch of high definition television (HDTV) broadcasts in 1998. We have developed the first HDTV video content management system that automatically analyzes motion occurring in MPEG-2 encoded videos within the compressed domain itself. Our system produces descriptors characterizing the global motion in videos for content retrieval and repurposing applications in a digital television studio. These motion-direction and magnitude based video labels can be directly, incorporated as annotation indexes into a database for querying, or used to construct higher level event descriptions of videos. Results from our ongoing experiments with tens of thousands of frames obtained from several MPEG-1,2 video streams of various genres demonstrate the good performance of our annotation system in terms of motion identification accuracy and computational efficiency.

American television and radio broadcasters are uniquely privileged among Federal Communications Commission (FCC) licensees. Exalted as public trustees by the 1934 Communications Act, broadcasters pay virtually nothing for the use of their channels of public radiofrequency spectrum, unlike many other FCC licensees who have paid billions of dollars for similar digital spectrum. Congress envisioned a social contract of sorts between broadcast licensees and the communities they served. In exchange for their free licenses, broadcast stations were charged with providing a platform for a "free marketplace of ideas" that would cultivate a democratically engaged and enlightened citizenry through the broadcasting of "public interest" programming. Few, other than the broadcasters themselves, would dispute that this "public trustee" doctrine has been a dismal failure. In exchange for the tens of billions of dollars of advertising revenue generated by their licenses, commercial television and radio broadcasters air very little-and some air none-of the kinds of locally oriented public affairs, political, educational, and cultural programming traditionally considered "public interest" fare. Congress and the FCC have failed to correct the mismatch between the proven profit-making power of public trusteeship and its anemic returns for the American people. To the contrary, Congress and the FCC, captured by the broadcast industry they regulate, have continued to subsidize commercial broadcasters constructively by awarding them new lucrative digital channels at no cost to them, while lifting ownership concentration limits and eliminating or failing to enforce the few remaining public interest programming requirements. This Article begins by surveying the history of the public trustee doctrine, its First Amendment contradictions, and the legislative and regulatory failures and frustrations that have bedeviled the pursuit of a 'free marketplace of ideas" on the nation's airwaves. It then explores the First Amendment's public forum doctrine as an alternative justification for government regulation of the public spectrum, reasoning in favor of the government's proactive creation and maintenance of public speech fora. After examining the Internet both as a public forum and as the sort of "free marketplace of ideas" that the broadcast spectrum was expected-but failed to create, this Article argues that an affirmative public forum doctrine supports a requirement that broadcasters subsidize broadband Internet access in low-income and underserved communities.

The Empirical Case Against Asymmetric Regulation of Broadband Internet Access

A quiet revolution is taking place in television broadcasting. The Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) 3.0, the very first Internet Protocol (IP)-based terrestrial digital television (DTV) broadcasting standard, has started commercial service in the Republic of Korea. For the first time ever, 4K ultrahigh-definition (UHD) TV signals are being broadcast over the air as a national DTV service. The Winter Olympics in 2018 will be the first Olympics broadcast in 4K UHD directly to TV receivers. And, in the United States, the Federal Communications Commission is in a rulemaking process to allow broadcasters to begin transmitting ATSC 3.0-compatible signals.

compressed domain processing, transcoding, video editing, MPEG, splicing, reverse play, frame rate conversion, interlace to progressive, motion vector resampling Video compression algorithms are being used to compress digital video for a wide variety of applications, including video delivery over the Internet, advanced television broadcasting, video streaming, video conferencing, and video storage and editing. The impressive performance of modern compression algorithms, combined with the growing availability of video encoders and decoders and low-cost computers, storage devices, and networking equipment, makes it evident that between video capture and video playback, video will be handled in compressed video form. The resulting end-toend compressed digital video systems motivate the need to develop efficient algorithms for handling compressed digital video.

Although most politicians, pundits, academics, and editorial writers continue to disavow protectionism, the concept of managed trade has gained a certain cachet recently. Largely because of America's continuing $50 billion a year trade deficit with Japan, it now is respectable to argue that the United States should abandon free trade and its trade relations with Japan. Indeed, the future of the so-called structural impediments initiative to elicit substantial changes in how the Japanese economy is organized to absorb imports has lent more credence to those who advocate managed trade. Even in Japan, high-level bureaucrats and politicians are resigning themselves to trade management with the United States. On both sides of the Pacific, the traders are on the defensive. The debate is hopelessly confused. In trade policy, as in most other areas of public policy-making, the way choices are posed and goals tacitly accepted can make all the difference. The real choice isn't between free trade and managed trade. The question should be: How are we to manage our trade, and for what ends? Herewith, an attempt to sort out the issues. One problem is that no one any longer knows what free trade is. The world over, formal tariffs and quotas are being superseded by a broad range of what are euphemistically called Formal tariffs and quotas clearly block trade; their purposes and effects are indisputable. But nontariff barriers are often in the eyes of the beholder. Thus, while free trade obviously means the absence of tariffs and quotas, its meaning quickly becomes relative in the face of nontariff barriers. What, for example, are we to make of a recent ruling by the Federal Communications Commission that Japan's technical standard for high-definition television will not be acceptable in the United States because it will render obsolete television sets now in use? The effect of this ruling is to block (or seriously impede) Japanese manufacturers of high-definition televisions from selling their products in the United States. Or what of a European Community ruling against the importation of beef laced with hormones, the effect of which is to block American cattle raisers from Europe? Similar examples can be found for a wide range of government policies whose explicit purposes involve public health and safety, the environment, national defense, public procurement, publicly supported research

Efficient error protection strategies for robust satellite broadcast of high-definition television (HDTV) and conventional TV are investigated. The concatenated Reed-Solomon/convolutional code is preferred over the RS code for fewer adverse effects on variable-length codes. A decoded bit error rate of 10/sup -10/ or below can be achieved for all transmitted information at a low threshold E/sub b//N/sub 0/. The most critical video packet data are received near-error-free by using an additional layer of block coding with minimal redundancy and complexity. The effect of loss of synchronization for variable-length codewords due to channel errors is minimized by simple error detection and concealment methods. Digital transmission architectures for the satellite broadcast of HDTV and conventional TV are outlined. >

High-definition television (HDTV) systems are designed to be free of many of the artifacts that appear in NTSC transmissions. HDTV and enhanced-definition television (EDTV) systems that are compatible with NTSC can also be designed to be free of these artifacts. Signal processing used to maintain constant luminance and to eliminate cross color, cross luminance, interline flicker, and objectionable line structure is discussed.

Censorship normally refers to the Government's actions to ban different forms of freedom of speech (i.e. suppression of words or images). However, cries of censorship were heard as a result of the decision taken by television broadcast networks to interrupt the transmission of a Presidential press conference in November 2020. Some interpreted this act as censorship against public authorities. Others thought it was a legal (and necessary) measure to combat fake news. This article addresses whether the decision to limit a televised broadcast by President Trump was censorship or, alternatively, whether it was a valid, innovative measure to fight fake news. To tackle these issues, it is necessary that some of the related duties and rights television broadcast stations have before the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), governmental authority in charge of these matters, must be revised.