Extending HDTV coverage using low power repeaters-a cellular approach

Terrestrial broadcast television in the United States has remained essentially unchanged in the last fifty years except for the addition of color and stereo sound. Today, personal computers are addressing the need for random access of high resolution images and CD quality audio. Furthermore, advances in digital video compression and digital communication technology have cleared the way toward offering high resolution video and audio services to consumers using traditional analog communications channels. In 1987, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) chartered an advisory committee to recommend an advanced television system for the United States. From 1990 to 1992, the Advanced Television Test Center (ATTC) tested four all-digital systems, one analog High Definition Television (HDTV) system, and one enhancement NTSC system using broadcast and cable television environment simulators. The formation of the HDTV Grand Alliance in May of 1993 resulted from the withdrawal of the only analog HDTV system from the competition and a stalemate between the other four all-digital systems. The HDTV Grand Alliance system is composed of the best components from previously competing digital systems demonstrated to the FCC. Moving Pictures Experts Group (MPEG-2) syntax is used with novel encoding techniques to deliver a set of video scanning formats for a variety of applications. This paper describes the important features and concepts embodied in the HDTV Grand Alliance system.

Although most politicians, pundits, academics, and editorial writers continue to disavow protectionism, the concept of managed trade has gained a certain cachet recently. Largely because of America's continuing $50 billion a year trade deficit with Japan, it now is respectable to argue that the United States should abandon free trade and its trade relations with Japan. Indeed, the future of the so-called structural impediments initiative to elicit substantial changes in how the Japanese economy is organized to absorb imports has lent more credence to those who advocate managed trade. Even in Japan, high-level bureaucrats and politicians are resigning themselves to trade management with the United States. On both sides of the Pacific, the traders are on the defensive. The debate is hopelessly confused. In trade policy, as in most other areas of public policy-making, the way choices are posed and goals tacitly accepted can make all the difference. The real choice isn't between free trade and managed trade. The question should be: How are we to manage our trade, and for what ends? Herewith, an attempt to sort out the issues. One problem is that no one any longer knows what free trade is. The world over, formal tariffs and quotas are being superseded by a broad range of what are euphemistically called Formal tariffs and quotas clearly block trade; their purposes and effects are indisputable. But nontariff barriers are often in the eyes of the beholder. Thus, while free trade obviously means the absence of tariffs and quotas, its meaning quickly becomes relative in the face of nontariff barriers. What, for example, are we to make of a recent ruling by the Federal Communications Commission that Japan's technical standard for high-definition television will not be acceptable in the United States because it will render obsolete television sets now in use? The effect of this ruling is to block (or seriously impede) Japanese manufacturers of high-definition televisions from selling their products in the United States. Or what of a European Community ruling against the importation of beef laced with hormones, the effect of which is to block American cattle raisers from Europe? Similar examples can be found for a wide range of government policies whose explicit purposes involve public health and safety, the environment, national defense, public procurement, publicly supported research

IF A NEW high-tech television is in your future, you might want to bone up on your geometry. Let me explain. In the early days of television, the National Television Standards Commission (NTSC) set the aspect ratio (width divided by height) of the television screen at 4 by 3 or 1.33. Today, you can still buy 4-by-3 sets, or you can buy a widescreen set with an aspect ratio of 16 by 9 or 1.78. Most television stations or channels still broadcast in a 4-by-3 format, so a television set with that aspect ratio makes sense. However, if you watch a lot of movies or programs on high-definition, cable, or satellite channels, a number of these will be widescreen productions. Now here is the downside of this geometry. If you watch a 16-by-9 program on a 4-by-3 set, the screen is boxed--meaning it has black bars on the top and bottom of the screen (Figure 1, top). If you watch a 4-by-3 program on a 16-by-9 set, the image is boxed--meaning there are black bars on the left and right of the screen (Figure 1, bottom). In either case, a sizable portion of the television screen is unused. (I should mention here that Europe and other parts of the world do not use the NTSC standard, so some of what follows does not apply to readers outside the U.S.) [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] There are several work arounds for letter boxing and pillar boxing. Most widescreen sets (16 by 9) have aspect adjustments. The most common aspect adjustment is to stretch--or widen--a 4-by-3 program to fill the widescreen. I suppose you could get used to this, but it sure makes people look plump. Going in the opposite direction, some widescreen DVD movies are also available in full-screen versions, but this is becoming less and less common. A second downside to this geometry quandary is that watching a 4-by-3 program on a large widescreen set (unstretched) is like watching it on a significantly smaller 4-by-3 set. What you thought was going to look like a large picture looks a lot smaller. Here's a brief tabular presentation of effective viewing reduction for widescreen sets of various sizes. (The figures are for diagonal measurements and are in inches.) CNet has an online calculator that will give you these comparisons for any size widescreen set at http://reviews.cnet.com/ 4520-7608_7-1016109-4.html. Hint: CNet calls pillar boxing window boxing, and remember to use the lower of the two calculators. The bottom line is you must examine your viewing habits before you buy a new television. Of course, if you have the space, you can have a television room and a separate home theater room for your widescreen. Ultimately, most people will buy a newer widescreen set because they want to move up to High-Definition Television (HDTV) and because they like the movie theater look of the newer format. The old television standard set by the NTSC was labeled 480i. This format had 480 horizontal lines of resolution that were, as the i signifies, That is, the television displayed the odd-numbered lines every 60th of a second and the even-numbered lines in the next 60th of a second. You can actually see these lines if you look closely at the screen. Unfortunately, viewers rarely saw a television program with all 480 lines of resolution, since most programming was produced with only about 250 lines of resolution. And interlacing causes an imperceptible flicker that can contribute to eyestrain. The most common HDTV standards are 720p and 1080i or 1080p. Each has as many lines of resolution as the numbers suggest. The p stands for progressive scan, which means that all lines are displayed at one time--not interlaced. Suffice it to say, if you buy an HDTV you should be sure it can display at least one of the standards mentioned here. Another important consideration is the number of pixels (picture elements) an HDTV can display. Most newer HDTVs have pixel ratings of about 1280 by 720. …

Ultra-wideband (UWB) is an alternative wireless communications technology that offers high bandwidth wireless communications without the constraints of spectrum allocation. Fundamentally different from conventional radio frequency communications, UWB relies on a series of narrow, precisely timed pulses to transmit digital data. Transmitters and receivers that use UWB can be much simpler to build than their conventional counterparts, resulting in lower cost and higher power efficiency. Moreover, the inherent properties of UWB emissions allow them to potentially coexist with conventional wireless systems on a noninterfering basis. In April 2002, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) released UWB emission masks and introduced the concept of coexistence with traditional and protected radio services in the frequency spectrum, which allows the operation of UWB systems mainly in the 3.1 to 10.6 GHz band, limiting the power level emission to -41dBm/MHz. Within the power limit allowed under the current FCC regulations, Ultra-wideband can not only carry huge amounts of data over a shortto- medium distance at very low power (this range can be extended by using ad-hoc or mesh networks), but it also has the ability to carry signals through doors and other obstacles that tend to reflect signals at more limited bandwidths and a higher power (Reed, 2005). At higher power levels, UWB signals can travel to significantly greater ranges. In March 2005, the FCC granted the waiver request, filed by the multiband Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) alliance (MBOA), in which it approved the change in measurement for the all UWB technologies (neutral approach) (Barret, 2005). The FCC’s waiver grants effectively removes the previous transmit power penalties for both frequency-hopping (OFDM) and gated UWB technologies (TH and DS). Hence, they are allowed to transmit at higher power levels and then become idle for some time, as long as they meet the limits for average power density. This new rules allow those technologies to achieve up to four times better performance and double the range.

Three-dimensional signal processing for full utilization of NTSC signals and transmission capacities

This paper proposes Intra frame coding in Advanced Video Coding Standard/H.264 to reduce bit rate and control PSNR using new technique i.e. Gaussian pulse. The previous work on Intra frame in Advanced Video Coding Standard/H.264 using fast mode decision prediction algorithm was measured the performance parameters and achieved increased in bit rate, degradation of PSNR for different quantization parameters. So that in order to avoid loss or degradation of PSNR, to avoid increment in bit rate and also save encode time in Intra frame coding, Gaussian pulse method are used. Intra frame coded by prediction process of H.264/AVC, which consists of nine prediction modes (0-8). Mode 1 is Horizontal intra prediction mode used for present work intra frame in AVC/H.264 and measure performance parameters such as PSNR and bit rate. The proposed algorithm is based on Gaussian pulse which is multiplied with each 4×4 transformed coefficients of 4×4 sub macro block of Intra frame which provides signal in reversible way and avoids image getting bad hit for coarse quantization step. The proposed algorithm intra frame coding tested coded and implemented using MATLAB and compared with JM 18.6 reference algorithm of H.264/AVC. The simulation results of proposed method are compared with JM 18.6 reference algorithm of H.264/AVC. The simulation results shows that the proposed algorithm achieved controlled PSNR and reduced bit rate of 32.75% and also saves encode time 66.23 % of QCIF sequences under QP 28 with different Gaussian value 0.1,0.3 and 0.6 for Horizontal intra prediction mode using Gaussian pulse.

On 11th November 1932, Mr. I. Shoenberg, the Director of Research at Electric and Musical Industries Ltd. (EMI), invited the BBC's Chief Engineer, Mr. N. Ashbridge, to a private demonstration of both the transmission and reception of television.

This paper presents the design and simulation results for a Federal Communication Committee (FCC) complaint current starved delay line based Ultra Wide Band (UWB) Gaussian pulse transmitter, which is designed for operating in the 3.1–10.6 GHz range. The wavelet is a mono cycle Gaussian impulse wave, which is practically well suited for low cost, low power, low data rate wireless data transfer such as in wireless body area network (WBAN) applications. The transmitter operating frequency and bandwidth (BW) is controlled using a dc voltage provided at the input stage of a voltage controlled delay line (VCDL) and this aspect can be exploited for increasing the communication coverage area without compromising on the power consumption. A Gaussian wave shaping is performed for FCC compliance and the simulation has been carried out with 130 nm technology. The simulation of our design suggests an average dynamic power consumption of 1.11 mw for an energy efficiency of 14.2 pJ/pulse. The proposed IR-UWB transmitter design though a bit inferior in terms of the power efficiency, can claim superior performance with respect to tuning the BW, which is very relevant in a cognitive wireless networking scenario with other interfering signals.

1.1 Impulse Radio (IR) Ultra Wideband (UWB) Communications Ultra wideband (UWB) communication is a fast emerging technology that offers new opportunities such as high data rates, low equipment cost, low power, precise positioning capability and extremely low interference Ghawami (2005). A wide range of possible UWB communication system applications includes radars due to UWB ultra high precision ranging at the centimeter level, wireless personal area networks (WPAN), sensor networks, imaging systems, UWB positioning systems, etc. Yang (2004), Kshetrimayum (2009). From a commercial point of view, the high data rates are the most attractive feature of UWB systems for which speeds of over 100Mb/s have been demonstrated Ghawami (2005). There exist three main types of UWB technologies: impulse radio (IR UWB), direct sequence (DS UWB), and multi-band orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB OFDM) Ran (2009). IR UWB communication technique is essentially different from all other communication techniques because it is carrier free and uses for communication between transmitters and receivers very narrow radio frequency (RF) pulses generated from the UWB pulse generator, while traditional transmission systems transmit information by varying the power, frequency, and/or phase of a sinusoidal wave in a modulation process Kshetrimayum (2009), Yao (2007). Consequently, complicated frequency mixers and local oscillators for carrier frequency up and down conversion are not necessary Yao (2007). IR UWB modulation techniques are especially important because the UWB spectrum has been made available by the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) and it can be used with IRs developed to date Lin (2005). Waveforms for IR UWB are designed to obtain a flat frequency response over the bandwidth of the pulse and to avoid a DC component. The large spectrum of a UWB signal may interfere with existing users. In order to keep this interference to the minimum, FCC specifies spectral masks for different applications, i.e. the allowed power output for specific frequencies Ghawami (2005). A contiguous bandwidth of 7.5GHz is available in the frequency interval of (3.1− 10.6)GHz at a maximum power output of −41.3dBm/MHz which is considered as extremely low Ghawami (2005). The power spectral density (PSD) of UWB systems defined as a ratio of the transmitted power P in watts and a signal bandwidth B in hertz is extremely low as compared to other communication systems due to the very wide bandwidth B of short pulses that are typically of nanosecond or picosecond order Ghawami (2005). The selection of the impulse signal type for IR UWB communication system is essential since it determines

For better or worse, television has been the dominant medium of communication for 50 years. Almost all American households have a television set; many have more than one. Transmitting images and sounds electronically is a relatively recent invention, one that required passionate inventors, determined businessmen, government regulators, and willing consumers. This volume in the Greenwood Technographies series covers the entire history of television from 19the-century European conceptions of transmitting moving images electrically to the death of TV as a discrete system in a digital age. Magoun also discusses the changing face of television in the displays that people watch around the globe. Television: The Life Story of a Technology appeals to students and lay readers alike in highlighting key events and people: the American engineers and entrepreneus such as Vladimir Zworykin and David Sarnoff who ignited the television industry; the bloom of programming choices in tandem with the Baby Boom generation; the development of cable and satellite TV; the Asians who innovated American inventions in videorecording and flat-panel displays; the use of TV in wartime; and the new worlds of digital and high-definition television. Based on the latest research, this crisply written, sometimes provocative survey includes a glossary, timeline, and bibliography for further infomration.

In order to verify the effectiveness of the "Ecological Rucksack" as an indicator on resource utilization for electrical and electronic equipments, the Ecological Rucksack of 36-inch high-definition TVs produced in 1993 and 2003 has been estimated in cooperation with the Wuppertal Institute in Germany. The Ecological Rucksack (abiotic material) of the 1993 product was 19 tons (product mass 91.0 kg) and that of the 2003 product was 7.7 tons (product mass 79.5 kg), therefore, an approximate 11 tons or 60% reduction. The breakdown of the Ecological Rucksack (abiotic material) of the 1993 product indicated that the values associated with the print circuit board mounted inc. electronic components (hereafter called PC board) represented approximately 50% of the total, followed by power consumption during use at 40%. The PC board represented less than 10% of the product mass but occupied approx 50% of the Ecological Rucksack (abiotic material). The smaller and lighter PC boards employed in the later product substantially contributed to the reduction of Ecological Rucksack. As evident in the example of the PC board, the consideration of Ecological Rucksack reveals the hidden material flow and presents a new approach to resource utilization.However as for the materials used over the life cycle of a high-definition TV set, the factors obtainable from the MI factors table represented only 25% of the product mass. By applying the MI factors of materials with equivalent properties, the rate of MI factors increased to 99% of the product mass, thereby enabling an estimation of the Ecological Rucksack for a TV set. The estimation made this time around underlined the fact that further examination of the data was required for the PC board, because it would strongly affect the evaluation results for determining the Ecological Rucksack of a high-definition TV set. Further enhancement of the database is therefore required for enabling applications to electric and electronic equipment.

The popular, business, and scientific media are full of predictions and promises for the national and global information infrastructures. However, one key problem is enabling interoperability in an open communications environment. In digital communications, simple examination does not reveal what a stream of bits represents-bits are bits. Headers and descriptors, a labeling mechanism, provide important identification for bit streams and thereby enable interoperability. Our work on headers and descriptors is part of a continuing effort to understand and foster the convergence and interplay of computing, communications, and interactive media. The header/descriptor concept, as represented here, began with US based efforts to define an advanced television system, high definition television (HDTV). Cross industry harmonization objectives, especially interoperability with digital computer and telecommunications systems, became formal selection criteria for the Federal Communications Commission's advanced television selection process. We explain the objectives and rationale underlying our work on headers and descriptors, and propose specific design concepts for achieving a truly universal header. An attractive, accessible, and sustainable information infrastructure depends on easy data sharing and preservation across varying systems. This larger goal, not simply the market needs of advanced television, drives our efforts.

The authors have investigated the effect of module performance parameters and environmental factors on the energy delivery of amorphous-silicon multijunction modules. They have developed a model that calculates the energy delivered by a module using available meteorological data and measured performance parameters. These performance parameters have been derived from multijunction modules under controlled conditions as well as through the reduction of data from arrays. They show how variations in these parameters affect the energy delivered at a given array site. They also show that the energy delivered by these amorphous-silicon multijunction modules is well predicted by efficiency measurements under standard reporting conditions. >

An integrated output amplifier with an output voltage swing of more than 150 V/sub pp/, a slew rate of 12 kV/ mu s, a large-signal bandwidth of 30 MHz, and a small-signal bandwidth exceeding 60 MHz is described. It is intended to drive the cathode of a cathode ray tube (CRT) in a projection television or a high-definition television (HDTV) set. The amplifier comprises a transadmittance stage followed by a feedback transimpedance amplifier. A zero in the feedback transfer allows the open-loop voltage gain of the transimpedance amplifier to have a -12-dB/octave slope at the unity loop-gain frequency. A zero in the transfer of the transadmittance stage results in a larger overall bandwidth than is possible in a conventional voltage-feedback configuration. The high-voltage DMOS technology which is used is based on a 10-mask bipolar process with double-sided p+ isolation and n+ collector diffusions. The 150-V/sub pp/ step response is shown. The rise and fall times are 11 and 12 ns, respectively, yielding slew rates of 13 and 12 kV/ mu s respectively. The overshoot is 12%. The small-signal (10 V/sub pp/) bandwidth, limited by the third pole of the transimpedance amplifier, exceeds 60 MHz. The large-signal (150-V/sub pp/) bandwidth, limited by slew rate, is 30 MHz. >

A. Executive and independent agencies ANNUALSURVEY OF COMMUNICATIONS SERVICES 1995 (February 1997, 22 pp. plus four appendices— $7.50 from GPO, paper) PRIVACY AND SELF REGULATION IN THE INFORMATION AGE (June 1997) TELEMEDICINE REPORT TO CONGRESS (January 1997, available from NTIS (order PB97–141030) for $47.00, paper) LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE ASSISTANCE PROGRAM (October 1996, 48 pp.) TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE ASSISTANCE PROGRAM: FISCAL YEAR 1996 GRANT AWARDS (no date, 78 pp.) GLOSSARY OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS TERMS (1996, FED‐STD‐1037C, also available on the agency's web site: http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs‐1037/) HIGH FREQUENCY (3–30 MHz) SPECTRUM PLANNING OPTIONS (Special Publication 96–322,1996) TABLES OF FREQUENCY ALLOCATION AND OTHER EXTRACTS has long been a small white booklet give‐away, taken from the larger NTIA MANUAL OF REGULATIONS AND PROCEDURES FOR FEDERAL RADIO FREQUENCY MANAGEMENT. Because of demand, the small booklet is now available though GPO for $7.50. UNITED STATES FREQUENCY ALLOCATIONS: THE RADIO SPECTRUM, March 1996 (1997, one color poster, $3.25 from GPO) FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT GUIDE AND PRIVACY ACT OVERVIEW (September 1996, 711 pp.—$34.00 at GPO, paper) is an annual publication which, along with its companion volume, FREEDOM OF INFORMATION CASE LIST (September 1996,479 pp.—$24.00 at GPO, paper) SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO THE CONGRESS (issues covering October 1,1995 to March 31,1996, and April 1 to September 30,1996) DIGITAL TORNADO: THE INTERNET AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICY by Kevin Werbach (Office of Plans and Policy Working Paper Series No. 29, March 1997, 86 pp., paper, diagrams, tables, notes: also available on Internet: http‐7/ www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/OPP/ working_papers/oppwp29.pdf) STATISTICS OF COMMUNICATIONS COMMON CARRIERS: 1995/96 EDITION (1997,347 pp.—$30.00 from GPO, paper) 61st ANNUAL REPORT, FISCAL YEAR 1995 (1997,102 pp.—$8.00 from GPO, paper) TRENDS IN TELEPHONE SERVICE (Industry Analysis Division, Common Carrier Bureau, May 1996, available on World Wide Web at: http:// www.fedworl.gov) ACCESS TO THE INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY AND EMERGING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES BY PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES (September 1996,75 pp.) VENONA: SOVIET ESPIONAGE AND THE AMERICAN RESPONSE 1939–1957 (August 1996,475 pp., available for $67.50, paper as PB 96928010 from the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, VA 22161 or telephone 703–487–4650) ACCESS AMERICA: RE‐ENGINEERING THROUGH INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (February 3,1997, 130 pp., paper) PIERCING THE FOG: INTELLIGENCE AND ARMY AIR FORCE OPERATIONS IN WORLD WAR H edited by John F. Kreis (Special Studies series, 1996— $30.00, hardbound, ISBN 0–16–048187–2,501 pp., Photos, maps, charts, notes, glossary, bibliography, index) GETTING THE MESSAGE THROUGH:ABRANCH HISTORY OF THE U.S. ARMY SIGNAL CORPS by Rebecca Robbins Raines (Army Historical Series, 1996—$35, hardbound, ISBN 0–16–045351–8,464 pp., 464 pp., figures, maps, photos, 14‐page bibliographic “note,”; glossary, index) SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO THE CONGRESS FROM THE OFFICE OF THE INSPECTOR GENERAL (October 1 1995‐March 31,1996) SEMIANNUAL REPORT TO THE CONGRESS FROM THE OFFICE OF THE INSPECTOR GENERAL (October 1 1995‐March 31,1996) A FRAMEWORK FOR GLOBAL ELECTRONIC COMMERCE (July 1,1997, xx pp.) COMMUNICATIONS STREAM OF CONSPIRACY COMMERCE (White House Press Office, 1997— about 450 pp.) B. Congressional support agencies WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE? THE FCC AUCTIONS AND THE FUTURE OF RADIO SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT (April 1997,80 pp.) U.S. INFORMATION AGENCY: ISSUES RELATED TO REINVENTION PLANNING IN THE OFFICE OF CUBA BROADCASTING (GAO/NSIAD‐96–110, May 1996, 27 pp.) focuses on problems with Radio Mart_operations. TELECOMMUNICATIONS: FTS 2000 COST COMPARISON (GAO/ATMD‐96–95, May 1996, 61 pp.) TELECOMMUNICATIONS: COSTS REPORTED BY FEDERAL ORGANIZATIONS FOR FISCALYAR 1995.(GAO/ AIMD‐96–105, June 1996,70 pp.) TELECOMMUNICATIONS: COMPETITIVE IMPACT OF RESTRUCTURING THE INTERNATIONAL SATELLITE ORGANIZATIONS (GAO/ RCED‐96–204, July 1996,40 pp.) U.S. INFORMATION AGENCY: OPTIONS FOR ADDRESSING POSSIBLE BUDGET REDUCTIONS (GAO/ NSIAD‐96–179, September 1996, 72 pp.) TELECOMMUNICATIONS: COMPETITION ISSUES IN INTERNATIONAL SATELLITE COMMUNICA‐TIONS (GAO/ RCED‐97–1, October 1996,76 pp.) EXPORT CONTROLS: SALE OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT TO CHINA (GAO/NSIAD‐97–5, November 1996,16 pp.) YEAR 2000 COMPUTING CRISIS: AN ASSESSMENT GUIDE—EXPOSURE DRAFT (GAO/AIMD‐10.1.14, February 1997,’32 pp.) HIGH‐RISK SERIES: INFORMATION MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY (GAO/HR‐97–9, February 1997,69 pp) INVESTIGATORS’ GUIDE TO SOURCES OF INFORMATION (GAO/OSI‐97–2, April 1997,113 pp.) C. House of representatives 104–795: ELECTRONIC FREEDOM OF INFORMATION AMENDMENTS OF 1996 (17 September 1996,40 pp.) 104–857: YEAR 2000 COMPUTER SOFTWARE CONVERSION: SUMMARY OF OVERSIGHT FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS (27 September 1996,37 pp.) 105–25: COPYRIGHT TECHNICAL AMENDMENTS ACT (17 March 1996,39 pp.) 105–37: CITIZEN'S GUIDE TO USING THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT AND THE PRIVACY ACT OF 1974 TO REQUEST GOVERNMENT RECORDS (20 March 1997,76 pp.) REFORM OF THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION: HEARINGS (March 1996,179 pp., Committee Serial 104–82) FEDERAL MANAGEMENT OF THE RADIO SPECTRUM: ADVANCED TV SERVICES: HEARING (21 March 1996,187 pp., Committee Serial 104–75) FUTURE OF INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION TRADE ISSUES: HEARING (9 May 1996,75 pp., Committee Serial 104–89) SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT POLICY: HEARING (12 February 1997, Serial 105–10) POST FEDERAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERVICE (POST‐FTS2000) ACQUISITION STRATEGY: HEARINGS (March‐July 1995,394 pp.) U.S. POSTAL SERVICE REFORM: THE INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE: HEARING (26 January 1996, 285 pp.) COPYRIGHT TERM, FILM LABELING, AND FILM PRESERVATION LEGISLATION: HEARINGS (Jun‐July 1995,687 pp., Committee Serial 53), SOLVING THE YEAR 2000 SOFTWARE PROBLEM: CREATING BLUEPRINTS FOR SUCCESS: HEARING (14 May 1996,280 pp. Committee Serial 48)—see next item. SOLVING THE YEAR 2000 COMPUTER PROBLEM: HEARING (10 September 1996,119 pp.. Committee Serial 67) SECURE COMMUNICATIONS: HEARING (11 February 1997) D. U.S. Senate 104–357: NATIONAL INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION ACT OF 1995 (27 August 1996,21 pp.) Senate Document 105–2: SECRECY: REPORT OF THE COMMISSION ON PROTECTION AND REDUCTION OF GOVERNMENT SECRECY, 1997 (March 1997, 285 pp., figures, tables) FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION OVERSIGHT AND REFORM: HEARING (19 March 1996,66 pp.. Senate Hearing 104–725) SPECTRUM USE AND MANAGEMENT: HEARING (18 April 1996, 82 pp., Senate Hearing 104–632) EDUCATIONAL SATELLITE LOAN GUARANTEE PROGRAM ACT AND DISTANCE LEARNING: HEARING (24 April 1996,157 pp., Serial 104–548) S. 1726: PROMOTION OF COMMERCE ONLINE IN THE DIGITAL ENCRYPTION ACT OF 1996 OR ‘TRO‐CODE”; ACT: HEARING (26 June 1996, 138 pp., Senate Hearing 104–621) S. 1726: PROMOTION OF COMMERCE ONLINE IN THE DIGITAL ENCRYPTION ACT OF 1996 OR ‘TRO‐CODE”; ACT: HEARING (25 July 1996,161 pp., Senate Hearing 104–617) BROADCAST SPECTRUM AND TELEVISION STANDARDS: HEARING (20 June 1996,128 pp., Senate Hearing 104–622) FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION OVERSIGHT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE TELECOMMUNICA‐TIONS ACT OF 1996: HEARING (18 June 1996,204 pp., Senate Hearing 104–623) FEDERAL GOVERNMENT USE AND MANAGEMENT OF SPECTRUM: HEARING (25 June 1996,92 pp., Senate Hearing 104–639) ROLE OF RADIO IN AFRICA: HEARING (28 March 1996,65 pp., Serial 104475) IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT REFORM ACT OF 1996: HEARING (17 July 1996,139 pp., Senate Hearing 104–599) SECURITY IN CYBERSPACE: HEARING (May‐July 1996,606 pp., Senate Hearing 104–701) ANTITRUST ISSUES IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS LEGISLATION: HEARING (3 May 1995,171 pp., Serial 104–725) NATIONAL INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE COPYRIGHT PROTECTION ACT OF 1995: HEARING (7 May 1996, Serial 104–78) TECHNOLOGY AND THE VIRTUAL UNIVERSITY: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES: HEARING (16 April 1997)