Energy rating factors for a-Si multijunction modules

The principal objective of this program is to conduct research on semiconductor materials and non-semiconductor materials to enhance the performance of multibandgap, multijunction, large-area amorphous silicon-based alloy modules. The goal for this program is to demonstrate stabilized module efficiency of 12% for multijunction modules of area greater than 900 cm{sup 2}. Double-junction and triple-junction cells are made on Ag/ZnO back reflector deposited on stainless steel substrates. The top cell uses a-Si alloy; a-SiGe alloy is used for the i layer in the middle and the bottom cells. After evaporation of antireflection coating, silver grids and bus bars are put on the top surface, and the panel is encapsulated in an ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)/Tefzel structure to make a one-square-foot monolithic module.

Introduction: Viral respiratory infections are one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, intensified by the COVID-19 pandemic, which highlighted the need for in-depth studies on the topic. Therefore, the relationship between socio-epidemiological and environmental factors and viral respiratory illness in adults is investigated. Objective: to investigate which socio-epidemiological and environmental factors influence human viral respiratory illness. Method: Quantitative, epidemiological, descriptive and spatial research. Data collection took place through the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System. Meteorological data were collected from the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) and sociodemographic data from the municipalities on the public domain portal of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). Statistical tests were carried out to verify the association between socio-epidemiological and environmental factors and human viral respiratory illness resulting from SARS. Results: It is observed that there was an increase of 817.3% in SARS in 2020 in relation to 2019. The viruses Influenza A and B, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Parainflenza, Adenovirus, Metapneumovirus and Bocavirus had higher records in 2019. Rhinovirus had a substantial increase in 2020 (365 cases were reported in 2019 and 1195 cases in 2020). In 2020, 27,961 cases of SARS caused by Sars-CoV-2 were recorded. Using the Spatial Scan method, in 2019 six conglomerates of cities were formed in the state of Paraná and in 2020 eighteen conglomerates of cities were formed in the state. The majority of patients affected by SARS are male, white, with primary education and from urban areas. Regarding hospitalization, the majority required treatment in a hospital environment, with 64.66% of patients requiring ventilatory support with the presence of cough (93.53%), fever (86.74%) and respiratory discomfort (82.66%), among others. Concerning the correlation between viral respiratory illness and the environment, the minimum temperature for the year 2020 showed a significant positive correlation with the SARS rate (0.56), with no significant correlation being detected for the other variables.

This paper proposes Intra frame coding in Advanced Video Coding Standard/H.264 to reduce bit rate and control PSNR using new technique i.e. Gaussian pulse. The previous work on Intra frame in Advanced Video Coding Standard/H.264 using fast mode decision prediction algorithm was measured the performance parameters and achieved increased in bit rate, degradation of PSNR for different quantization parameters. So that in order to avoid loss or degradation of PSNR, to avoid increment in bit rate and also save encode time in Intra frame coding, Gaussian pulse method are used. Intra frame coded by prediction process of H.264/AVC, which consists of nine prediction modes (0-8). Mode 1 is Horizontal intra prediction mode used for present work intra frame in AVC/H.264 and measure performance parameters such as PSNR and bit rate. The proposed algorithm is based on Gaussian pulse which is multiplied with each 4×4 transformed coefficients of 4×4 sub macro block of Intra frame which provides signal in reversible way and avoids image getting bad hit for coarse quantization step. The proposed algorithm intra frame coding tested coded and implemented using MATLAB and compared with JM 18.6 reference algorithm of H.264/AVC. The simulation results of proposed method are compared with JM 18.6 reference algorithm of H.264/AVC. The simulation results shows that the proposed algorithm achieved controlled PSNR and reduced bit rate of 32.75% and also saves encode time 66.23 % of QCIF sequences under QP 28 with different Gaussian value 0.1,0.3 and 0.6 for Horizontal intra prediction mode using Gaussian pulse.

In this study, the performance effects of using hydrogen instead of JP-8 fuel in an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) jet engine was investigated. Exergy analysis and environmental damage analysis were used to obtain performance parameters. These performance parameters were exergy destruction ratio, thrust-specific fuel consumption, air-to-fuel ratio, exergy efficiency, waste exergy ratio, environmental effect factor, sustainability index, and exergetic improvement potential values. Turbojet engine was operated at three different throttle settings (50%, 75%, and 100%) to examine the impact of different load types on the performance parameters. The results obtained by using JP-8 and hydrogen fuels at different throttle settings showed consistency. For all throttle settings, the highest exergy efficiencies took place in the nozzle as approximately 90%. On the other hand, the combustion chamber had the lowest exergy efficiencies for all conditions and took values between 30% and 40%. Calculated exergy destruction ratios indicated that the hydrogen use improved or saved the jet engine’s energy performance. Except the combustion chamber, compressor, turbine, and nozzle exergy destruction ratios decreased as 6.2%, 6.5%, and 10.8%, respectively. Moreover, the use of hydrogen fuel did not significantly change the performance parameters, in fact reduced the environmental impact approximately 113%. The findings indicated the potential benefits of hydrogen fuel use when compared to JP-8 fuel.

In this paper, simpler methods of measuring various performance parameters, such as pivot point excursions, actuation angles, and symmetry of the nozzle motion of a flex nozzle system (FNS) meant for a large solid rocket booster nozzle are reported. A novel attempt is made to estimate the above parameters using the pivot point co-ordinates as primary data. Towards this objective, the trajectories of a reference point obtained using one stereo based 3-dimensional Digital Image Correlation (3-D DIC) system, above a nozzle simulator during the vectoring tests, were utilized. A linear least squares (LLS) method is proposed and validated for locating the pivot point from the 3-D DIC trajectory. The pivot point location and the measured DIC displacements were further analyzed to evaluate the target parameters. The results show that use of the 3-D DIC system provides confidence on the performance of the actuators with a simplified measurement scheme. Moreover, it generates useful additional data, as spin-offs, comparable with the conventional measurements. Thereby data reduction, testing time and resource required for characterization of a FNS is expected to reduce considerably.

Data collected from six offshore platforms in the Gulf of Mexico from 1968 to 1971 during the Ocean Data Gathering Program are probably the most complete set of wind and wave measurements available off the Louisiana coast. The data and their quality, calibration, and usability, are discussed with an eye toward familiarizing the potential user with the possibilities of the system. Introduction In 1968, eight oil companies began collecting oceanographic and meteorological data in the Gulf of Mexico. This program was called the Ocean Data Gathering Program (ODGP). It was sponsored by Shell Development Co., Amoco Production Co., Chevron oil Co., Exxon Co. Production Co., Chevron oil Co., Exxon Co. U.S.A., Mobil Oil Corp., Gulf Oil Corp Texaco Inc., and the CAGC Marine Region. Shell was the program administrator. The design, fabrication, installation, maintenance, and operation of the instrumentation was contracted to the Baylor Co. of Houston. Baylor also was responsible for reporting on the data obtained and for analyzing data collected during significant storms. The ODGP obtained data for 31 months between Oct. 1968 and Nov. 1971. The basic program has been described by Patterson, Ives and Ward. Data on wave heights, wind speed and direction, and barometric pressure were recorded continuously from six offshore pressure were recorded continuously from six offshore oilproduction platforms along the Louisiana coast. Data were obtained during major storms and under more nominal conditions. The locations of the six stations and the tracks of the major storms that occurred during the ODGP are shown in Fig. 1. Although many problems were encountered, the ODGP was a successful program that gathered the most complete set of wind, wave, and barometric-pressure data collected to date in the Gulf of Mexico. These data include one of the more extensive sets of severe seastate data available. Some examples of future uses of the ODGP include studies involving the hindcasting of hurricane winds and waves, probabilistic descriptions of characteristics of extreme waves, wave spectra, storm surge, and the persistence of nominal wind and wave conditions in the Gulf. Refs. 4 through 9 deal with some of these examples. The data obtained by the ODGP are available to the public. The purpose of this paper is to provide public. The purpose of this paper is to provide information of interest to potential users of these data. The data obtained, the instrumentation used, and the accuracy, quality, calibration, and format of these data are described. Specific details are summarized for one of the six ODGP stations (Station 5). Ref. 10 presents more complete details for all six stations. Instrumentation One of the objectives of this paper is to give the potential data user a basic understanding of the potential data user a basic understanding of the instrumentation used to measure the data. For this reason, the auxiliary equipment is not discussed. The stations' power systems and the instruments used to measure and to record the data are described briefly. Power Systems Power Systems The instrumentation for each station had to be completely self-contained, with the exception that platform power could be used if available, provided platform power could be used if available, provided that 100 hours of standby operation were available from standby batteries. Five stations were able to use platform power while the sixth had to provide its own power source. Three basic power systems were used on the ODGP stations. JPT P. 337

Nutritional and functional roles of an endo-1,4-β-D-mannanase in young tom turkeys

Development of the SOuthern Astrophysical Research (SOAR) Telescope is nearing completion atop Cerro Pachón in Chile. The facility and many accessory systems have been completed and are operational. The dome is installed and in the final stages of debugging, the telescope mount is being assembled on site after a successful trial integration and complete test at the contractor's facility, and the optical system is well on its way to completion later this year. Many instruments are under development with one in the final phases of integration and laboratory testing. This paper summarizes the status of the major subsystems, provides measured performance parameters where available, and outlines the remaining plans for the telescope development and subsequent commissioning.

Surface micromachined scanning mirrors

Thin summer fabrics without anti-UV finishing were used as experimental samples and the influences of fabric thickness, tightness, structure and fiber on the anti-UV properties were observed carefully. The measured performance parameters were normalized, to make UV protection properties of different thickness, tightness, fabric structures and fiber materials are comparable. This investigation revealed that the dominant factors affecting fabric anti-ultraviolet property were fabric structure, thickness and fiber type. The anti-UV performance from strong to weak is satin, twill and plain weave in terms of fabric structure; and polyester, silk, hemp and cotton in terms of fiber material. In addition, the anti-UV performances of fabrics positively increase with their thickness, when the other parameters were kept the same.

[Abstract] ETRI has been developing the Ka band Antenna system for COMS(Communications, Ocean, and Meteorological Satellite) which will be launched at the end of 2008. The Ka band antenna system consists of two single offset reflectors and feed assemblies. This paper describes the results of Ka band antenna design, analysis, environmental test, and antenna range test. The measured performance parameters, such as gain, side-lobe, cross-polarization discrimination, and cross-polarization isolation, etc. are shown. Also, the mechanical/thermal designs are verified through a series of environment tests. The technologies and heritages obtained from this development will be applied to the development of payload system for Korean communication satellite in the near future. I. Introduction TRI has been developing the Ka band communications payload system for Communications, Ocean, and Meteorological Satellite(COMS) which will be launched at the end of 2008. The Ka-band communications payload will provide high-speed multimedia services such as Internet via satellite, remote-medicine, and distance learning in the public communications network and communication services for natural disaster such as prediction, prevention, and recovery services in the government communications network. The service lifetime of the Ka band payload system will be at least 7 years to achieve two main missions described above. The system that will be operated in the geo-stationary orbit of 128.2°E longitudes will provide Ka band fixed satellite services covering South Korea, North Korea. The each region will be covered with the separated single beam 1,2 . This paper describes on the development of Ka band antenna for COMS. The antenna subsystem should be designed to withstand under the severe launch and space environment and it should be qualified by a series of environmental test before launch. Also, the RF(Radio Frequency) performance of antenna should be verified through the RF range test before and after the environmental exposure. The results of design, RF range test, and the environmental test are presented in Section II, III, and IV. Finally the conclusions are summarized in Section V.

Xylanase Supplementation of Wheat-Based Rations for Broilers: Influence of Wheat Characteristics

Little is known regarding the value of esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) simulators in education. The purpose of the present paper was to validate the use of computer simulation in novice EGD training. In phase 1, expert endoscopists evaluated various aspects of simulation fidelity as compared to live endoscopy. Additionally, computer-recorded performance metrics were assessed by comparing the recorded scores from users of three different experience levels. In phase 2, the transfer of simulation-acquired skills to the clinical setting was assessed in a two-group, randomized pilot study. The setting was a large gastroenterology (GI) Fellowship training program; in phase 1, 21 subjects (seven expert, intermediate and novice endoscopist), made up the three experience groups. In phase 2, eight novice GI fellows were involved in the two-group, randomized portion of the study examining the transfer of simulation skills to the clinical setting. During the initial validation phase, each of the 21 subjects completed two standardized EDG scenarios on a computer simulator and their performance scores were recorded for seven parameters. Following this, staff participants completed a questionnaire evaluating various aspects of the simulator's fidelity. Finally, four novice GI fellows were randomly assigned to receive 6 h of simulator-augmented training (SAT group) in EGD prior to beginning 1 month of patient-based EGD training. The remaining fellows experienced 1 month of patient-based training alone (PBT group). Results of the seven measured performance parameters were compared between three groups of varying experience using a Wilcoxon ranked sum test. The staffs' simulator fidelity survey used a 7-point Likert scale (1, very unrealistic; 4, neutral; 7, very realistic) for each of the parameters examined. During the second phase of this study, supervising staff rated both SAT and PBT fellows' patient-based performance daily. Scoring in each skill was completed using a 7-point Likert scale (1, strongly disagree; 4, neutral; 7, strongly agree). Median scores were compared between groups using the Wilcoxon ranked sum test. Staff evaluations of fidelity found that only two of the parameters examined (anatomy and scope maneuverability) had a significant degree of realism. The remaining areas were felt to be limited in their fidelity. Of the computer-recorded performance scores, only the novice group could be reliably identified from the other two experience groups. In the clinical application phase, the median Patient Discomfort ratings were superior in the PBT group (6; interquartile range [IQR], 5-6) as compared to the SAT group (5; IQR, 4-6; P = 0.015). PBT fellows' ratings were also superior in Sedation, Patient Discomfort, Independence and Competence during various phases of the evaluation. At no point were SAT fellows rated higher than the PBT group in any of the parameters examined. This EGD simulator has limitations to the degree of fidelity and can differentiate only novice endoscopists from other levels of experience. Finally, skills learned during EGD simulation training do not appear to translate well into patient-based endoscopy skills. These findings suggest against a key element of validity for the use of this computer simulator in novice EGD training.

An HDTV broadcasting system that uses low-power repeaters arranged in a cellular fashion to extend the service area of a primary advanced TV (ATV) system is described. Examples of ATV extended coverage contours based on DigiCipher high-definition TV (HDTV) measured performance parameters and Federal Communications Commission (FCC) propagation tables are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

An analysis of the effectiveness of a three-dimensional shock loss model used in transonic compressor rotor design is presented. The model was used during the design of an aft-swept, transonic compressor rotor. The demonstrated performance of the swept rotor, in combination with numerical results, is used to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the model. The numerical results were obtained from a fully three-dimensional Navier-Stokes solver. The shock loss model was developed to account for the benefit gained with three-dimensional shock sweep. Comparisons with the experimental and numerical results demonstrated that shock loss reductions predicted by the model due to the swept shock induced by the swept leading edge of the rotor were exceeded. However, near the tip the loss model under-predicts the loss because the shock geometry assumed by the model remains swept in this region while the numerical results show a more normal shock orientation. The design methods and the demonstrated performance of the swept rotor is also presented. Comparisons are made between the design intent and measured performance parameters. The aft-swept rotor was designed using an inviscid axisymmetric streamline curvature design system utilizing arbitrary airfoil blading geometry. The design goal specific flow rate was 214.7 kg/sec/m2 (43.98 lbm/sec/ft2), the design pressure ratio goal was 2.042, and the predicted design point efficiency was 94.0. The rotor tip sped was 457.2 m/sec (1500 ft/sec). The design flow rate was achieved while the pressure ratio fell short by 0.07. Efficiency was 3 points below prediction, though at a very high 91 percent. At this operating condition the stall margin was 11 percent.