DFT-Spread Orthogonal Time Frequency Space Modulation Design for Terahertz Communications

왈시-하다마다 변환(Walsh-Hadamard Transform, WHT)을 적용한 OFDM(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) 변조방법은 시스템의 PAPR(Peak-to-Average Power Ratio)을 줄여주고, 시스템의 BER(Bit Error Rate) 성능을 향상시키는 장점이 있다. 그러나 기존의 이러한 왈시-하다마다 변환에 기반한 OFDM 시스템은 여전히 비교적으로 높은 PAPR문제가 있다. 그러므로 본 논문에서는 DGT(Data Grouping Technique)이라고 부르는 기술을 제안하고, 이 기술과 왈시-하다마다 변환 기술을 적용하여 PAPR을 더욱 줄여주는 OFDM 시스템을 설계한다. 제안한 DGT기술은 WHT-OFDM뿐만 아니라 일반 OFDM에서 PAPR을 줄여주는 방법들 중에서 큰 단점이 되는 부가정보(side information)가 성능에 대해 독립성을 가진다는 특징이 있다. 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션을 통해 제안한 시스템의 유용성을 검사하고 성능을 검증하였다. The conventional OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) modulation can be combined with WHT (Walsh-Hadamard Transform) to reduce PAPR (Peak-to-Average Power Ratio) and improve BER (Bit Error Rate) performance. However, this WHT-based OFDM system still suffers a relatively high PAPR. Therefore, we suggest a new technique, called DGT (Data Grouping Technique) and design an OFDM system employing it and WHT to further decrease PAPR without the BER performance degradation. h salient property of DGT is the independence of the side information which is inherently a principal drawback of the well-known PAPR reduction techniques for OFDM system as well as WHT-based OFDM. The simulation programs have been also performed to verify the validity of the proposed system.

Orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) modulation shows significant advantages over orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), specially in environments with high frequency dispersion. However, high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) has been one of the major drawbacks of OTFS systems, which impairs the efficiency of the power amplifier. To resolve the problem, we propose a PAPR reduction method based on the autoencoder (AE) architecture through deep learning (DL) techniques, where the encoder is trained to reduce the PAPR and the decoder is trained to reconstruct the original signal. By carefully designing the loss function, the bit error rate (BER) and the PAPR are simultaneously minimized, and a hyper-parameter is introduced to achieve a good compromise between BER and PAPR in the proposed scheme. Simulation results validate the advantages of the proposed scheme as compared to the other conventional schemes.

High Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) signal is one of the limitations to the transmission performance of optical OFDM system. In this paper, we propose a novel hybrid PAPR reduction technique called Hadamard Transform Combined with Partial transmit sequence (HTCP). The proposed HTCP scheme combines the merits of two complementary techniques, i.e., Hadamard transform and Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS), to improve the performance of the optical OFDM system in terms of PAPR and Bit Error Rate (BER). Simulation results show that the HTCP scheme has better performance with regard to PAPR and BER compared with the case of applying only the Hadamard transform or PTS technique.

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is the advanced transmission scheme utilized in 4G. Nevertheless, it has several shortcomings like guard band, peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), high power consumption, incapable to accommodate various other devices (an IOT application). Hence, OFDM cannot be considered in 5G due to the several disadvantages mentioned above. Filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC) is believed to be one of the most promising technologies which can be used in 5G. FBMC and OFDM are multi-carrier system. It is obvious that it agonizes from PAPR which hamper the efficiency of the system. The conventional peak reduction methods utilized in OFDM cannot be used in FBMC due to the overlapping structure of FBMC. In this work, a novel selective mapping (SLM) and partial transmit sequence (PTS) PAPR reduction technique is suggested for FBMC. The proposed techniques are implemented by using an elementary successive optimization technique that upsurge the PAPR performance and ensure the design difficulty is taken low. PAPR and bit error rate (BER) parameters are analyzed and simulated for the proposed and conventional PAPR reduction techniques. The simulation results show that the SLM and PTS accomplished an excellent PAPR reduction up to 2.8 and 4.8 dB as compared to other peak power minimization techniques.

In this paper, we present a novel 3B/4B coding scheme for the reduction of peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication system. In the proposed technique, we apply the encoding in the time domain of the OFDM transmitter to redistribute the power distribution of each transmitting signal samples. PAPR of the OFDM signal at the CCDF (Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function) of 10-5 can be reduced to about 11, 15 and 17 dB for N = 16, 64, and 256 respectively by applying the proposed scheme. Our analysis also shows that the proposed method would have bounded PAPR as the number of OFDM subcarriers N approaches infinity. Moreover, the method has very low complexity and the complexity does not increase as the number of OFDM sub-carriers increases. The proposed scheme also has error correction capability to reduce bit error rate (BER) at the same time.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a multicarrier modulation technique that has been widely applied in wireless broadband communications such as the fourth-generation (4G) and supports the development of the fifth-generation (5G) technology because it is efficient and effective. However, OFDM has a high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) value where the system must use a Power Amplifier (PA) with a high linear range so that the signal can work on PA. Whereas, PA is a nonlinear component that has limited linear region according to the component specifications. If an OFDM signal with high PAPR passes through the nonlinear region of PA, the signal will be distorted nonlinearly and ultimately worsen the OFDM performance. Although many researchers are interested in studying this issue, several scenarios are still not explored. This work investigates a way to mitigate nonlinear distortion by a combination of PAPR reduction and PA linearization with predistortion. Memory-Hammerstein has been suggested as a model for predistorter and PA. The input of the predistorter is the PAPR reduced signal with companding technique, which is a simple and effective PAPR reduction technique for OFDM. The system performance will be evaluated using signal spectrum, PAPR, and Bit Error Rate (BER). The simulation results obtained are that the performance drops dramatically to more than 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−1</sup> for the BER value when a nonlinear disturbance is given and the performance improves after a predistorter is applied. The combination of hybrid companding and predistorter offers better performance, it can reduce PAPR and compensating for nonlinear distortions caused by the PA. Hence, this combined scheme can be considered and adopted in future wireless communications systems including 5G.

In this paper, we propose a new PAPR reduction by using a partial transmit sequences (PTS) method with coded side information (SI) technique. These methods are used in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system. The OFDM employs orthogonal sub-carriers for data modulation. These sub-carriers unexpectedly present a large peak to average power ratio (PAPR) in some cases. In order to reduce PAPR, the sequence of input data is partitioned into disjoint sub-block of PTS. If number of sub-block increases, high efficiency of PAPR reduction can be obtained. However, a quite large calculation cost must be demanded and thus it is impossible to obtain the optimum PTS. In the proposed method, we introduce a coded side information technique assuming the pseudo-optimum condition into the PTS. The total calculation cost becomes drastically reduced and side information bits for recovering original data in demodulation. In simulation results, the proposed method demonstrated the improvement of PAPR and bit error rate (BER) performance.

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a type of digital modulation technique which is used in wireless communication systems. It is an efficient multicarrier modulation technique, in which large bandwidth is divided into parallel narrow bands each of which is modulated by different subcarriers. All the subcarriers are orthogonal to each other and hence it reduces the interference among various subcarriers. But OFDM suffers from high peak to average power ratio(PAPR), high complexity in design. The performance parameter of OFDM can be measured in terms of Bit error rate (BER). Lower the BER value, higher is the efficiency of OFDM system. Various methods are used to enhance the BER performance. Channel coding is the one way of enhancing the BER. This paper discusses the performance of OFDM using linear & cyclic block coding for different digital modulation techniques. Bit error rate (BER) is used to measure the performance of OFDM systems.

SUMMARY The main disadvantage of orthogonal frequency divisionmultiplexing (OFDM) is the high time domain PAPR. The larger PAPRsignal would fatallydegrade BER performance in non-linear channels. Thispaper proposes an improved DSI method, which can achieve better PAPRand BER performances in the non-linear channel with less computationcomplexity than the conventional DSI method. The feature of proposedmethod is to employ the time-frequency domain swapping algorithm inthe determination of frequency data for dummy sub-carriers. This paperpresents various computer simulation results to verify the effectiveness ofproposed DSI method. key words: OFDM, PAPR, dummy sub-carriers, non-linear amplifier 1. Introduction The OFDM technique has been received a lot of attentionespecially in the field of wireless communications becauseof its efficient usage of frequency bandwidth and robustnessto multi-path fading. One of the limitations of using OFDMtechnique is the larger peak to averaged power ratio (PAPR)of its time domain signal [1]. The larger PAPR signal wouldcause the severe degradation of bit error rate (BER) perfor-mance due to the inter-modulation noise occurring in thenon-linear amplifier.To overcome the PAPR problem in OFDM systems,various PAPR reduction methods for OFDM signal havebeen proposed including the selected mapping method(SLM) [2], partial transmit sequence method (PTS) [3] anddummy sequence insertion method (DSI) [4]. All of thesemethods improve the PAPR performance by controlling thephase of data or dummy sub-carriers. The SLM and PTSmethods control the phase of data sub-carriers and the DSImethod controls the phase of dummy sub-carriers. First twomethods are required to inform the phase information con-trolled for the data sub-carriers to the receiver as the sideinformation. Since the side information is required to trans-mit separately from the data information through the data orcontrol channels with the higher signal quality for the cor-rect demodulation of data information at the receiver, the

Based on superposition of signals in the time domain, we propose a new low-complexity scheme for the reduction of the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The proposed scheme first generates signal candidates by combining an OFDM signal and its cyclically delayed versions with different delays and phases, and then selects the candidate signal with minimum PAPR. It is shown that the complexity of the proposed scheme is significantly lower than that of the selective mapping (SLM) at the cost of some degradation in the bit error rate (BER) performance and, at similar PAPR and coded BER performance, is lower than that of the low-complexity SLM proposed recently.

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) es una tecnología de comunicacióninalámbrica que tiene ventajas como alta eficiencia espectral, alta tasa de transmisión y es robusta a la propagación por mulitrayecto. Sin embargo, su principal desventaja es que tienealta PAPR (Peak-to-Average Power Ratio).Este artículo presenta la evaluaciónde la técnica OPS (Orthogonal Pilot Sequence) para la reducción de la PAPR en un sistema OFDM con canal multitrayecto. Para la evaluación se consideran dos tipos de canalesmultitrayecto selectivos en frecuencia, con y sin línea de vista. Se evalúa la técnica OPS obteniendola gráfica del BER (Bit Error Rate)vs Eb/No (energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio) y la gráfica de la CCDF (Cumulative Complementary Distribution Function) para distintos parámetros. Losresultados muestran una reducción de la PAPR cuando se utiliza la técnica OPS y una mejora en el BER.

We propose a clipped companding scheme to effectively reduce PAPR (peak-to-average power ratio) of OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) signals. The proposed scheme is based on the companding to take both complexity and BER (bit error rate) performance into account, and composed of the clipping followed by the companding. In the first step of the proposed scheme, some peak signals which do not influence the BER, are clipped. In the second step, the proposed scheme utilizes the mu-law companding to effectively reduce the PAPR Simulation results show that the proposed scheme provides more PAPR reduction without degradation of the BER performance as compared to the conventional mu -law companding.

In this paper, we propose a novel peak to average power ratio (PAPR) reduction scheme of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals. In our proposed scheme we exploit the repeated rotation and recombination of the in-phase and the quadrature components of an OFDM symbol in time domain. Our proposed scheme has two main advantages over the previously known scheme such as iterative partial transmit sequence (I-PTS), which are 1) remarkably lower computational complexity and 2) less required side information overhead than the I-PTS scheme. Based on our derived complementary cumulative distribution (CCDF) of PAPR, we show that our proposed scheme gives only 0.2 - 0.3 dB loss compared to the I-PTS scheme in terms of PAPR threshold while the complexity for the implementation is much reduced. Furthermore, the proposed scheme does not cause any loss of bit error rate performance over both the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and the frequency selective channel even though the simulation results regarding the bit error rate (BER) performance is not shown in this paper due to the limited space of the pages.

Stochastic geometry analysis of interference and coverage in Terahertz networks

A major drawback of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is the large peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of transmitted signals. In this paper, a simple scrambling scheme based on information hiding for PAPR reduction of OFDM signals with phase shift keying (PSK) inputs is proposed. During the signal mapping procedure, the hided binary sequences viewed as scrambling sequences are embedded into the original input sequence to obtain a number of candidate signals. Then, one of the candidate signals with the minimum PAPR is selected for transmitting. Simulation results show that, proposed scheme can achieve PAPR reduction clearly with trivial bit error rate (BER) degradation. Most importantly, no side information (SI) need be transmitted to the receiver.