Dimensioning Wave-Based Inter-Vehicle Communication Systems for Vehicular Safety Applications

We examine the performance of inter-vehicle communication (IVC) systems using the IEEE802.11b standard CSMA scheme and a proposed system in which packet transmission timing is decided by the vehicle position. For the realization of safety cruise-assist systems by IVC systems, the spread of transceivers on vehicles is important. To improve the equipped rate of transceivers on vehicles, it is necessary that the implementation of more simple and cheaper IVC systems. One of the solutions is using conventional wireless LAN systems for IVC systems. So we evaluate the performance of an IVC system using the conventional IEEE802.11b CSMA system. In addition, we propose and evaluate an improvement scheme for solving the performance degradation caused by packet collision. The results of simulation show that the proposed scheme is superior to other schemes when the bit rate is low. Also, it is shown that the proposed scheme has the same or higher performance than the other schemes in high bit rate.

This paper discusses the IVC (Inter Vehicle Communication) system using the UWB (Ultra Wideband) radar. DSUWB (Direct Sequence - UWB) signal is used for this IVC system because it has CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) Capability. However, there is the near-far problem due to difference of signal power from each vehicles, it becomes the cause of degradation of communication characteristics and detection accuracy of the signal. In this paper, we propose the iterative detection system using the SIC (Successive Interference Cancellation) to improve detection rate of the signal and the bit error rate (BER) performance. The signals except the desired signal detected by the SIC is subtracted from the original received signal. As the result, the performance was improved.

Networking methods and applications of the inter-vehicle packet communication system are discussed. In a proposed system, vehicles and roadside beacons broadcast individual ID, position, speed in a cyclic manner using time-dots allocated with a distributed algorithm. Other information is transmitted with the random access. The routing method using 1-hop cyclic information is applied to relay the information packet to farther terminals efficiently. This communication system is extensible and realize its applications efficiently. As a new remarkable application of the inter-vehicle communication system, we propose the drive control of vehicles. >

A novel collaborative strategy employing two relays is developed for the multihop inter-vehicle communication (IVC) systems in this paper, which has great complexity degradation. Instead of the traditional terminal collaboration or relay tier space-time coding (STC), a relay tier interaction is proposed. Considering time division multiple access (TDMA) scheme, two spatial adjacent vehicles are conjoined by an interaction radio link to create a virtual antenna array (VAA). Then the collaborative two-relay is integrated into a multihop IVC network mentioned above, which enables a single-antenna terminal to share its antenna with other terminals easily, and avoids the synchronization or other complicated requirements in terminal collaboration or STC systems. Furthermore, except the low complexity in hardware implementation, the proposed method also can enhance the performance of the IVC systems over both the quasi-static fading channel and time varying Rayleigh fading relay channel, which is verified through the Monte-Carlo simulations

Introduction. The competitiveness of land use within a market economy is determined by the equation of capital expenditures, labor power that integrates land into a single engineering procedure, as well as natural and anthropogenic means with the help of which land resources are leveraged, and soil fertility is restored by rational organization of the system of adaptive-landscape specific agriculture. Therefore, the relevance of research of environmental efficiency of land resources management as the basis of sustainable rural development is beyond any reasonable doubt.Purpose. The purpose of the article is to investigate the environmental efficiency of land resources management and its impact on sustainable rural development.Results. Based on the research findings of the totality of indicators of environmental efficiency of land resources management, we will distinguish those ones that make important analysis findings at the national level for such land resources agents as micro agents; mini-agents; general agents; the state; local agents; global agents. Among all the test items of environmental efficiency of land resources management, the agent of land interests “the state” responds to 26 indicators. In addition to the existing indicators, a number of multiplicative metrics has been added for analysis. By expertise, among the presented indicators we have selected 15 under three criteria – anthropogenic impact, reproduction, harmonization. At the same time, in the author's opinion, the environmental efficiency of land resources management of the rural economic sector is to ensure the efficient land use as a constituent of the environment. With provision for expert estimation, we have offered a set of evaluative criteria for the level of environmental efficiency of land resources management of the rural economic sector.Originality. There has been proposed the map of forecast impacts of indicators of environmental efficiency of land resources management, which shows an extremely high level of influence of environmental component of sustainable development on the integral estimation of land resources management, in particular indicators of the amount of used agricultural chemicals per 1 ha of area under crops, land resources usage per a unit of gross production, proportion of sunflower and bird rape in cropping system. A computer program was used to predict the change in the value of integrated efficiency of land resources management using the proposed methodological approach. This computer program, taking into account interinfluences, makes it possible to calculate the predictive influence ranking of indicators on the assessment of the integrated efficiency of land resources management.Conclusion. The article deals with the possibilities of land resources management within the framework of sustainable development of rural territories. The criteria for environmental efficiency of land resources management include: anthropogenic impact – the main indicator – the usage of agricultural chemicals per 1 ha of area under crops; reproduction – environmental and agrochemical assessment of soils; harmonization – the relative gravity of eroded lands acreage in the structure of agricultural fields. Multiplicative indicators, the essence of which is to assess the intensity and efficiency of the parties to land relations, are taken into account for each type of efficiency of land resources management. We have implemented the matrix of forecasts of integral efficiency of land resources management in the rural economic sector in reliance on the method of criterion diagnostics, which is based on the use of a program that takes into account maps of forecast impacts of indicators of environmental efficiency of conditional, relative and absolute input indicators. The practical importance of the obtained research results is that we not only have calculated the predictive rating of the impact of the criterion indicators on the assessment of the integrated efficiency of land resources management, but also the results of the change to 1 conditional score of the input indicator. This technique permitted to reveal the most significant influence on the effectiveness of specific environmental indicators – livestock density and specific gravity of the area under crops, fertilized with organic fertilizers, which indicates the impossibility of effective land use without livestock-raising development.

Mutual exchange of status data between vehicles in close proximity is the basis for safe vehicle operation. Application areas range from driver assistance/warning to fully autonomous driving. To enable this data exchange we need an intervehicle communication (IVC) system. Vehicles involved in mutual data exchange form a kind of local area network; however, the characteristics of this network are quite different from those of conventional networks. The configuration of this kind of network changes from time to time, in terms of organization, proximity group, group position, and relative position; therefore, it is very challenging to establish. The authors have been working on this problem from the point of view of communication media and protocol. The characteristics and requirements of IVC are discussed, and several preliminary communication protocols are proposed. The authors also present some experimental results from the implementation of a function integrating communication by infrared ray with a gap-measuring technique by the vision system.

This paper presents results of developing and operating a team of multiple unmanned aircraft system. It is a challenging task since the system complexity increases as the number of the unmanned aircraft increases. Given the autonomy of each vehicle in navigation, guidance, control, and vision-based missions, a system of multiple unmanned aircraft is constructed which is expected to be applied to complicated missions. This paper addresses two essential technologies for automation of such a system: inter-vehicle communication and ground control system. The vehicles can conduct missions by sharing information via inter-vehicle communication without intervention of ground stations. The ground control system is designed to improve situation awareness of the operator managing multiple vehicles. The multiple unmanned aircraft system is verified through flight experiments where the flight scenario is modeled as suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD) mission, which consists of multisensory target tracking and coordinated formation flying.

Inter-vehicle communication systems may be required to support real-time communication for a network of vehicles in the absence of a base station. Based on this premise, the paper presents the design of a distributed MAC layer protocol, namely the elimination by sieving (ES-DCF) protocol, that incorporates explicit support for real-time traffic in an ad-hoc wireless network. ES-DCF uses the mechanisms of prioritized collision avoidance and deterministic collision resolution in order to provide timely delivery guarantees to different classes of real-time data traffic. The simulation studies performed confirmed that ES-DCF performs well in minimizing the number of hard-real time packets dropped.

Intelligent transportation systems rely heavily on inter-vehicle communication (IVC) systems to support, among other things, safe driving by relaying essential information in real time. It is very important to guarantee the delivery of an imminent collision warning in real time in order to make appropriate actions to avoid it. Several existing MAC layer protocols are modified to address real-time traffic in ad hoc vehicle environment; carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) is one such protocol. This paper implements a priority in CSMA using different backoff time spacing (BTS) to allow higher priority traffic to access the medium faster than those with medium-to-low priority. The backoff time spacing is inversely proportional to the priority; the higher the priority, the lower the backoff time. The paper also proposes a new media access control (MAC) protocol implementation that combines distributed and polling coordination functions to further enhance the BTS-priority-based CSMA and to ensure the absolute delivery of traffic with the highest priority. A computer simulation was carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed protocol. When compared with the BTS-based CSMA implementation, the simulation results indicate significant improvements in the system throughput and successful packet rate for the traffic with highest priority.

A platooning system, in which vehicles follow a lead vehicle without the road infrastructure, by combining laser radar sensing systems and inter-vehicle communication and navigation system has been developed. It tracks automatically the race line of a lead vehicle. The maximum of five vehicles including a lead vehicle with the minimum inter-vehicle distance of 2 meters ran at the maximum speed of 100 km/h. The accuracy of tracking control was within /spl plusmn/30 cm for the longitudinal direction and /spl plusmn/15 cm for the lateral direction.

In this paper, LMS (Least Mean Square) adaptive array antenna is applied to IVC(Inter-Vehicle Communication) in order to reduce interference which is caused by surrounding vehicles. The LMS adaptive array antenna has a characteristic that the control of directivity is possible according to surrounding radio wave condition, if the receiving vehicle knows the information of the target vehicle. Under the case where the adaptive array antenna is used in IVC systems, packet error rate characteristic, throughput performance and improvement in near-far problem are evaluated by comparing with the performance of the IVC system using omni-directional antenna.

The rapidly evolving industry standards and transformative advances in the field of Internet of Things are expected to create a tsunami of Big Data shortly. This, in turn, will demand real-time data analysis and processing from cloud computing platforms. A substantial part of the computing infrastructure is supported by large-scale and geographically distributed data centers (DCs). Nevertheless, these DCs impose a substantial cost in terms of rapidly growing energy consumption, which in turn adversely affects the environment. In this context, efficient resource utilization is seen as a potential candidate to enhance energy efficiency and minimize the load on the power sector. Nevertheless, in the majority of the public clouds, the resources are idle most of the time (i.e., under-utilized) as the load of the servers is unpredictable; thereby leading to a lofty increase in the energy utilization index and wastage of resources. Thus, it is highly essential to devise a precise and efficient resource management technique. Therefore, in this article, we leverage the advantages of software defined data centers (SDDCs) to minimize energy utilization levels. Precisely, SDDC refers to the process of programmatically abstracting the logical computing, network, and storage resources; and configuring them in real-time based on workload demands. In detail, we demonstrate the possibility of 1) designing a consolidated SDDC-based model to jointly optimize the process of virtual machine (VM) deployment and network bandwidth allocation for reduced energy consumption and guaranteed quality of service (QoS), particularly for heterogeneous computing infrastructures; 2) formulating a multiobjective optimization problem to deduce the optimal allocation of resources for both critical and noncritical applications; and 3) designing an efficient scheme based on heuristics to provide suboptimal results for the formulated multiobjective optimization problem. The proposed article presents a suboptimal approach based on first fit decreasing algorithm. Further, our empirical evaluations suggest that the proposed framework leads to almost 27.9% savings in terms of energy consumptions against the existing schemes with negligible QoS violations (approximately 0.33).

Most of the IoT‐based smart systems require low latency and crisp response time for their applications. Achieving the demand of this high Quality of Service (QoS) becomes quite challenging when computationally intensive tasks are offloaded to the cloud for execution. Edge computing therein plays an important role by introducing low network latency, quick response, and high bandwidth. However, offloading computations at a large scale overwhelms the edge server with many requests and the scalability issue originates. To address the above issues, an efficient resource management technique is required to maintain the workload over the edge and ensure the reduction of response time for IoT applications. Therefore, in this paper, we introduce a metaheuristic and nature‐inspired Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) optimization technique that effectively manages the workload over the edge server under the strict constraints of low network latency and quick response time. The numerical results show that the proposed ABC algorithm has outperformed Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), and Round‐Robin (RR) Scheduling algorithms by producing low response time and effectively managing the workload over the edge server. Furthermore, the proposed technique scales the edge server to meet the demand of high QoS for IoT applications.

We propose a new way to disperse planning route of transportation using IVC (Inter Vehicle Communication) in this paper. VICS (Vehicle Information and Communication System) has been developed to solve the traffic jam which is one of the ITS (Intelligent Transportation Systems) technologies. The VlCS is able to provide real-time global information with drivers and navigation system which helps drivers to find the fastest route according to the current traffic conditions. However, it is afraid that spatial oscillation of traffic jam "hunting phenomena" will happen if most of cars follow given global information with time delay from VICS. 0n the other hand, IVC is a developing technology which enables cars to exchange various information with others by optical communication, millimeter electromagnetic waves and so on. We therefore propose the combination way to decrease traffic congestion using IVC and VICS. At first we show the hunting phenomena in numerical simulations and the relationship between hunting phenomena and VICS user ratio. We propose a way to disperse planning route by IVC, and then confirm effect of the proposed way in city traffic models in numerical simulations.

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