Displacement and Resettlement in the Three Gorges Project: Issues Confronting Women Migrants

The Three Gorges Project (TGP) is a landmark Chinese hydroelectric project with the goal of harnessing the Yangtze River and developing its water resources. Because of its enormous size and far-reaching influence, the project's impact on the Yangtze River's original ecological environ- ment has been a concern to many people. This article exam- ines the environmental effects of TGP with regard to reser- voir-induced seismicity and bank stability, climate changes, sedimentation and bank erosion, the protection of aquatic species and water quality, and resettlement. Based on the op- eration monitoring data of TGP in 10 years (2003—2012), this article analyzes the tendency of reservoir-induced seis- micity and bank stability, developing trend of sedimentation and bank erosion, the interplay between climate change and TGP, the distribution and cause of water contamination, the situation of aquatic species' protection and living situation of resettled residents. At the same time, this article lists the comprehensive benefits of TGP in flood control, power gen - eration, shipping, water supply, energy conservation and emission reduction. In the end, the authors deem that there is a dynamic and harmonious relationship between humankind and nature. The cognition about TGP will be progressed in practice, and harmonious relationship between the environ- ment and TGP will be achieved through more practice.

The owner-responsibility system is conducted for implementation of the Three Gorges Project (TGP). For the construction management of the project, the contracting system, the contract administration system, and the construction supervision system are executed for the project management. Contractors for civil projects are determined through bidding and contracting. The permanent equipment and construction materials are purchased through bidding. Some of large-sized construction machines and mechanical and electrical equipment are procured by the international competitive bids. Qualified engineers from qualified engineering bodies, scientific research organizations, and construction companies are selected for the construction supervision. This paper covers the construction of the TGP in some detail, particularly the main dam structure, diversion work, the construction program, and management, project cost, and financing.

This paper develops a methodology for optimizing the hydro unit commitment (HUC) for the Three Gorges Project (TGP) in China. The TGP is the world's largest and most complex hydropower system in operation. The objective is to minimize the total operational cost. The decision variables are the startup or shutdown of each of the available units in the system and the power releases from the online units. The mathematical formulation must take into account the head variation over the operation periods as the net head changes from hour to hour and affects power generation. Additionally, the formulation must consider the operation of 32 heterogeneous generating units and the nonlinear power generation function of each unit. A three-dimensional interpolation technique is used to accurately represent the nonlinear power generation function of each individual unit, taking into account the time-varying head as well as the non-smooth limitations for power output and power release. With the aid of integer variables that represent the on/off and operation partition statuses of a unit, the developed HUC model for the TGP conforms to a standard mixed integer linear programming (MILP) formulation. We demonstrate the performance and utility of the model by analyzing the results from several scenarios for the TGP.

The Yangtze River and its tributaries located in Three Gorges Project (TGP) reservoir was influenced by the operation of TGP reservoir, and the water quality problems were becoming serious these years. Mass transportation in the tributaries was interacted with the hydrodynamic field. Then, a parallelized three dimensional unstructured mesh water quality model was applied to Xiangxi River - one of tributaries of Yangtze River - to simulate the changing processes of flowing and nutrients including TP and TN. The results show that the parallelization model can enhance the simulation efficiency, especially when the computational scale is large. The parallelized model was executed in Windows operation system could make sufficient use of the resources of low-end multi-core personal computer. The parallelized model could provide a new tool for river water quality research and the information for management of TGP reservoir.

The impoundment of the Three Gorges Project (TGP) may influence the natural reproduction of the Chinese sturgeon. From 2009 to 2011, a five-method investigation was conducted to analyse this influence. The Chinese sturgeon reproduced in late November 2009 to 2011, which was about two weeks later than in 2003 to 2006. The water discharge and water temperature did not exhibit any evident difference from 2003 to 2011. The investigation showed that the spawning sites transferred near the Gezhouba dam in 2010 and 2011. The estimated parent Chinese sturgeon greatly increased in 2011, which suggested that stopping the catching of parent fish increased the natural spawning number. The integral survival rate before the fish enters into the sea should be assessed, however. All the monitoring dates from 1997 to 2011 showed that the Chinese sturgeon could finish natural reproduction, while the Three Gorges Dam operated during the 175 m trial impoundment. Yet, spawning time was delayed and water temperature during spawning was slightly higher than before. The increase of spawning size in 2011 showed the number of parent fish has more influence in the reproduction number than the operation of TGP. Earlier impoundment to avoid the spawning time of Chinese sturgeon may be the key to reducing the effect on the natural reproduction of Chinese sturgeon.

Natural occurrence of C4 species, life form, altitude pattern, and infection by the Three Gorges Project (TGP) were studied in the TGP region. 76 species (about 2.5 % of the total 2 685 vascular plant species in the region), in 6 families and 42 genera, were identified with C4 photosynthesis. 91 % of these C4 species belong to Monocotyledoneae, e.g. Cyperaceae (14 species), Gramineae (54 species), and Commelinaceae (1 species). Of these C4 species, Gramineae was the leading C4 family: 54 C4 grass species (71 % of the total C4 species), about 36 % of the total grasses, were identified in the TGP region. 98 % C4 species was found in therophyte (55 %) and hemicryptophyte (43 %). This is consistent with high grass and sedge compositions in the region. Most habitats of more than a half of these C4 species (65 %) will be submerged permanently, but no species will be endangered or extinct, because 95 % C4 species can be found from 500 to 800 m above sea level. The abundance of some C4 species will be dropped due to the reduction of distribution scope. It will take a long-term to explore the effects of the TGP on plants, vegetation, and environment.

This paper introduces the environmental problems caused by impoundment the Three Gorges Project (TGP). In order to effectively monitor and control the negative impacts of the TGP, the eco-environmental monitoring system which is one of the largest eco-environmental monitoring network in the world has been established. Through the monitoring system, the information about the impacts of impoundment on the eco-environment can be grasped timely. This paper takes two typical eco-environmental problems: the water blooms and the four major domestic fishes as examples, and then mainly study on the eco-environment scheduling on this two aspects. After the eco-environment scheduling, the water level fluctuation has been greatly increased. It reduced the impacts to sensitive waters caused by the project. During the breeding season of the four major domestic fishes, through increasing the water discharge, the water level continued to rise in different hydrological stations downstream. The changes are more conducive to breeding of the fish. By analysis of the results caused by the operation, it is easily know that eco-environment scheduling is beneficial to monitor the negative impacts. The eco-environment scheduling based on the eco-environmental monitoring system is of great significance.

The Three Gorges Project (TGP) is the largest water conservancy project ever built in China and in the world. Construction of TGP commenced in 1993 and more than half is complete. It is predicted that the project will be put into initial use in 2003, and finished in 2009. This article discusses the project's advantages and some of the challenges faced, including technical, environmental and resettlement issues. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Environmental problems resulting from human displacement and resettlement are considered to be secondary impacts of hydro projects. There is a significant gap in knowledge concerning the environmental consequences of resettlement of the Three Gorges project (TGP), China. This study examines critical environmental problems associated with the TGP resettlement. It reveals that the contradiction between the land inundation and demand for land in resettling rural residents is a critical environmental issue. On the positive side, countermeasures that are discussed include: engineering works for farmland protection, developing eco-agriculture, reforestation and constructing a green belt in the peripheral zone of the reservoir, and adjustments to resettlement policy.

Integrating suitable habitat dynamics under typical hydrological regimes as guides for the conservation and restoration of different waterbird groups

In this paper, a model combining Scenarios Optimization (SO) and Surrogate Model (SM) using Radial basis Function (RBF) SOSM is developed for reservoir operation optimization. In order to incorporate the inflow uncertainties in optimal operation policies, different inflow scenarios are generated with conditional probability on historical data firstly and then deterministic DP is applied to select the optimal release policy for each inflow scenario. The solutions from DP, as well as the corresponding inflow and storage, are used to plot a curve surface. This surface is approximated by SM using RBF, from which, the optimal release can be read according to current storage of the reservoir and the predictive inflow. This SOSM approach is applied to the Three Gorges Project (TGP), and weekly operating rules are determined for one year. The result shows this approach is valid and valuable in selecting reservoir operating rules.

The Three Gorges Project (TGP) is the world’s largest water conservation project. The post-construction low-flow water level at the same discharge below the dam has declined, but there remains disagreement over whether the flood level has increased. Measured water levels and upstream and downstream flow data from 1955 to 2016 show that, post-construction: (1) the low-flow water level at the same discharge decreased, and the lowest water level increased due to dry-season reservoir discharge; (2) the decline of the low-flow water level below the dam was less than the undercutting value of the flow channel of the river; (3) the flood level at the same discharge below the dam was slightly elevated, although peak water levels decreased; (4) flood characteristics changed from a high discharge–high flood level to a medium discharge – high flood level; and (5) an expected decline in the flood level downstream was not observed. Channel erosion and the adjustment of rivers and lakes tend to reduce flood levels, while river bed coarsening, vegetation, and human activities downstream increase the flood level. Although the flood control benefits of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) and the upstream reservoirs are obvious, increased elevation of the downstream flood level remains a concern.

In this paper, an uncertain multi class customer fuzzy queuing nonlinear programming (UMFQNP) model is proposed to optimize the operation plan of the ship dam-crossing service system of the Three Gorges Project (TGP). A fuzzy queuing formulation for uncertain multi-class customers with batch service is integrated with a dynamic parametric programming approach to handle nonlinearities and interval uncertainty. The model can effectively deal with the heterogeneity and uncertainty of ship customer arrival and service, as well as the discrete interval uncertainty, nonlinear and multi-period characteristics of transport demand, ship transport cost, operation cost of the dam crossing facilities and ship customer's dam-crossing benefit. The long-term operation plan for the optimization of ship dam-crossing service system of TGP is also given. The case study shows that this method can significantly improve the operation efficiency and economic benefits of the ship dam crossing service system of the TGP.

Women accounted for about 50 percent of the estimated 214 million international migrants in 2010, with 90 percent comprising economic migrants and their families (ILO 2011). This is consistent with the increasing trend in Asian women migrants’ participation rates that have ranged from about 45 to 50.1 percent during the period 1960 to 2000 (Zlotnik 2003). Yet these women's migration narratives and the power relations of gender, class, and ethnicity have increasingly been lost under the “feminization” of migration label in migration literature. Generally, migration has been perceived as a masculine or genderless activity and women's migration patterns and economic roles have also been underrated. Fortunately, in recent years women migration scholars have provided new theoretical frameworks for studying women's migration, investigating it through a gendered perspective and contributing to mainstreaming gender into migration (Chant 1992; Jolly 2005; Palmary et al. 2010).

The labour market in Ukraine has undergone significant changes in recent years, driven by both pre-war economic processes and the full-scale war that has been ongoing since 2022. Key challenges include shifts in the employment structure, intensified migration processes, sectoral imbalances and the impact of economic instability on socio-labour relations. Research on this topic is highly relevant as it allows for an assessment of the crisis phenomena affecting the labour market and the identification of possible ways to stabilise and develop it. Another important aspect is the analysis of regional employment characteristics and the identification of the most vulnerable population groups facing difficulties in finding employment. Practical implications. The present study is devoted to the analysis of sectoral imbalances in Ukraine's labour market, which have emerged as a consequence of economic, social, and political transformations that have transpired in the context of the pre-war era and the ongoing war. A particular emphasis is placed on sectoral imbalances, employment levels, and migration processes, with an investigation into their impact on the labour market. Methodology. The research is grounded in a comprehensive analysis of statistical data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the State Employment Service, official reports, and academic publications. A range of analytical methods are employed to assess labour market changes, including comparative analysis, structural analysis and statistical approaches. Research objective. The primary objective of this study is to identify key trends and imbalances in Ukraine's labour market, forecast its future development, and formulate recommendations to mitigate the negative impact of war and economic factors on employment. Conclusions. The study confirms the presence of significant sectoral distortions in Ukraine's labour market, which have been exacerbated by the war. The research has identified that economic instability, mobilisation, forced migration, and infrastructure destruction have resulted in alterations to the employment structure. There is an increasing demand for blue-collar workers, IT specialists, healthcare professionals, and the military-industrial sector. Concurrently, conventional industries such as trade and services have experienced substantial losses. The document puts forward a series of recommendations for adapting the labour market to contemporary challenges, including the establishment of retraining programs, support for small businesses, digitalization of employment, and stimulation of innovative economic sectors.