Distributed database management and join of multiple data streams in wireless sensor network using querying techniques

Pattern transformation-invariant schemes for wireless sensor networks based on an edge detection gradient-based mechanism

Wireless Sensor Network is greatly evolved in recent years. Technological advancements in wireless networks are intended to develop various fields especially in medical domain. Nowadays, remote health monitoring is possible by the enormous growth of wireless body area sensor networks. The Wireless Body Area Sensor Network monitors the human health by using wearable body sensors, and sends the status of the human health to the medical experts. Body nodes will be placed on, in and around the human body. The major key issue in Wireless Body Area Sensor Network is power management. Since batteries used in sensors are very tiny, it tends to have a minimal lifetime. In order to increase the lifetime of the sensor node, the energy needs to be utilized in an efficient manner. In this paper we have proposed conditional re-transmission technique to minimize the energy consumption. So the sensor nodes lifetime will get increased and in turn Wireless Body Area Sensor Networks lifetime will also be increased. By increasing the lifetime of the sensor nodes, the batteries or sensor nodes need not to be replaced frequently.

In recent years, a new wave of networks labelled Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has attracted a lot of attention from researchers in both academic and industrial communities. A WSN consists of a collection of sensor nodes and a base station connected through wireless channels, and can be used for many applications such as military application, building distributed systems, physical environment monitoring, and security surveillance among others. A big advantage of sensor networks is represented by ease of deployment, reducing installation cost, possibility to distribute the tiny sensors over a wide region, and larger fault tolerance (V. Loscri et al., 2005). However, despite the infinite scopes of wireless sensor networks applications, they are limited by the node battery lifetime. Such constraints combined with a typical deployment of large number of sensor nodes have posed many challenges to the design and management of sensor networks and necessitate energyawareness at all layers of the networking protocol stack (Q. Xue & A. Ganz, 2004). Therefore, energy efficient algorithms have been one of the most challenging issues for WSNs. Sensor nodes can be in one of four states, namely transmit, receive, idle and sleep. The largest part of a node’s energy is consumed while transmitting and receiving. Minimizing the number of communications by eliminating or aggregating redundant sensed data saves much amount of energy (L. B. Ruiz et al., 2003). Among these clustering sensor networks are a very attractive approach because clustering allows for scalability, data aggregation, and energy efficiency. In a clustering network, nodes are grouped into clusters and there are special nodes called cluster head. They are responsible for an efficient way to lower energy consumption within a cluster by performing data aggregation. In a heterogeneous sensor network, two or more different types of nodes with different battery energy and functionality are used. On the other hand, in homogeneous networks all the sensor nodes are identical in terms of battery energy and hardware complexity. As a result, network performance decreases since the cluster head nodes goes down before other nodes do. Thus dynamic, energy efficient and adaptive cluster head selection algorithm is very important. Sensor networks can be divided in two classes as event-driven and continuous dissemination networks according to the periodicity of communication (L. B. Ruiz et al., 9

Ultra-wideband (UWB) radio communication sys- tems operate using extremely short duration base-band pulses. This paper compares the performance of three competing multi- ple access modulation schemes that have been proposed for appli- cation to UWB based wireless sensor networks. These multiple access schemes are ultra-wideband Time-Hopping (TH-UWB), Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS-UWB) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM-UWB). Each system was investigated under four operating conditions of different bandwidths and bit rates for three different transmission ranges. The attributes measured to compare the performance of the multiple access schemes under consideration were packet link error rate, throughput and energy efficiency. TH-UWB outper- forms DSSS-UWB and OFDM-UWB for high bandwidth condi- tions. Whereas, DSSS-UWB performs better in low bandwidth conditions compared to the other two systems. Decreasing the transmission range significantly degrades the overall performance of the systems. I. INTRODUCTION Wireless sensor networks are special networks composing of a large number of inexpensive, low-power communication sensing devices (sensor nodes), which are densely deployed throughout a physical space and have the capability of col- laborating with each other to monitor a wide variety of ambient conditions. Realisation of sensor network applications requires wireless ad hoc networking techniques (1), therefore the sensor nodes are deployed in an ad hoc fashion and are required to organize themselves to form a multi-hop wireless communication network. Efficient and reliable communication between multiple sen- sor network entities is a big challenge. The increased collision probability resulting from multiple sensor nodes transmitting data simultaneously over the same transmission medium is a common problem facing communication in wireless networks. This problem can be overcome by using reliable multiple access techniques. An ideal wireless sensor communication network would require a multiple access scheme that allows the accommodation of multiple users and provides effective communication. It must also offer some measure of security and should have low probability of intercept. It should also be resistant to jamming and must be energy efficient. Ultra-wideband (UWB) radio is an emerging technology that operates using extremely short duration base-band pulses and has a number of advantages that makes it an attractive choice for sensor networks. In particular, UWB systems have low power and low complexity. They have a noise like signal and are therefore resistant to severe multipath and jamming. They also provide greater bandwidth and are more cost ef- fective for providing increased throughput without increasing power. The three approaches to multiple access in UWB are:

Efficient sensor node deployment is extremely important in wireless sensor networks. It earns great practical meanings through using fewer sensor nodes as far as possible to satisfy different requirements such as the requirement on coverage and overcoming the potential sensor node failures and the adverse influence from the environment. We propose an efficient approach for the deployment of sensor nodes in wireless networks, termed as EDSNDA, which is excellent in taking both the requirements of sensor coverage and network connectivity into consideration when minimizing the number of necessary sensor nodes to the best of its ability. We proposed a new coverage model of sensor node. Based on the sensor coverage model, we establish four dynamic programming models in four different practical situations, respectively. The algorithms are then proposed which are used for solving the corresponding dynamic programming models. The validity of the method is justified by simulation studies in which the method is compared with the current representative methods. The simulation results show that our method performs better than the other ones with fewer sensor nodes, better coverage and network connectivity result in the same circumstance.

Deployed in a hostile environment, the individual Sensor Node (SN) of a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) could be easily compromised by an adversary due to constraints such as limited memory space and computing capability. Therefore, it is critical to detect and isolate compromised nodes in order to avoid being misled by the falsified information injected by adversaries through compromised nodes. However, it is challenging to secure the flat topology networks effectively because of the poor scalability and high communication overhead. On top of a hierarchical WSN architecture, a novel algorithm based on Weighted Trust Evaluation (WTE) to detect malicious nodes for hierarchical sensor networks is proposed in this paper. The hierarchical network can reduce the communication overhead among SNs by utilising clustered topology. The proposed algorithm models a cluster of SNs and detects malicious nodes by examining their weights that represent the reliability of SNs. Through intensive simulations, the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed detection algorithm are verified.

Seaports and their terminals are growing and their role in transport of goods are undeniable. Nowadays as an essential part of the world economic system, the management of cargo shipping such as containers that their transportation is done through the sea are discussed. On the other hand, for optimal management of containers and reduce the time required for transportation, the use of infrastructure based on modern technologies is something inevitable. Wireless sensor networks that are displayed briefly with WSN, are actually infrastructures for sensing environmental parameters, computation and sending information. Using wireless sensor networks, containers which transport over 90 percent of the world's non-bulk goods can be monitored online on the ships and seaport areas. Therefore, in this paper, considering the importance of position coordinates of container terminals and ship decks, a novel method is provided for secure positioning of the containers using position based cryptography techniques. Transportation is a basic part of the economy. Transporting systems are associated with all sectors of the society and has made it the pillars of economy, trade and social life. The purpose of the development of transport in developed societies is an integrated collection and coordinated transportation such as Management of, cargo owners, production facilities and storage of goods to international investment goods as soon as possible to reach their destination. The purpose of transport development in developed societies, is a coherent collecting and coordination among factors such as transport management, owners of the goods, centers of production, consumption and storage of goods along with international investment so that the goods reach their destination as soon as possible. Hence, we could use modern technologies to optimize the management of the container terminals as an important part of transport chain. Wireless sensor networks have recently gotten the researchers and industry owners' attention as an efficient instrument to perform necessary operations in port terminals. WSNs consist of so many sensor nodes with limited hardware in order to perceive and record the phenomenon and even the reactions to them. Sensors which are being distributed in the environment could estimate conditions as temperature, pressure, sound, vibration, movement and pollution with the help of each other. The used sensors in WSNs share with each other the received data from the environment around, so that they can make a general view of the environment under control. These sensors are in fact the results of mixing the latest progresses in the fields of electro mechanic, digital and electronic wireless communications that make the observation possible-through having characteristics such as power consumption and low cost, small size and limited radio range, the environments that their permanent presence in there is hard or impossible (1). All the disasters could be predictable via using the wireless sensor networks. Since using ordinary and standardized telecommunication protocols and computers costs a lot in doing so, WSNs with low cost is being used in these fields. The widespread use of wireless networks, technology in the field of electronic such as antenna designing, wireless circuits and the ability to create speedy processors having significant memory are of the factors causing daily improvement of using WSNs. Recently, companies producing sensor networks components have designed unique hardware to use in managing container terminals. There are more than hundred kinds of containers in the world. This variety consists of the most common ones i.e. dry containers rather than those being designed for the special kinds of the goods. They are of different kinds: dry container, open type container, open side platform containers, refrigerated containers, platform containers, live animal shipping containers, and tank containers. Due to the large number of containers settling in containers' terminals, their coordinate situating is of special importance. Control, monitoring, and real time tracking of the containers, in addition to speeding up the performance of the port operations, can also stop goods' smuggling and theft. So, in this paper, a new approach has been presented for the secure positioning of the containers. It is clear that in wireless sensor networks just as any other networks; we should get the use of algorithms and methods to reach the confidentiality, integrity and authenticity verification. Although accessing the security goals according to comprehensive restrictions in WSN is not easy. These networks, according to their characteristics such as other network types are always under the exposure of different attacks from the invaders in order to infiltrate and disrupt the system. The invaders manipulate user data (hearing, changing, embedding and deleting). The nature of wireless communication, the incontrollable environment and infrastructure weakness, increases the invaders abilities in sensor networks. Wireless communications help the invaders to

A Wireless sensor network (WSN) comprises several sensor nodes such as magnetic, thermal, and infrared, and the radar is set up in a particular geographical area. The primary aim of sensor network is to transmit reliable, secure data from one node to another node, node to base station and vice versa and from base station to all nodes in a network and to conserve the energy of sensor nodes. On the other hand, there are several restrictions such as large energy consumption, limited storage/memory and processing ability, higher latency, and insufficient resources. The related security issues in wireless sensor network are authenticity, confidentiality, robustness, integrity, and data freshness. The sensor nodes are susceptible to several attacks such as DOS, Sybil, flood, black hole, selective forwarding which results in the leakage of sensitive and valuable information. It is therefore necessary to provide security against these critical attacks in the network. Wireless sensor network were earlier used for military applications with the objective of monitoring friendly and opposing forces, battlefield surveillance, detection of attacks, but today Wireless Networking have a huge number of applications-environmental, healthcare, home, industrial, commercial and are still counting. This paper is an extensive review of the security requirements, attacks that are to be avoided and resolved for achieving a secure network connection. This paper also emphasizes various limitations and defense strategies to prevent threats and attacks. The issues of applications of wireless sensor network for smooth and reliable transmissions are also discussed. The sensor networks are popular for mission-critical-tasks and security is immensely required for such hostile environment employed networks.

The use of wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) for surveillance applications has attracted the interest of many researchers. As with traditional sensor networks, it is easy to deploy and operate WMSNs. With inclusion of multimedia devices in wireless sensor networks, it is possible to provide data to users that is more meaningful than that provided by scalar sensor-based systems alone; however, producing, storing, processing, analyzing, and transmitting multimedia data in sensor networks requires consideration of additional constraints, including energy, processing power, storage capacity, and communication. Furthermore, as multimedia sensors produce much more data than scalar sensors, more manpower is required to analyze multimedia data. To overcome these constraints and challenges, this paper aimed to propose a system architecture and a set of procedures for WMSNs that facilitate automatic classification of moving objects using scalar and multimedia sensors. Methods and standards for detecting and classifying a moving object, as well as transmission of the results, are described in detail. The hardware for each sensor node includes a built-in camera, a passive infrared motion sensor, a vibration sensor, and an acoustic sensor. An application using our proposed methods was developed and embedded in the multimedia sensor node. In addition, a sink station was set up and the data produced by the sensor network was collected by this server. The classification performance of the application was tested using video recorded by the sensor node. The effect of the proposed methods on power consumption was also tested and measured. The experimental results show that the proposed approach is sufficiently lightweight to be used for real-world surveillance applications.

A scheme for WSNs (wireless sensor networks) security is given by dividing sensing tetrahedron into clusters and using the symmetric polynomials in this paper.The sensing tetrahedron is divided into a number of small grids.All those sensor nodes, both ordinary sensor nodes and heterogeneous sensor nodes are distributed in the sensing tetrahedron.In a grid, all ordinary sensor nodes and heterogeneous sensor nodes establish their shared keys through using the symmetric polynomials.All the heterogeneous sensor nodes establish their shared keys through using the symmetric polynomials.At last, all sensor nodes establish their keys directly or indirectly in the whole sensing tetrahedron.Analysis and comparison demonstrate this scheme enhances the WSN security, has good network connectivity, saves node storage, reduces network computing load, and extends the network lifetime.

Key management is a major challenge to achieve security in wireless sensor networks. Previous research on sensor network security mainly considers homogeneous sensor networks, where all sensor nodes have the same capabilities. The recent research has shown that the survivability of the homogeneous sensor network can be improved if sensor nodes are grouped in clusters in which a powerful cluster head assigned. In this paper, we adopt a Heterogeneous Sensor Network (HSN) model for better performance and security. We proposed a novel key management scheme, which utilizes Elliptic Curve Cryptography and the t-degree trivariate symmetric polynomial in the design of an efficient key management scheme for sensor nodes. In addition, we also design a dynamic key update technique based on one-way hash chain and Time Slice mechanism which significantly reduced the communication overhead in key agreement and update phase. The performance evaluation and security analysis show that the proposed key management scheme can provide perfect resilience against node capture and scalability with significant saving on communication overhead and storage space.

Sensors have a strong connection to the real world, which sets them apart from conventional networks in a major way. Through the use of a variety of sensing devices as well as the processing of raw data, sensor networks may detect & monitor physical phenomena occurring in the locations/regions where even the sensors are located or deployed. Physical phenomena linked with geographic locations/regions are much more important to users of wireless sensor networks over raw data from individual sensor nodes. Geospatial information is becoming more important in sensor networks and applications, and sensor nodes having GPS signal receivers become more widely available. Sensor nodes may also be located without GPS using a variety of localization methods. A location-aware sensor network is now possible thanks to these recent technological advancements. To address the issue of estimating the location and position among wireless sensor nodes, new approaches, techniques, and algorithms must be created. In order to achieve this goal, In this Paper, we are proposing a Distance Vector Hop (DV-Hop) algorithm that Significantly decreases the average of localization error of sensor nodes and which is a solution for localizing nodes having few adjacent anchors. simulation results prove that the proposed algorithm substantially reduces the average of localization error of sensor nodes

Information extraction from sensor networks using the Watershed transform algorithm

Providing a powerful synchronization system is one of the most important goals to be pursued if an efficient utilization of sensor networks has to be addressed. The basic concept behind a Wireless Sensor Network is to deploy a large number of sensor nodes able to acquire and process data. Most of WSNs applications require sensor nodes to maintain local clocks both to determine the events order and to provide temporal information to measured data; to achieve this goal applications generally require a low synchronization precision, close to Milli seconds. This paper proposes a novel synchronization system based on Kohonen's Self Organizing Maps (SOMs), able to provide some Artificial Intelligence features to sensor nodes. A SOM is a particular neural network that learns to classify data without any supervision. In each sensor node, a SOM is implemented to evaluate the sensor node time, using a very little amount of storage and computing resources. In a scenario where thousands of sensor nodes are placed, this system evaluates the time of each sensor in a distributed manner, assuming a very little percentage of nodes knowing the actual time, thus ensuring an effective clock synchronization among all the sensors.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consists of low power nodes, with limited processing, communication, and storage. The networks are made up of tiny nodes which are becoming future of many applications, but due to deployment nature the sensor nodes are prone to physical attacks against the adversaries and resource limitations raises some serious question to secure these nodes. Random failure of nodes occurred in real-life deployment scenarios. Due to the resource constraints in the sensor nodes, traditional security mechanisms with large overhead of computation and communication are infeasible in WSNs. Security is a challenging task in WSN and basic security goals in sensor networks are Confidentiality, Integrity, Authentication and Availability (CIAA). Many security solutions have been proposed in the domain so far. Due to a number of physical constraints in sensor nodes, traditional cryptographic mechanisms are not suitable to deal with such potential security threats. This paper is devoted to the research on security efficiency for wireless sensor networks. The proposed scheme of Individual Pairwise and Cluster (IPC) key management is based on the generation and distribution of the individual key, pairwise key and the cluster head broadcast key. This paper proposes a solution which uses the basic scheme, but does not use group-based deployment model and pre-deployment knowledge of the locations of nodes, and yet performs better than the schemes which uses the group-based deployment. The security analysis shows that the scheme within this paper meets the unique security needs of the sensor networks.