Drugs Consumption Analysis System Using Blockchain

Blockchain technology, renowned for its decentralized, immutable, and transparent features, offers a reliable framework for trust in distributed systems. The growing popularity of consortium blockchains, which include public, private, hybrid, and consortium chains, stems from their balance of privacy and collaboration. A significant challenge in these systems is the scalability of consensus mechanisms, particularly when employing the Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) algorithm. This review focuses on enhancing PBFT's scalability, a critical factor in the effectiveness of consortium chains. Innovations such as Boneh–Lynn–Shacham (BLS) signatures and Verifiable Random Functions (VRF) are highlighted for their ability to reduce algorithmic complexity and increase transaction throughput. The discussion extends to real-world applications, particularly in platforms like Hyperledger Fabric, showcasing the practical benefits of these advancements. This paper provides a concise overview of the latest methodologies that enhance the performance scalability of PBFT-based consortium chains, serving as a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners aiming to optimize these systems for high-performance demands.

An improved practical Byzantine fault tolerance (Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerant consensus algorithm based on reputation, RPBFT) algorithm based on grouping and reputation value voting is proposed for the problems of high communication complexity, poor scalability, and random selection of master nodes of the practical Byzantine fault tolerance (PBFT) consensus algorithm of the consortium chain. First, the consistency process is optimized to take the response speed of nodes to each group leader as the basis of grouping, and the intragroup consensus is performed. The group leader then takes the result of intragroup consensus and participates in extra-group consensus to reduce the frequency and time of internode communication. Second, the reputation model and voting mechanism are proposed, and the group leader is generated by node reputation value voting, which enhances the initiative and reliability of trusted nodes and reduces the abnormal nodes as group leader. Finally, a simulation and performance testing system based on this improved scheme is built to prove the effectiveness as well as the usability of the scheme through simulation experiments. The experimental results show that when the number of network nodes is 36, the throughput of the RPBFT algorithm is six times that of PBFT. Therefore, the consensus delay is reduced by 91.7%, and the communication overhead is reduced by 37.8%.

Introduction to the special section on blockchain techniques for the internet of vehicles security (VSI-bciov)

Traditional intellectual property authentication relies on centralized intermediaries, which makes it difficult to address issues such as forgery, lack of trust, and opaque information. Combined with the characteristics of blockchain, such as decentralization, tampering, and traceability, these challenges can be effectively dealt with. Aiming at the shortcomings of traditional consensus algorithms in intellectual property authentication, such as high communication overhead and low efficiency, the improved PBFT (Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance) algorithm (MBFT algorithm) is proposed and combined with the distributed database IPFS (Inter Planetary File System) to alleviate the pressure of blockchain data storage and enhance operational efficiency. The algorithm first adopts the evaluation system in the hierarchical mechanism, invokes the Fibonacci series incremental law to update the Score value of the nodes and sort them, and divides the nodes into the classification consensus layer, the consensus confirmation layer, and the supervision layer. Secondly, the Maglev algorithm is used to generate a lookup table and design a classification consensus strategy, which is divided into four consensus groups based on the characteristics of intellectual property categories, namely, the patent authentication consensus group, the trademark authentication consensus group, the copyright authentication consensus group, and the other types of authentication consensus group. Then, the algorithm optimizes the consistency protocol, carries out PBFT consensus once in each of the classification consensus layers and consensus confirmation layers, according to the consensus situation, and realizes the nodes’ dynamic update to ensure the consensus’s accuracy and reliability. The experiments show that the MBFT algorithm performs better in terms of communication complexity and throughput. As the number and size of files increase, the execution time of IPFS progressively lengthens. However, the overall performance still meets the actual demand. Compared with the traditional PBFT, MBFT improves the communication complexity by about 50% or more, the throughput is about 3 times the traditional PBFT, and the scalability and response speed of the system are significantly improved when the number of nodes increases.

Achieving good performance in terms of throughput and scalability, with high quality of security has always been a challenging problem in all sorts of scheduling. Permissioned blockchain allows multiple contracts of non-trusting peer organization to be deployed for working in consortium. It is the responsibility of the scheduler often called as an ordering service to form block of transactions to get committed through consensus. Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) is one of the most popular consensus algorithm used in current implementations of blockchain. Most consensus algorithms including PBFT follow FIFO scheduling strategy to create the block of transactions. With block chain being supported for multi-contract environment, scheduling should consider difference in service requirements specifically security requirement for heterogeneous contracts. The current work proposes SAGA-PBFT (Security-Aware Genetic Algorithm based Practical Byzantine fault Tolerance) scheduler, which uses multi objective genetic algorithm for balancing the security requirement and security overhead at the time of block creations. The algorithm assigns the security level to each transaction as per its security requirement but in an unpredictable manner making security attack difficult. It further uses security aware PBFT for consensus. Experimental simulation proves that SAGA-PBFT when compared with PBFT, achieves better commit time and scalability with best possible security.

In some liberal democracies, governments allow people to legally own guns to protect their lives and property. However, gun crime has been increasing in recent years. Taking the United States, for example, a report pointed out that Americans are 10 times more likely to be shot than citizens of other countries. Murder using guns in the United States is 25 times more than that in the other 22 high-income countries. Most of these guns came from other cities. These illegally circulating guns are directly linked to deadly street violence. This means that effective firearm management can reduce deadly violence. In the past few years, Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) technology was often used to track the supply chain. However, in the traditional supply chain, only the participants of the supply chain can query information. Furthermore, only the participants can verify the correctness of the data. This result causes information to be not transparent. On the other hand, blockchain technology, with a unique combination of features such as distributed notes, decentralized structure, consensus algorithm, storage mechanism, asymmetric encryption, and smart contract, ensures network visibility, transparency, and security. Therefore, we combine blockchain and RFID technology to propose a traceable firearm management system based on blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The proposed method achieves several goals. First of all, the characteristic data through the blockchain can be publicly verified and the information will not be modified. The traceability of the data and the application of RFID can effectively manage the production chain. In addition, we used Burrows–Abadi–Needham logic (BAN logic) logic to prove mutual authentication, and the nonrepudiation and integrity method can also be achieved in our proposed scheme.

The blockchain typically described as a decentralized system in which transactional or ancient statistics are recorded, stored, and maintained throughout a peer-to-peer community of personal computers referred to as nodes. Counterfeit drugs are one consequence of such limitations within existing supply chains, which not only has serious adverse impact on human health but also causes severe economic loss to the healthcare industry. Blockchain technology has gained tremendous attention, with an escalating hobby in a plethora of several applications like safe and relaxed healthcare records management. Similarly, blockchain is reforming the traditional healthcare practices to an extra reliable means, in phrases of powerful progno- sis and treatment through safe and cosy facts sharing using SHA Hash Generation Algorithm. Within the future, blockchain will be an era that can probably assist in personalized, authentic, and at ease healthcare by means of merging the entire actual-time scientific information of a patient’s fitness and offering it in an up to date cosy healthcare setup. In this paper, we evaluation each the present and modern day trends inside the subject of healthcare with the aid of imposing blockchain as a model. We also talk the packages of blockchain, at the side of the demanding situations confronted and destiny views. The proposed system executed blockchain implementation in distributed computing surroundings and it gives the automated restoration of invalid chain by using Consensus and Mining Algorithm. In this system, we present a Custom blockchain- based approach leveraging smart contracts and decentralized off-chain storage for efficient product traceability in the healthcare supply chain. The smart contract guarantees data provenance, eliminates the need for intermediaries and provides a secure, immutable history of transactions to all stakeholders. We present the system architecture and detailed algorithms that govern the working principles of our proposed solution. We perform testing and validation, and present cost and security analysis of the system to evaluate its effectiveness to enhance trace- ability within pharmaceutical supply chains. Keywords— Blockchain Technology, Decentralization / Decentralized System, Distributed Com- puting, Peer-to- Peer Network, Healthcare, Supply chains, etc.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how blockchain technology can improve supply chain adaptability, alignment and agility which collectively enhance competitive advantage which in turn influences firm performance. Design/methodology/approach The conceptual framework of the present study is developed by conducting an extensive literature review on blockchain technology, supply chain adaptability, alignment, agility and competitive advantage. The sample data were collected from 397 supply chain practitioners in India to validate the conceptual model. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to ascertain the validity of the measures used and a structural model was analyzed for testing the proposed conceptual framework. Findings The results of the present study show that blockchain technology can improve supply chain adaptability, alignment, agility which lead to competitive advantage, which leads to better firm performance. Besides, trust generated through blockchain use also increases firm performance. Research limitations/implications Currently, the respondents do not have practical experience of using blockchain technology. They have responded based on their knowledge about supply chain and blockchain which they acquired from published sources. Different supply chains require different strategic choices and different information needs. But the present study assumes that all supply chain needs are identical. The present study assumes that government regulations regarding blockchain technology are favorable; however, currently, there is no legal framework to address blockchain technology. The findings of the current study indicate that companies not only should create more awareness regarding blockchain but also should actively work with IT companies that are engaged in developing blockchain-based supply chain solution. Managers, as well as IT companies and academicians, should join hands to study and develop a framework for regulating blockchain technology and suggest these to the policy actors. Practical implications The present study shows that supply chain practitioners are confident that blockchain technology will help improve supply chain parameters. These findings can help IT companies and their marketers for developing and promoting blockchain-based IT applications. In addition, the important implication for supply chain practitioners is that blockchain helps in creating a competitive advantage and increases firm performance. Originality/value The effect of IT on important supply chain variables has been studied in the past; however, there is not a single study which sheds light on how disruptive technologies such as blockchain will affect supply chain adaptability, alignment, agility and firm performance.

Background: Blockchain technology (BCT) is widely recognised for its potential to transform supply chain (SC) operations by enhancing SC transparency, hence fostering trust among SC partners. However, most empirical research has explored its direct impact through conceptual and causal models, while limited studies have explored how SC professionals themselves perceive the role of BCT in strengthening SC transparency and trust among SC partners, especially within emerging economies.Objectives: This study explores the perceptions of SC professionals regarding BCT technology, SC transparency and trust. The focus is on understanding how practitioners interpret the relational value of BCT in the context of emerging economies, with Egypt serving as a representative case.Method: This study employs an exploratory quantitative research approach through a quantitative method that utilises surveys to collect data from 63 SC professionals working in organisations operating in Egypt.Results: Findings confirm that professionals perceive BCT as a tool that positively influences both SC trust and SC transparency, with SC transparency partially mediating the relationship between BCT and trust. However, SC transparency alone does not fully explain trust-building, highlighting the importance of other BCT features such as immutability, traceability and smart contracts.Conclusion: This study reveals that SC professionals in emerging economies perceive BCT as a multifaceted trust-enabling mechanism, operating through SC transparency and other technological affordances.Contribution: By capturing practitioners’ perceptions, this study offers exploratory observations about the perceived relationship among BCT, SC transparency and trust, offering evidence-based understanding from an emerging economy perspective. The findings inform both academics and managers on how BCT’s perceived benefits can shape future trust-oriented SC practices.

As global supply chains become increasingly complex, traditional systems face challenges in ensuring efficiency, transparency, and innovation. Block chain technology has emerged as a transformative force in addressing these issues, offering a decentralized and secure framework for supply chain management. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the impact of block chain on supply chains, focusing on its potential to enhance efficiency, transparency, and foster innovation. The efficiency gains facilitated by block chain in supply chain management are examined through the elimination of intermediaries, reduction of paperwork, and real-time visibility into the entire process. These improvements result in streamlined operations, reduced costs, and enhanced responsiveness to market dynamics. Moreover, block chain’s decentralized nature ensures data integrity, mitigating the risk of fraud and errors in the supply chain. Transparency is a critical aspect of modern supply chains, and block chain provides an immutable and transparent ledger that enables end-to-end visibility. The technology ensures traceability and accountability, allowing stakeholders to access real-time information about the origin, movement, and status of products. This transparency not only enhances trust among supply chain participants but also facilitates compliance with regulatory requirements. The role of block chain in fostering innovation within supply chains is explored, emphasizing its potential to enable new business models, collaborative ecosystems, and the integration of emerging technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI). The paper highlights case studies and pilot projects where block chain has been successfully applied to drive innovation in supply chain processes. Challenges and considerations related to the implementation of block chain in supply chain management are also discussed, including interoperability, scalability, and regulatory issues. The paper concludes by outlining future research directions and emphasizing the need for industry-wide collaboration to unlock the full potential of block chain in revolutionizing supply chain management. Overall, this review contributes to the understanding of how block chain can serve as a catalyst for efficiency, transparency, and innovation in contemporary supply chains

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to assess if blockchain technology, which is hailed for its potential to improve supply chain transparency and efficiency, can deliver to this promise (Abreu et al., 2021; Mahyuni et al., 2020; Manzoor et al., 2022; Rennie, 2022; Yiannas, 2018). Supply chains are increasingly complex and full transparency is difficult to achieve and may sometimes be undesired, yet governments worldwide are demanding more transparency especially with respect to the social and environmental sustainability of supply chains (Francisco & Swanson, 2018; Franke, 2021; Najjar, 2021). If blockchain technology allows to close this gap, without compromising corporate confidentiality and efficiency requirements, it might change supply chain management drastically. Most other research in this field remains rather superficial with respect to the fundamentals of blockchain technology and supply chain management. Our study will add to the very limited theoretically founded research on blockchain potentials in supply chains.Study Design: Our paper is conceptual. Based on the extant literature, we compare blockchain technology and its advantages to the characteristics of supply chains and challenges of supply chain management to identify a theoretical fit. We investigate if published case studies of blockchain technology in supply chain management support this. Finally, we devise a conceptual framework for the application of blockchain technology in supply chain management.Findings: There is, currently, very limited use for blockchain technology in supply chain management. It does not provide an answer to several of the challenges that exist in supply chain management. Blockchain technology was primarily devised as encryption technology for virtual entities and transactions involving them and not for tangible objects. Published case studies describing the use of blockchain technology in supply chain management do not contradict these findings.They rely on private blockchain solutions lacking the key benefits of blockchain technology. Our conceptual framework constitutes a reference for a future public blockchain solution for supply chains. It offers solutions for some of the challenges but also cannot solve some fundamental challenges, like power imbalances in supply chains.Limitations: Blockchain technology undergoes rapid development. Future blockchain technology may be faster, less energy-intensive and more integrated with other technologies. This may be aided by developments in hardware, like quantum computing. The findings of this paper are limited to currently available technology.Implications: Companies and governments alike should be very cautious when considering investing in currently available blockchain solutions for supply chain management.

The convergence of blockchain, artificial intelligence (AI), and cloud computing is catalyzing a paradigm shift in developing secure, intelligent, and scalable digital infrastructures. This triad of technologies is increasingly utilized to improve performance, transparency, and trust in engineering-driven and socio-technical environments. This study systematically reviews the evolution, integration strategies, and applications of blockchain, AI, and cloud computing in digital ecosystems. The analysis is based on 108 peer-reviewed studies spanning the years 2012 to 2025. A comprehensive literature analysis was conducted to identify trends, synergies, and sector-specific implementations of these systems. The review explores how their integration supports real-world engineering and operational use cases. Blockchain contributes to decentralized architectures, secure data exchange, and identity verification. AI supports adaptive behavior, autonomous decision-making, and predictive analytics. Cloud computing offers the scalable infrastructure necessary for deployment. Key challenges addressed include interoperability, latency, security trade-offs, and resource allocation. Use cases in digital finance, supply chain management, and industrial automation demonstrate the effectiveness of this integration in building resilient, ethically aligned, and high-performance infrastructures. The findings offer valuable insights and technical considerations for engineers and architects seeking to design next-generation cyber-physical systems that are secure, intelligent, and socially responsive. Clinical Trial Number Not applicable. This article accentuates the extensive use of blockchain, cloud computing, and AI principles, emphasizing their crucial significance in the contemporary digital environment and paths in which blockchain technology may be employed to automate financial transactions, enhance the security of personal data and records, facilitate cross-border transactions, verify identities, execute smart contracts, utilize cryptocurrencies, and manage supply chains. This research systematically assesses the development and practical application of blockchain, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence technologies over the past decade. This study primarily focuses on monitoring the progress, practical applications, and benefits of blockchain technology in the context of financial transactions. This article probes the symbiotic relationship between artificial intelligence, cloud and blockchain technology, analyzing the evolution and fundamental concepts of their integration from 2012 to 2025. This paper also presents a detailed analysis of 108 research works acquitted over the past decade. The study provides a comprehensive examination of the current state and fundamental principles related to the integration of artificial intelligence, cloud, and blockchain technology. This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the major obstacles confronted by blockchain technology, examining its wide-ranging applications over several industries and its socko role in transaction systems and the domain of cryptocurrencies.

Purpose This study aims to investigate the intention to use blockchain technology (BT) in the context of supply chain (SC) operations through an integrated technology adoption framework using two well-known models, the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) and the technology acceptance model (TAM). Moreover, the study looked at the direct effect of TAM and UTAUT elements on attitude toward BT, as well as the role of attitude toward BT as a mediator between TAM and UTAUT elements and intention to use BT. Design/methodology/approach The study used a quantitative research method, and a structured questionnaire was used to gather primary data. The final sample, drawn using a convenience sampling that consisted of 273 managers from the Jordanian manufacturing sector. Structural equation modeling statistical method was conducted using the Smart PLS program to test hypotheses in the proposed study framework. Findings The study has provided intriguing results. It found that two UTAUT elements, namely performance expectancy and social influence and one TAM element, namely perceived usefulness, have a significant impact on the attitude toward BT. Besides that, the study found that attitude toward BT significantly mediated the relationship between UTAUT-TAM elements and intention to use BT. The findings revealed that three elements namely performance expectancy, social influence and perceived usefulness have statistical significance on intention to use BT through the mediation of attitude. Finally, there is a direct significant positive relationship between the attitude toward BT and intention to use it. Research limitations/implications The study helps decision-makers, South Carolina practitioners and academics recognize the fundamental factors that increase manufacturing firms’ intentions to use blockchain in their SCs. This gives decision-makers a better understanding of why users accept or reject BT, as well as how to improve user acceptability through technological design. Future studies should seek for a bigger sample size and use random sampling techniques. Furthermore, the study should be replicated in other industries or developing countries to validate the findings. Originality/value There is a scarcity of studies identifying the factors that increase blockchain adoption intention in SCM and developing countries. This study differs in that it examines BT intention to use in the context of SC using an integrated technology adoption framework that uses two well-known models, UTAUT and TAM, whereas other studies typically use only one model/theory. Moreover, given the importance of attitude in behavior, this study also investigated the effect of TAM-UTAUT elements on attitude toward BT, as well as the role of attitude toward BT as a mediator between TAM and UTAUT elements and intention to use BT.

Blockchain technology has subverted traditional supply chain operational models and transformed information interactions along supply chains. This paper examines the impact of blockchain technology on supply chain information collaboration and operating costs. This paper develops a three-level supply chain model based on blockchain technology that incorporates retailer sensitivity to information. First, the manufacturer’s profit function is developed, and the optimal information-sharing quantity and supply chain pricing decisions are analysed. Then, cost models for both the traditional supply chain and the novel supply chain using blockchain technology are developed and the impact of blockchain technology on supply chain operating costs is determined. The results demonstrate that blockchain technology can effectively reduce supply chain operating costs. In addition, this study has an interesting finding that if blockchain adoption is valuable for the supply chain, the quantity of information-sensitive should be moderate. Too many or too few information-sensitive retailers can reduce the value of the blockchain's use. This is because blockchain is implementation will increase the privacy concerns of supply chain companies.

DRBFT: Delegated randomization Byzantine fault tolerance consensus protocol for blockchains