East Germans in Generation Comparison

The breakdown of the Berlin Wall and the politi cal transition of East Germany after 1989 raised the ques tion, whether the former socialist elite would, at least partly, be successful in keeping their influential positions. Based on considerations about the differentiation of occupational careers in the GDR, the article explores the fate of persons belonging to two different groups within the East German upper service class: professionals and managers (i.e. admin istrative personnel). Data from the East German Life His tory Study allow us to trace the periods of unemployment and self-employment as well as upward and downward moves in the hierarchy of occupational status positions of 209 women and men from 1989 until 1996. As expected, former managers faced much greater risks of occupational discontinuity and downward mobility than former profes sionals. Further analyses show that this difference is caused mainly by the higher employment risks of female managers, and by the low career prospects for highly qualified East German women outside of the public sector.

While West Germany’s judicial dealings with Nazi crimes have been amply researched, their Eastern counterpart is less well known. Initially, the similarities are striking: both the Western zones and the Soviet zone had to reconstruct their legal system. Re-erection of bombed district courts as well as denazification of legal personnel dominated the first post-war years. Legal regulations were similar, too, to an extent: both West and East German jurists used the German penal code and - with the exception of the American zone - Control Council Law No. 10 (crimes against humanity). Furthermore, in East Germany Control Council Directive No. 38 (denazification) was employed as a penal law, too which meant that many defendants were sentenced for membership in Nazi organizations. However, although the Nazi crimes to be adjudicated were necessarily similar in both Germanies, the emphasis on certain crimes was very different: denunciations, crimes against political opponents and foreign workers and Nazi party membership were most prominent in numbers in East Germany. In the West, Nazi crimes against Jews played a bigger role in post-war justice.

We use the case of EU enlargement in 2004 to investigate the impact of economic integration on regional income growth. Being particularly interested in studying the effects 'at the margin', we track the relative performance of regions adjacent to both sides of the integration border vis-à-vis non-border regions. We use a space-time incremental difference-in-difference (IDiD) analysis to account for spatial spillovers, early anticipation and adjustment dynamics over time. Our findings indicate that EU-15 regions up to a distance of 100 km from the integration border experience positive integration effects, but we do not observe additional income growth effects for NMS-10 border regions compared to non-border regions. The results are found to be robust for alternative regression specifications including doubly robust estimation, varying sample settings and placebo tests. Country-specific estimates for the EU-15 finally indicate that in particular East German regions have benefited from EU enlargement potentially reflecting their proximity to Poland as largest NMS market, their favorable investment conditions, i.e. modern infrastructure, and preferential historical ties to the NMS-10.

Seán Allan: Screening Art: Modernist Aesthetics and the Socialist Imaginary in East German Cinema

Nationale Identität und politische Einstellungen im Prozeß derdeutsch-deutschen Vereinigung. Themen: Erfüllung der Erwartungen an die Währungs-, Wirtschafts-und Sozialunion und an den Einigungsvertrag; nationale Identität;eigene Rolle im deutsch-deutschen Einigungsprozeß; Verständnisvon Vaterland; Verbundenheit mit dem Bundesland;Politikinteresse; Haltung zur Vereinigung Europas und Gründedafür; Notwendigkeit einer neuen Verfassung; Veränderungen seitder deutschen Vereinigung hinsichtlich der demokratischenMitwirkung, beruflichen Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten, Befriedigungmaterieller Bedürfnisse, Teilnahme am kulturellen Leben,Gesundheitsvorsorge; Einschätzung des Lebensstandards;präferierte Gruppe zur Lösung der gesellschaftlichen Probleme;Beschäftigung mit Probleme wie Arbeitslosigkeit, Abrüstung,Jugoslawienkrieg; Bildung des gemeinsamen europäischen Marktes,wachsende Kriminalität, berufliche Neuorientierung, wachsendeRücksichtslosigkeit, Umweltverschmutzung, Mieterhöhung, Hungerund Armut in den unterentwickelten Ländern; zukünftigeEntwicklung Deutschlands; Zukunftsaussichten; Vertrauen in diesoziale Marktwirtschaft, Politiker, Demokratie undRechtsstaatlichkeit, Parteien und Organisationen, Gewerkschaften,Freunde, Familie und in die eigene Person; Beurteilung derDDR-Geschichte; zukünftiger Umgang mit der DDR-Geschichte;Wohnort; Bundesland.

Nick HODGIN & Caroline PEARCE (Eds), Camden House, 2011,, ISBN 978-0-57113-4349, £40.00 (hbk), 300 pp. The twentieth anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall and German Reunification marked a sig...

Outside the window of a Bethlehem hotel, which once possessed a panoramic view of Rachel’s tomb, graffiti is scribbled across the massive rampart near the watchtower. In the center is one citation: “Mr. President: Tear Down this Wall!” The historical irony is apparent: The reference is to Ronald Reagan’s demands that Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev tear down the Berlin Wall. The difference, however, was that the Berlin Wall was essentially built by East German authorities to keep their population in, while the Israeli government has built its wall to keep Palestinians out. But the wall has been built on portions of territory still claimed by Palestinians. (See Chapter 10.)

Die Prozesse des Übergangs zur Demokratie und der Markttransformation unterscheiden sich in Ostdeutschland von Verläufen in anderen postkommunistischen Gesellschaften. Nirgendwo sonst wurden der Transfer von Institutionen der Marktwirtschaft, die Beseitigung des alten Regimes und die Einbeziehung in die supranationalen Märkten so plötzlich und radikal vollzogen wie in der ehemaligen DDR. Der Beitrag basiert auf einer explorativen Langzeitstudie, die den Karriereverlauf von Unternehmern und Spitzenmanagern in der Fertigungsindustrie vor und nach der Wiedervereinigung analysiert. Von besonderer Bedeutung für diese Karrieren sind die Ausgangspositionen beim Übergang zu einer offenen Marktwirtschaft und das 'Leben nach dem Tod' der wirtschaftlichen Elite der DDR nach der Wende. Es kann gezeigt werden, dass einige der Unterschiede in Struktur und Disposition der Wirtschaftseliten dem Erbe der DDR zugeschrieben werden können. Andere Unterschiede entwickelten sich hingegen aus den Problemen des untergeordneten Status Ostdeutschlands in der deutschen Wirtschaft. Auch ist eine Annäherung der Karrieremuster ostdeutscher Manager an westdeutsche zu beobachten. Die Arbeit basiert auf prozessinduzierten Daten, die am SFB 580 erarbeitet wurden.

David Childs and Richard Popplewell, The Stasi: The East German Intelligence and Security Service (New York: New York University Press, 1996; and London: Macmillan, 1996). Pp.253, biblio., index. US$45 and £40. ISBN 0–8147–1551–6 and 0–333–63094–7. Markus Wolf with Anne McElvoy, Man Without a Face (New York: Random House Times Books, 1997). Pp.367, index. US$25. ISBN 0–8129–6394–6. Markus Wolf, Spionage Chef im Geheimen Krieg: Erinnerungen (Munich: List Verlag, 1997). Pp.512. DM44. ISBN 3–471–79158–2. Wjatscheslaw Keworkow, Der geheime Kanal (Berlin: Rowohlt, 1995). Pp.284. DM29.80. ISBN 3–87134–224–6. Abteilung Bildung und Forschung (ed.) Wissenschaftliche Reihe des Bundesbeauftragten für die Unterlagen des Staatssicherheitsdienstes der ehemaligen Deutschen Demokratischen Republik (Berlin: Chr. Links Verlag). Eight volumes to date. Volumes discussed in review: Helmut Müller‐Enbergs (ed.) Inoffizielle Mitarbeiter des Ministeriums für Staatssicherheit (Berlin: Links, 1996). Vol. 3. Pp.544, biblio, index. DM40. ISBN 3–86153–101–1. Siegfried Suckut (ed.) Das Wörterbuch der Staatssicherheit (Berlin: Links, 2nd ed., 1996). Vol.5. Pp.472. DM40. ISBN 3–86153–111–9. Siegfried Suckut and Walter Süß (eds.) Staatspartei und Staatssicherheit: Zum Verhältnis von SED und MfS (Berlin: Links, 1997). Vol.8. Pp.351. DM38. ISBN 3–86153–131–3.

Nationale Identität und politische Einstellungen im Prozeß derdeutsch-deutschen Vereinigung. Themen: Beurteilung des Einigungsvertrages; eigene Rolle imdeutsch-deutschen Einigungsprozeß; heutige Einschätzung derErwartungen an die Vereinigung; Auswirkungen der Währungs-,Wirtschafts- und Sozialunion auf den persönlichen Lebensstandard;nationale Identität; Verständnis von Vaterland; Verbundenheit mitdem Bundesland; Bedeutung der Bildung der neuen Bundesländer;Einschätzung der Entwicklung der DDR; Verantwortliche für denZusammenbruch der DDR; Typisches für die DDR; Ausrichtung desheutigen Geschichtsunterrichts auf BRD- und/oder DDR-Geschichte;Ursachen der Probleme in Ostdeutschland (Skala); gewünschteBestimmungen im Grundgesetz; Umgang mit Alltagsproblemen wiePreisen, Steuerrecht, Konkurrenzprinzip, Verkehrsdichte,Warenauswahl, Briefkastenwerbung, Arbeitsplatzverlust,Kirchensteuern, persönlichen Geldausgaben, Versicherungsfragenund Mietrecht; Vertrauen in Marktwirtschaft, Politiker,Menschenverstand, Demokratie, Rechtsstaatlichkeit, Zusammenhaltder Bürger, Gewerkschaften, Freunde, Familie, die eigene Person;Zuzug von Ausländern; Aufnahme politisch Verfolgter; Orientierungauf Ost- und Westeuropa; Beziehung Deutschlands zu Schweden,UdSSR, USA, Polen, England, Tschechoslowakei, Frankreich undChina; Wohnort; Bundesland.

Economic crime and the privatisation of East German Corporations

Journal Article Income Distribution. A comparative study of the United States, Sweden, West Germany, East Germany, the United Kingdom, and Japan, Distribution of Income: East and West Get access Income Distribution. A comparative study of the United States, Sweden, West Germany, East Germany, the United Kingdom, and Japan. By M. SCHNITZER. (New York: Praeger, 1975. Pp. xiv + 234. £7.25.)Distribution of Income: East and West. By P. WILES. (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1974. Pp. xv + 136. Dfl. 30.) Thomas Stark Thomas Stark The New University of Ulster Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 85, Issue 339, 1 September 1975, Pages 648–650, https://doi.org/10.2307/2230918 Published: 01 September 1975

The North East Asia, geographically belongs to the sub-system in the East Asia, has once created the ”East Asian Community” which consists of China and its surrounding countries, as referred to ”Chinese World Empire” in this article. It popularized the Confucius thinking in term of culture, Suzerain-vassal System in politics, and Tribute Trade System in economy. In short, it was a China-center traditional regional integration in East Asia and also a life community with common culture value. Passed downward through the modern history, Japan, under this common culture value, promoted actively the ”Asianism” as well as the ”Great East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere”, which was once popular in the North East Asia but abandoned in WWⅡ. Meanwhile, the existing Chinese ”Universalism” and ”Chinese World Empire” in the East Asia were suppressed by Western influence to East and were succeeded by Japan afterward. The ”Chinese World Empire” was contained by the U.S. in the postwar period and encountered the crisis of the civil war. For the hundred years, it was merely self-protected. Therefore, the theory and practice of traditional eastern ”East Asian Community” were all collapsed. After WWⅡ, following by the defeat of Japan, Japanese style ”Great East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere” was buried in the ash. The defeated Japan, learned the lesson and protected by the U.S. military, revived its economy and became the economic great power, and a technology great power because of reinvestment in RD it might be less attractive comparing to the Chinese-blood relations and interests of abundant resources and huge market. The ”Allying U.S. to restrain China” of Japan could be defeated by the ”Alienating Japan to engage China” of Korea. But for the purpose of national survival, the rivalry status between state and state is the last choice. The regional political and economical integration, such as ”East Asia Free Trade Area” or ”East Asian Community”, is not only the temporal phenomenon, rather the vision for co-existence and prosperity among the nations in the future. To lead by ”Japan as No. 1” or ”Peaceful rising China” in the regional integration towards ”East Asian Free Trade Area” or ”East Asian Community”, it will be defined by the result of duel between China and Japan for hegemony. Whoever winning the leadership in the East Asia would share with U.S. of its world leadership, arrange the international order, break the status quo, and reach the 2050 new era described by Goldman Sachs. The voice for ”East Asian Free Trade Area” or ”East Asian Community” has already been spoken loudly. The East Asian nations are also on the way to organize the ”Community”. Those nations are not bounded to the idea of boundary and have to learn to abandon ”Exclusive Sovereignty”. With gradual concession to the coming ”Asian” era and the agreement of peace, equality, consensus, they will push the regional integration in East Asia and build a life community of fellow feeling ”State of East Asia”. Let the power struggle among nations limit to the leadership of ”East Asian Free Trade Area” or ”East Asian Community”. That is the imminent issue for the intellectuals to work on with all effort.

The Department of East Asian Studies at the University of Vienna was established on January l, 2000 by merging the Institutes of Sinology and Japanese Studies. Initially comprising the pillars Sinology, Japanese, and Korean Studies, the fourth pillar, the Chair of East Asian Economy and Society (EcoS), was established in 2007. The first Head of Department was Erich Pilz (2000-2001), followed by Sepp Linhart (2001-2012), both leading researchers on Japanese history, society, and culture. The current head is Rudiger Frank (since 2012), specialized in East Asian politics and economics, in ge- neral and North Korea, in particular. In addition to six professors, the Department of East Asian Studies currently has a staff of about 50 permanent and temporary researchers and lecturers (Institut fur Ostasienwissenschaften der Universitat Wien, 2001-2013).In addition to language courses, the disciplines Sinology, Japanology, and Koreanol- ogy offer strong social and cultural science studies. EcoS focuses on current political, security, and economic relations in East Asia and the respective national political and economic systems. The Department of East Asian Studies applies a broad area defini- tion of East Asia by incorporating North-East and South-East Asia. In this context, South-East Asia, in particular the role of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in promoting East Asian regionalism, has always figured prominently in the respective EcoS courses. Yet, in order to demonstrate the growing international rel- evance of this region, it has been a strategic aim of Rudiger Frank to institutionalize South-East Asian Studies at the EcoS Department to complement its range. In Octo- ber 2013, the position of a university assistant at the postdoc level was created. Two university assistants (praedoc) and one study assistant, concentrating on North-East Asia, complete the EcoS team. Overall, the teaching and research program at EcoS reflect the interconnectedness of North-East and South-East Asia. For instance, two key areas of research are state socialist systems (notably China, North Korea, and Vietnam) and climate change, the environment, and energy.Since October 2008, EcoS offers a four-semester Master of Arts (MA) as well as a PhD course on East Asian Economy and Society. Since an adaption of the curriculum in 2011, the MA is offered exclusively in English, and South-East Asia features explic- itly as an area of research in addition to the North-East Asian countries China, Japan, and the two Koreas. The Master course promotes the inter- and transdisciplinary comparative analysis of international relations and of domestic politics and econom- ics in the region in the twentieth and twenty-first century. In their Master thesis, students have to compare specific topics in at least two countries, either in North- or South-East Asia. The program provides students with a broad range of possibilities to specialize in topics of their choice. In addition, students have to acquire basic lan- guage skills in an East Asian language, particularly in Chinese, Japanese, or Korean. An admission requirement is a Bachelor or an equivalent college or university degree; eligible majors are, for instance, Japanese, Korean, and Chinese Studies, (Internation- al) Business Studies, or Political Science. The five core modules are Contemporary East Asian Language, East Asian Economy, East Asian Politics, East Asian Society and Research, and Master's Colloquium.Due to the popularity of the program in other European but also East Asian coun- tries, student numbers have far exceeded the initial planning for 25 students per study year (217 Master students in the summer term 2013). Due to the shortage in staff, room, and teaching resources, the rectorate decided to introduce admission re- quirements, starting with winter term 2013/2014. Since then, students have to apply for admission to EcoS; inter alia, they have to submit a demanding letter of motiva- tion, detailing their research interests and goals after graduation. …

The Elba Island is located in the Northern Tyrrhenian Sea at midway between Tuscany (Northern Apennines Chain) and Corsica (Alpine Corsica structural pile). The complex Elba I. stack of nappes, which is considered the innermost outcrop of the Northern Apennines Chain, is also well known for its Fe-ore bodies and the relationships between the emplacement of the Mio-Pliocene magmatic bodies and tectonics. The geological survey of Elba I. performed at a scale of 1:10,000 and 1:5,000 (geological map at 1:15,000) allowed a revision of the stratigraphic and structural setting of the central and eastern Elba I. This new scheme results more complex compared to Trevisan’s classical one, which was based only on five tectonic “Complexes” (Trevisan, 1950; Barberi et al., 1969). Nine tectonic units were defined, and they all pertain to the Tuscan and Ligurian (including the Ligurian-Piedmontese Units) paleogeographic domains. Before their final emplacement in the Elba’s tectonic pile during the 8.5 to 5.4 Ma time interval, some of these units were intruded by two acidic plutons (Mt. Capanne and La Serra-Porto Azzurro monzogranites), and by dikes of variable composition. A total of nine units were recognised, from bottom to top: 1- Porto Azzurro Unit (PU). It is made up of phyllites, quartzites and micaschists (Mt. Calamita Fm.), probably of Paleozoic age. It shows a strong static recrystallisation due to the La Serra-Porto Azzurro intrusion and the related aplitic dike network (6.0-5.4 Ma). On top of the Mt. Calamita Fm., crystalline dolostones and dolomitic marbles were recognised and were attributed to its Mesozoic cover. The aplitic dikes are cut along the tectonic contact (Zuccale Detachment Fault) with the overlying units described below. 2- Ortano Unit (UO). It includes metavolcanites (Porphyroids) and quartzitic-phyllitic metasediments (Capo d’Arco Schists) which can be correlated to the Ordovician formations of Central Sardinia and Tuscany (Apuan Alps). A few aplitic dikes were also recognised, and they occur along the coast between Capo d’Arco and Ortano Valley. 3- Acquadolce Unit (AU). It is composed of marbles, grading upwards into calcschists and, finally, into phyllites, metasiltstones and metasandstones with intercalations of calcschists which contain fossils of Early Cretaceous age. At its top a serpentinite slice crops out. This Unit has been attributed to the Ligurian Domain (Ligurian-Piedmontese Units) and can be correlated with the “Calcschists with ophiolites” of the Gorgona Island. Near Capo d’Arco Residence, some lamprophyric dikes (Casa Carpini Lamprophyries) also occur. Locally, the carbonate lithotypes are transformed into Fe-skarn bodies (e.g., Torre di Rio skarn). 4- Monticiano-Roccastrada Unit (MU). This Tuscan Unit largely consists of Upper Carboniferous-Triassic metasiliciclastic rocks (the Permian-Carboniferous Rio Marina Fm. and the Triassic “Verrucano” Group). It also includes a Jurassic to Oligocene epimetamorphic succession (from the Capo Castello Calcschists to the Pseudomacigno) which crops out along the coast between Capo Pero and Capo Castello, and in the Valle Giove mining area. 5- Tuscan Nappe (TN). South of the locality La Parata, this unit is composed only of calcareous-dolomitic, at times vacuolar, breccias (“Calcare Cavernoso”), while northwards these rocks are overlain by Upper Triassic to Hettangian shallow marine carbonates, and Sinemurian to Dogger carbonatic, siliceous and marly pelagic sediments. 6- Grassera Unit (GU). It mostly consists of varicoloured slates with rare carbonate-siliceous and radiolarian cherts intercalations (Cavo Fm.). Between Cavo and La Parata, a basal decametric Calcschist Member also occurs. This anchimetamorphic unit, possibly of Cretaceous age, could have been originated in the Ligurian Domain: because of its peculiar lithologic association and metamorphic overprint it is considered a Ligurian-Piedmontese Unit.. 7- Ophiolitic Unit (OU). This Ligurian Unit is composed of seven tectonic subunits (Acquaviva “ASU”, Mt. Serra “SSU”, Capo Vita “CSU”, Sassi Turchini “TSU”, Volterraio “VSU”, Magazzini “MSU” and Bagnaia “BSU”), which are characterised by serpentinites, ophicalcites, Mg-gabbros, and by their Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous volcanic-sedimentary cover (Basalts, Mt. Alpe Cherts, Nisportino Fm., Calpionella Limestones and Palombini Shales). A shoshonitic dike (Mt. Castello Dike: 5.8 Ma) fills two ENE-WSW-trending normal faults cutting VSU in the Porto Azzurro area. Some calc-alkaline dikes (Mt. Capo Stella Dikes) were also identified in the Ligurian basalts along the western coast of Golfo Stella 8- Paleogene Flysch Unit (EU). It is constituted by shales with calcareous-marly, calcarenitic and arenaceous intercalations and, locally, by ophioliticcarbonate breccias (Colle Reciso Fm.). The fossiliferous content of the carbonate lithotypes points to a Middle Eocene age. This unit can be interpreted as a 98 syn-tectonic oceanic unit (Epiligurian Unit), which has the same paleogeographic origin of the Lanciaia Fm. in Southern Tuscany. Aplites (Capo Bianco Aplites: 7.9 Ma), locally sericitised (the so-called “Eurite”), and porphyries (Portoferraio Porphyries: 8.2 Ma and San Martino Porphyries: 7.4-7.2 Ma) intrude the sedimentary succession, but do not crosscut the basal contact with the underlying Ophiolitic Unit. 9- Cretaceous Flysch Unit (CU). It is a Ligurian, Helminthoid-type, oceanic succession. It consists of a basal tectonised complex, similar to OU (ophiolites, basalts and Jurassic-Cretaceous sedimentary cover slices), and of a sedimentary succession formed by Cretaceous Palombini Shales and Varicoloured Shales, which grade upwards into an arenaceous-conglomeratic (Ghiaieto Sandstones) and then to a calcareous-marly-arenaceous (Marina di Campo Fm.) flysch of Late Cretaceous Age. Similar to the EU, this unit is frequently intruded by locally thick acidic dikes and laccoliths. The structural setting of central and eastern Elba is characterised by a pile of eight structural units (Units 2-9), separated by low angle tectonic surfaces (thrusts and detachments), which lays onto the lowermost Porto Azzurro Unit 1, by a low-angle detachment fault marked by a decametric cataclastic horizon (Zuccale Fault and related cataclasite). The thrust surfaces (Late Eocene-Early Miocene) have been tentatively distinguished from the low-angle detachments, due to the extensional tectonics, which probably began during Burdigalian-Langhian, and continued during Messinian-Pliocene times, accompanied by magmatic intrusions. Other low angle tectonic surfaces are of complex interpretation because they derived from the superposition of tectonic events which occurred in different times and/or in different tectonic regimes. Among the high-angle faults, we recognised a NW-SE trending transfer fault system, which was preceded and followed by generations of normal faults, with WSW-NNE and N-S trends, respectively. The N-S-trending faults cut the whole tectonic pile, comprising all the detachment faults. The study of the tectonic relationships between the previous nine tectonic units and between these tectonic units and the Messinian-Pliocene magmatic events, suggests the following geological scenario for the evolution of the Elba Island: 1) Pre-magmatic stages (>8.5 Ma). They are recorded by: a- relics of the pre-Alpine schistosity within PU and UO, which can be attributed to the Sudetic phase of the Variscan orogeny; b- folding and thrusting of OU, EU and CU, with production of ophiolitic-carbonate breccias within PU, and the D1 tectono-metamorphic event (S1 relics) in AU, related to Eocene intra-oceanic deformation events; c- main deformation and metamorphic events of Tuscan (PU, UO, MU) and Ligurian-Piedmontese Units (and 19 Ma S2 in AU), overthrusting of the oceanic units (AU, OU, GU, EU+CU) onto the Tuscan ones, and a later refolding of the tectonic units, probably related to the Oligocene-Early Miocene collisional events; d- emplacement of AU between OU and MU, and of TN onto MU. The superposition of TN onto MU can be considered the older extensional event by low-angle detachments (Middle Miocene). 2) Syn-magmatic stages (8.5-5.4 Ma). This stage begins with the genesis and rise of anatectic melts due to the uplift of the asthenospheric mantle, within the stretched inner part of the Apenninic orogenic belt. During the uprise of the Mt. Capanne granitoid (6.8 Ma), the most of its cover, that was constituted by EU and CU (already injected by acidic dikes), was detached and shifted eastwards along a low-angle fault (Central Elba Fault, “CEF”). During this event the acidic dykes of the basal part of the flysch were sericitised (“eurite”: 6.7 Ma). Farther east, a shoshonitic dike intruded OU at 5.8 Ma and, possibly, lamprophyric dikes were emplaced within AU. A new uplift of the Mt. Capanne caused a further glide eastwards of EU+CU onto OU in the central Elba, and the development of transfer faults (as lateral ramps of detachments) within the Ligurian Units and, probably, the onset of the Zuccale Fault. At 6.0-5.4 Ma the emplacement of the La Serra-Porto Azzurro granitoid produced a wide thermometamorphic aureola and local skarn bodies within the host PU, UO, AU and MU. The uplift of this granitoid caused, or completed, the separation of the eastern and central Elba tectonic pile through the Zuccale detachment Fault. During this stage, the back-gliding of OU onto EU+CU in the Colle Reciso area, and the north- or north-eastwards gliding of CSU, completed the present tectonic pile of central and eastern Elba. 3) Post-magmatic events (